A study of the elastic moduli and chemical composition of corrosion product naturally-generated due to chlorides through nano-indentation and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS)

An important input parameter for numerical models that simulate cracking of the concrete cover due to reinforcement corrosion is the Elastic modulus of corrosion product (Ecp). Despite its relevance, Ecp is subject of significant variations according to the values reported in the literature, which vary from less than 100 MPa up to 360 GPa....

A study of the elastic moduli and chemical composition of corrosion product naturally-generated due to chlorides through nano-indentation and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS)

An important input parameter for numerical models that simulate cracking of the concrete cover due to reinforcement corrosion is the Elastic modulus of corrosion product (Ecp). Despite its relevance, Ecp is subject of significant variations according to the values reported in the literature, which vary from less than 100 MPa up to 360 GPa....

Analysis of naturally-generated corrosion products due to chlorides in 20-year old reinforced concrete: An elastic modulus-mineralogy characterization

The elastic modulus of corrosion product (E_cp) has been reported with significant variations in the literature. This study aims to investigate the E_cp of naturally-generated chloride-induced corrosion products formed in different concrete mixes. Microstructural characterization was conducted through nano-indentation,...

The influence of defects at the steel/concrete interface for chloride-induced pitting corrosion of naturally-deteriorated 20-years-old specimens studied through X-ray Computed Tomography

Although reinforcement corrosion is a well-known issue, which are the locations of the steel/concrete interface most sensitive to pitting corrosion is still an unclear issue. In this study, X-ray computed tomography is used to characterize eight 20-years-old reinforced concrete cores naturally deteriorated due to chloride-induced corrosion....

The effect of the steel–concrete interface on chloride-induced corrosion initiation in concrete: a critical review by RILEM TC 262-SCI

The steel–concrete interface (SCI) is known to influence corrosion of steel in concrete. However, due to the numerous factors affecting the SCI—including steel properties, concrete properties, execution, and exposure conditions—it remains unclear which factors have the most dominant impact on the susceptibility of reinforced concrete to...

The steel–concrete interface

Although the steel–concrete interface (SCI) is widely recognized to influence the durability of reinforced concrete, a systematic overview and detailed documentation of the various aspects of the SCI are lacking. In this paper, we compiled a comprehensive list of possible local characteristics at the SCI and reviewed available information...

Modified hydrotalcites as chloride scavengers and inhibitor release agents for improved corrosion protection of reinforced concrete

Owing to the unique molecular structure and high ion exchange capacity, hydrotalcites are believed to have a potential to be modified and tailor-made as an active corrosion protective component of reinforced concrete. In this paper, two types of modified hydrotalcites (MHT-pAB and MHT-NO2) were tested both in alkaline solution and mortar for...

Chloride transport testing of blast furnace slag cement for durable concrete structures in Norway: From 2 days to one year age

Blast furnace slag cement (BFSC) has been used in reinforced concrete structures in marine and road environment in The Netherlands for nearly a century. Experience is good and long service lives can be obtained. In Norway experience with BFSC is scarce. In The Netherlands, a high resistance against chloride penetration and a high electrical...

Incorporating cracking of concrete on chloride ingress and service life modeling of concrete structures

Chloride induced reinforcement corrosion is the most common degradation mechanisms for reinforced concrete structures. The service life of concrete structures is normally predicted by estimating the rate of chloride ingress and the necessary time to initiate reinforcement corrosion. Normally, chloride ingress is modeled as a diffusive process in...

Preliminary study of life cycle cost of preventive measures and repair options for corrosion in concrete infrastructurecorrosion in concrete infrastructure

Maintenance costs of reinforced concrete infrastructure (bridges, tunnels, harbours, parking structures) are increasing due to aging of structures under aggressive exposure. Corrosion of reinforcement due to chloride ingress is the main problem for existing structures in marine and de-icing salt environments. Corrosion cannot be ruled out...

Innovation based on tradition: Blast furnace slag cement for durable concrete structures in Norway?

Blast furnace slag cement (BFSC) has been used to build reinforced concrete structures in marine and road environment in The Netherlands for nearly a century. The experience is good and structures with long service lives can be obtained, as has been shown by several field studies. This is caused by a high resistance against chloride penetration...

Guideline for service life design of structural concrete: A performance based approach with regard to chloride induced corrosion

Nowadays major structures require a service life of 100 years or even more. CUR committee VC81 has developed a guideline for service life design based on initiation of corrosion due to chloride penetration for exposure classes XD or XS. A semi-probabilistic simplification of the DuraCrete methodology is introduced with a probability of failure...

Effects of slag and fly ash on reinforcement corrosion in concrete in chloride environment: Research from the Netherlands

A review is given of research on the durability performance of concrete made with blast furnace slag and fly ash related to chloride induced reinforcement corrosion, carried out in the Netherlands, where slag has been used in cement for almost a century. Results are presented from field studies on concrete in marine environment and laboratory...

Service life and life cycle cost modelling of cathodic protection systems for concrete structures

Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete structures causes concrete cracking, steel diameter reduction and eventually loss of safety. In infrastructure this is mainly due to penetration of chloride ions from de-icing or marine salts. Conventional repair means heavy, labour intensive and costly work and economic pressures (time and money) work...