Relocating operational and damaged bikes in free-floating systems: A data-driven modeling framework for level of service enhancement

Free-floating bike sharing is an innovative and sustainable travel mode, where shared bikes can be picked up and returned at any proper place on the streets and not just at docking stations. Nevertheless, in these systems, two major problems arise. One is the imbalance of free-floating shared bikes (FFSB) between zones due to one-way trips,...