Unraveling electron liberation from Bi²⁺ for designing Bi³⁺-based afterglow phosphor for anti-counterfeiting and flexible X-ray imaging

It is challenging to rational design persistent luminescence and storage phosphors with high storage capacity of electrons and holes after X-ray charging. Such phosphors have potential applications in anti-counterfeiting and X-ray imaging. Here we have combined vacuum referred binding energy diagram (VRBE) construction, photoluminescence...