High-Power Digital Transmitters for Wireless Infrastructure Applications (A Feasibility Study)

Fully digital transmitters (DTXs) have the potential of replacing analog-intensive transmitter (TX) line-ups in future massive multiple-input and multiple-output (mMIMO) systems since they hold the promise of higher system integration level and energy efficiency. DTX operation so far has been limited to low RF output powers. This article...

Characterization and Compact Modeling of Nanometer CMOS Transistors at Deep-Cryogenic Temperatures

Cryogenic characterization and modeling of two nanometer bulk CMOS technologies (0.16-μm and 40-nm) are presented in this paper. Several devices from both technologies were extensively characterized at temperatures of 4 K and below. Based on a detailed understanding of the device physics at deep-cryogenic temperatures, a compact...