Evolution and role of vacancy clusters at grain boundaries of ZnO:Al during accelerated degradation of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 solar cells revealed by positron annihilation

Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and Doppler broadening positron annihilation spectroscopy (DB-PAS) depth profiling demonstrate pronounced growth of vacancy clusters at the grain boundaries of as-deposited Al-doped ZnO films deposited as transparent conductive oxide (TCO) on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells upon accelerated...

Evolution and role of vacancy clusters at grain boundaries of ZnO:Al during accelerated degradation of Cu(In, Ga)Se-2 solar cells revealed by positron annihilation

Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and Doppler broadening positron annihilation spectroscopy DB-PAS) depth profiling demonstrate pronounced growth of vacancy clusters at the grain boundaries of as-deposited Al-doped ZnO films deposited as transparent conductive oxide (TCO) on Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells upon accelerated...

Preferential nucleation during polymorphic transformations

Polymorphism is the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one phase or crystal structure. Polymorphism may occur in metals, alloys, ceramics, minerals, polymers, and pharmaceutical substances. Unresolved are the conditions for preferential nucleation during polymorphic transformations in which structural relationships or special...

Synthesis and characterization of inverse spinels, intercalation materials for Li-ion batteries

Chapter 2 describes the solid-state synthesis of LiNiVO4 and LiCoVO4. The materials are prepared at 800C and are phase pure, as shown by X-ray diffraction and have the inverse spinel structure. Due to the solid-state synthesis the particle size is quite large and the particle size distribution is large, between 0.1mm and 10 mm, even after ball...