Comparison of bounds for optimal PMU placement for state estimation in distribution grids

The lack of measurements in distribution grids poses a severe challenge for their monitoring: Since there may not be enough sensors to achieve numerical observability, so load forecasts (pseudo-measurements) are typically used, and thus an accurate state estimation is not guaranteed. However, estimation is required to control distribution...

A two-step distribution system state estimator with grid constraints and mixed measurements

In this paper we consider the problem of State Estimation (SE) in large-scale, 3-phase coupled, unbalanced distribution systems. More specifically, we address the problem of including mixed real-time measurements, synchronized and unsynchronized, from phasor measurement units and smart meters, into existing SE solutions. We propose a...