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document
Kramer, O.J.I. (author)
In drinking water treatment plants, multiphase flows are a frequent phenomenon. Examples of such flows are pellet-softening and filter backwashing where liquid-solid fluidisation is applied. A better grasp of these fluidisation processes is needed to be able to determine optimal hydraulic states. In this research, models were developed, and...
doctoral thesis 2021
document
Kramer, O.J.I. (author), de Moel, P.J. (author), Padding, J.T. (author), Baars, E.T. (author), El Hasadi, Yousef M.F. (author), Boek, E.S. (author), van der Hoek, J.P. (author)
In full-scale drinking water production plants in the Netherlands, central softening is widely used for reasons related to public health, client comfort, and economic and environmental benefits. Almost 500 million cubic meters of water is softened annually through seeded crystallisation in fluidised bed reactors. The societal call for a circular...
journal article 2020