"uuid","repository link","title","author","contributor","publication year","abstract","subject topic","language","publication type","publisher","isbn","issn","patent","patent status","bibliographic note","access restriction","embargo date","faculty","department","research group","programme","project","coordinates"
"uuid:fe1477d9-9cb4-4ef5-a39d-a09d4d609005","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:fe1477d9-9cb4-4ef5-a39d-a09d4d609005","When are battery electric vehicles economically convenient? A sensitivity analysis based on multi-carrier residential energy system renovation modelling","Rinaldi, Lorenzo (Politecnico di Milano); Golinucci, Nicolò (Politecnico di Milano); Guerrieri, Giulia (Politecnico di Milano); Sanvito, F.D. (TU Delft Energie and Industrie); Rocco, Matteo Vincenzo (Politecnico di Milano); Colombo, Emanuela (Politecnico di Milano)","","2024","Investing in low-carbon technologies, including light-duty vehicles, is a strategy to decarbonize the residential sector and private mobility. This work aims to assess the parameters driving the economic convenience of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) for a household, and what are the economic implications of BEV adoption on the total cost of the residential energy system in case of house renovation. An archetypal household energy system has been modelled for the Italian context, where strong residential energy efficiency incentives have been put in place in recent years. Adopting a least-cost-oriented energy system optimization model, 33’600 residential energy system configurations have been analysed through an extensive sensitivity analysis carried out focusing on crucial input parameters, classified as behavioural (annual travelled distance, expected ownership time of the car), energy-related (electricity and heating demand, house location, PV installed capacity), and economic (grid electricity price, gasoline prices and incentives on BEV purchase). Results show that integration with PV installation is the parameter most strongly correlated with BEV adoption, followed by annual travelled distance and ownership time. Moreover, results suggest that an increase in electricity prices has a lower impact on disincentivizing BEVs adoption compared to how much an equivalent increase in gasoline prices disincentivizes ICEVs adoption. Valuable insights reveal that, within the range of the Italian average gasoline price, BEV-based energy systems remain competitive. This holds even with a high electricity price, provided a minimum of 3 kW photovoltaic capacity is installed. In light of the ongoing energy crisis in Europe, these findings are promising for BEV adoption, particularly if accompanied by BEV incentive policies.","Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV); Economic convenience drivers; Residential energy technologies synergy; Sensitivity analysis","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Energie and Industrie","","",""
"uuid:a1941ca3-b824-40e3-904c-3d80bce999a1","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a1941ca3-b824-40e3-904c-3d80bce999a1","Techno-Economic Comparison of Electricity Storage Options in a Fully Renewable Energy System","Mulder, Sebastiaan (Student TU Delft); Klein, S.A. (TU Delft Energy Technology)","","2024","To support increasing renewable capacity for a net-zero future, energy storage will play a key role in maintaining grid stability. In this paper, all current and near-future energy storage technologies are compared for three different scenarios: (1) fixed electricity buy-in price, (2) market-based electricity buy-in price, and (3) energy storage integrated into a fully renewable electricity system. In the first part of this study, an algorithm is devised to simulate strategic buy-in of electricity for energy storage. This analysis yields a qualitative decision-making tool for a given energy storage duration and size. Building upon the first part’s findings, an integration study gives insight into expected power prices and expected storage size in a typical northwestern European fully renewable energy system. The integration study shows significant need for electricity storage with durations spanning from one to several days, typically around 40 h. Pumped Hydro Storage and Pumped Thermal storage surface as the best options. The overall levelized costs of storage are expected to be in the USD 200–500/MWh range. Integration of storage with renewables can yield a system-levelized cost of electricity of about USD 150/MWh. Allowing flexibility in demand may lower the overall system-levelized cost of electricity to USD 100/MWh.","batteries; energy storage; grid stability; LCOE; markets; modelling; net-zero","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Energy Technology","","",""
"uuid:65ffe8a9-4bed-47d4-a021-9e1d85f3c564","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:65ffe8a9-4bed-47d4-a021-9e1d85f3c564","High dielectric filler for all-solid-state lithium metal battery","Wang, C. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University); Liu, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Bannenberg, L.J. (TU Delft RID/TS/Instrumenten groep); Zhao, C. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Thijs, M.A. (TU Delft RID/TS/Technici Pool); Boshuizen, B. (TU Delft ChemE/O&O groep); Ganapathy, S. (TU Delft RID/TS/Instrumenten groep); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","","2024","Lithium metal with its high theoretical capacity and low negative potential is considered one of the most important candidates to raise the energy density of all-solid-state batteries. However, lithium filament growth and its induced solid electrolyte decomposition pose severe challenges to realize a long cycle life. Here, dendrite growth in solid-state Li metal batteries is alleviated by introducing a high dielectric material, barium titanate, as a filler that removes the electric field gradients that catalyze dendrite formation. In symmetrical Li-metal cells, this results in a very small over-potential of only 48 mV at a relatively high current density of 1 mA cm−2, when cycling a capacity of 2 mA h cm−2 during 1700 h. The high dielectric filler improves the Coulombic efficiency and cycle life of full cells and suppresses electrolyte decomposition as indicated by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. This indicates that the high dielectric filler can suppress dendrite formation, thereby reducing solid electrolyte decomposition reactions, resulting in the observed low overpotentials and improved cycling efficiency.","All-solid-state batteries; Dendrite-free; Electrolyte decomposition; High dielectric filler; Li-metal anode","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:c0a5ffcc-8ce4-48d4-b47f-fc2c84ca89a8","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:c0a5ffcc-8ce4-48d4-b47f-fc2c84ca89a8","Microporous Sulfur–Carbon Materials with Extended Sodium Storage Window","Eren, Enis Oğuzhan (Max-Planck-Inst. F. Kolloid-und G.); Esen, Cansu (Max-Planck-Inst. F. Kolloid-und G.); Scoppola, Ernesto (Max-Planck-Inst. F. Kolloid-und G.); Song, Zihan (Max-Planck-Inst. F. Kolloid-und G.); Senokos, Evgeny (Max-Planck-Inst. F. Kolloid-und G.); Zschiesche, Hannes (Max-Planck-Inst. F. Kolloid-und G.); Cruz, Daniel (Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Engergiekonversion); Lauermann, Iver (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie GmbH); Kumru, B. (TU Delft Group Kumru)","","2024","Developing high-performance carbonaceous anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is still a grand quest for a more sustainable future of energy storage. Introducing sulfur within a carbon framework is one of the most promising attempts toward the development of highly efficient anode materials. Herein, a microporous sulfur-rich carbon anode obtained from a liquid sulfur-containing oligomer is introduced. The sodium storage mechanism shifts from surface-controlled to diffusion-controlled at higher synthesis temperatures. The different storage mechanisms and electrode performances are found to be independent of the bare electrode material's interplanar spacing. Therefore, these differences are attributed to an increased microporosity and a thiophene-rich chemical environment. The combination of these properties enables extending the plateau region to higher potential and achieving reversible overpotential sodium storage. Moreover, in-operando small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) reveals reversible electron density variations within the pore structure, in good agreement with the pore-filling sodium storage mechanism occurring in hard carbons (HCs). Eventually, the depicted framework will enable the design of high-performance anode materials for sodium-ion batteries with competitive energy density.","anode; carbon; in-operando SAXS; sodium-ion battery; sulfur","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Group Kumru","","",""
"uuid:4dee4bae-d221-4397-b589-495a74720c0f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4dee4bae-d221-4397-b589-495a74720c0f","Scaling up dynamic charging infrastructure: Significant battery cost savings","Liao, X. (TU Delft Transport and Planning); Saeednia, M. (TU Delft Transport and Planning); Nogal Macho, M. (TU Delft Integral Design & Management); Tavasszy, Lorant (TU Delft Transport and Planning; TU Delft Transport and Logistics)","","2024","Large-scale electrification of heavy-duty road freight faces challenges including scarcity of charging infrastructure and high battery costs. Dynamic charging could help overcome these challenges by enabling trucks to charge while driving. Important additional benefits for carriers related to lower required sizes and longer lifetimes of batteries could justify the required investments. The study investigates the optimal configuration of network sections to be electrified so that the balance between costs and benefits turns out positive. A case study for a highway network spanning 4 countries in Europe suggests that dynamic charging can lead to a significant reduction in overall transport system costs, up to very large network sizes. The study supports the decision-making of policymakers and road authorities by providing new insights into the costs and benefits of dynamic charging networks, and simultaneously considering the perspectives of investors and users.","Battery-electric landscape; Dynamic charging network planning; Sustainable road freight; Truck electrification","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Transport and Planning","","",""
"uuid:ddb484e7-190d-4c98-8ede-2ab732c7f299","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ddb484e7-190d-4c98-8ede-2ab732c7f299","A multi-step fast charging-based battery capacity estimation framework of real-world electric vehicles","Zhang, D. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage; Beijing Institute of Technology); Wang, Zhenpo (Beijing Institute of Technology); Liu, Peng (Beijing Institute of Technology); She, Chengqi (Hunan University of Science and Technology); Wang, Qiushi (Beijing Institute of Technology); Zhou, Litao (Beijing Institute of Technology); Qin, Z. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2024","Accurately evaluating battery degradation is not only crucial for ensuring the safe and reliable operation of electric vehicles (EVs) but also fundamental for their intelligent management and maximum utilization. However, the non-linearity, non-measurability, and multi-stress coupled operating conditions have posed significant challenges for battery health prediction. This paper proposes a battery capacity estimation framework based on real-world operating data. Firstly, a comprehensive feature pool is constructed from the direct external features extracted during multi-step fast charging processes and the quantitative representation of operating conditions. Subsequently, a two-step feature engineering is introduced to select the most relevant features and eliminate the interference components. The battery capacity estimation framework is then implemented using machine learning methods. Validation results demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves superior estimation accuracy with lower computational expense compared to the modelling process without feature engineering. The MAPE and RMSE reach 1.18% and 1.98 Ah, respectively, representing reductions in errors of up to 8.53% and 11.21%. Collectively, the proposed framework paves the foundation for online health prognostics of batteries under practical operating conditions.","Lithium-ion battery; Capacity estimation; Multi-step fast charging; Machine learning; Real-world data","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2024-08-22","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:e697880e-2e71-4c37-a45d-996d4377a2ef","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e697880e-2e71-4c37-a45d-996d4377a2ef","High-Entropy Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries","Wang, Q. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","Wagemaker, M. (promotor); Ganapathy, S. (copromotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2023","","Lithium battery; High-entropy electrolyte; Solvation structure; Interphase","en","doctoral thesis","","978-94-93330-25-2","","","","","","2025-12-01","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:77e3477b-b76b-429d-9dbd-f44cb457d2fa","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:77e3477b-b76b-429d-9dbd-f44cb457d2fa","Towards Deployable Battery-Free Networked Systems","de Winkel, J. (TU Delft Embedded Systems)","Pawełczak, Przemysław (promotor); Langendoen, K.G. (promotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2023","The ecological impact of today’s battery-powered Internet of Things (IoT) is troubling. Technology advancements that reduce the reliance on batteries could blunt the environmental impact of the projected billions of IoT devices. With the emergence of low-cost, small, and high-performance microcontrollers, along with more efficient micro-energy harvesting devices that can harness the power of sunlight, motion, and heat a new revolution in computing has come. That is, IoT devices are increasingly leaving their batteries behind and are relying only on ambient power from sunlight, motion, thermal gradients, and other modalities to power their operation. Unfortunately, harvested energy can fluctuate greatly and is hard to predict, leading to intermittent operation. Intermittently-powered devices form a new class of low-power devices that can guarantee correct and forward-progressing computation despite these frequent power interrupts.
Despite the inconvenience of intermittent operation, the benefit of using intermittently-powered devices instead of ‘classical’ battery-based ones is threefold. The removal of batteries creates a more environmentally-friendly device, harvesting energy from ambient sources is sustainable and removing the battery can potentially lead towards perpetual operation—as long as there is an ambient energy source, battery-free devices will continue operating.
Challenges of battery-free devices however, still include basic features that are foundational to IoT devices. Interaction with battery-free devices has so far remained largely unexplored although reactive and screen-oriented systems are a significant part of today’s and future Internet of Things. Common tools used during development, such as debuggers and testing frameworks, are practically non-existent for intermittent devices. Even basic concepts such as keeping track of time need to be carefully considered on intermittently-powered devices. Finally, wireless networking of intermittently-powered devices is severely limited to only backscatter or one directional communication.
This dissertation addresses the challenges mentioned above by developing and deploying mechanisms that enable connected and fully interactive applications on battery-free devices. These mechanisms alleviate key challenges that hinder actual adoption and infrastructure-less deployment of these battery-free devices.","Battery-Free; Intermittent Computing; Wireless Networking; Internet of Things; Embedded Systems","en","doctoral thesis","","978-94-6384-453-6","","","","","","","","","Embedded Systems","","",""
"uuid:76ff65e4-cf07-4ff4-b3b5-937860e0f675","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:76ff65e4-cf07-4ff4-b3b5-937860e0f675","Accelerating Programmer-Friendly Intermittent Computing","Kortbeek, V. (TU Delft Embedded Systems)","Langendoen, K.G. (promotor); Pawełczak, Przemysław (promotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2023","The Internet of Things (IoT) is taking the world by storm, from smart lights to smart plant monitoring. This revolution is not only present in consumers’ homes, but companies are also looking for more and more ways to monitor every aspect of their production process. This transition to ubiquitous monitoring is made possible by extremely low power embedded devices, mostly powered by batteries. However, with the projected number of IoT devices reaching tens of billions within the next few years, this growth will directly contribute to a massive increase in battery waste, negatively impacting the environment. This increase in battery waste alone is already a well-founded reason to explore alternative energy sources. However, batteries come with more downsides. Many of these IoT devices will operate in hard-to-reach places (e.g., embedded into walls), and the sheer quantity in which these devices will be deployed will make it nearly impossible to replace batteries periodically without employing a costly dedicated workforce...","intermittent computing; battery-free; compiler; interpretation; embedded; low-power; energy harvesting; non-volatile memory","en","doctoral thesis","","978-94-6473-147-7","","","","","","2024-06-29","","","Embedded Systems","","",""
"uuid:a5ad83c4-f85b-4cc3-b775-7959236b37f1","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a5ad83c4-f85b-4cc3-b775-7959236b37f1","Halide solid electrolytes: From structure to properties","van der Maas, E.L. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","Wagemaker, M. (promotor); Ganapathy, S. (copromotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2023","Batteries are an important aspect of sustainable energy technologies, as they can be used either for the storage of electric energy for the grid or for the electrification of the transport fleet, making these sectors less reliant on fossil fuels (chapter 1). The Li-ion battery has revolutionized the world in many ways, enabling portable electric devices as honored by the Nobel prize in 2019 to John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino. As the Li-ion battery is quite a mature technology by now, large gains in performance parameters (especially energy density) will need alternative battery concepts and new chemistries. There are many possibilities, and one of them is a switch from liquid to solid electrolytes (chapter 2). The work presented in this thesis investigates the structure-to-property relationship of halide solid-electrolytes Li₃M(III)X₆. For solid electrolytes to replace liquid electrolytes, the material needs a combination of properties. An important property is the ionic conductivity, which should be high enough for room-temperature operation of the battery and determines, among other design parameters, the rate-capability (or power density) of the battery. Another property that is important is the electrochemical stability window, which determines the electrochemical stability of the electrolyte in contact with the electrodes of the material. Both of these properties are strongly related to the crystal structure and chemistry of the solid electrolyte (chapter 2). Therefore, both the structure and properties are investigated using a variety of techniques, mostly x-ray and neutron diffraction, AC-impedance and solid-state NMR relaxometry (chapter 3). The work is presented in four data containing chapters: • Chapter 4: The materials investigated show very complex behavior relating to diffusion on short time scales, as investigated by NMR T₁-relaxometry. The first chapter therefore provides an in-depth introduction to solid-state NMR relaxometry and spectral density fitting. Using two examples, namely Li₆PS₅X, a sulfide solid-electrolyte class previously studied in the research group, and halide Li₃YCl₃Br₃, it is illustrated how multiple jump processes can present in the curve of the relaxation rates vs. inverse temperature. • Chapter 5: In this chapter, aliovalent substitution in Li₃InCl₆ with Zr(IV) is explored. The Zr(IV) replaces the In(III) and introduces an additional Li-vacancy. The substitution can also affect the crystal structure of the material, affecting ionic diffusion in other ways than changing the charge carrier concentration. Using combined x-ray and neutron diffraction, it is found that the ordering of the In(III) and Zr(IV) is affected by the substitution. This affects also the diffusion on short timescales, as can be observed with NMR relaxometry as well as from the solid-state NMR lineshape. The combination of the structure solution and the puzzle pieces provided by solidstate NMR suggest, that the structural change induced by the substituent leads to more three-dimensional conduction. • Chapter 6: While chlorides have higher electrochemical stability, bromide anions are more polarizable and may have lower association energy with Li, which can lead to higher Li-ion conductivity. This chapter investigates the trade-off between ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability in materials Li₃YClBrₓCl₆₋ₓ. It is found that 75% Br is most beneficial for ionic conductivity rendering a very conductive material (~5 mS/cm at room temperature), higher concentration of bromine indeed lower the electrochemical stability window. The introduction of 25% Br, however, also leads to an increase in ionic conductivity while preserving the electrochemical stability. This suggests that Br-substitution can be a viable method to increase the ionic conductivity of Li-ion conducting chlorides while preserving the electrochemical stability. • Chapter 7: The Li₃M(III)Cl₆ (M(III)= Ho, Y, Dy, Tm) usually are reported to crystallize in a trigonal crystal structure. This paper shows that synthesizing these materials by co-melting with some LiCl deficiency stabilizes an orthorhombic phase of the material. Both of these structures are based on quasi hexagonally close-packed Cl atoms, with the M(III) and Lithium on octahedral sites. The different crystal symmetry is caused by a change in the arrangement of the cations. The orthorhombic phase has ~8 times higher ionic conductivity compared to the trigonal phase. Ab initio molecular dynamic simulations revealed that this is due to a fast conduction pathway along the c-direction of the crystal structure. This path corresponds to jumps between face-sharing octahedra. Therefore, it is likely that the cation arrangement in the orthorhombic structure is favorable for that diffusion path, leading to an increase in ionic conductivity. It is interesting to compare the effect of the different material design strategies aliovalent substitution (Chapter 5), halogen alloying (chapter 6) and tuning of the crystal structure (Chapter 7) on the properties of interest for Li₃M(III)X₆ solid electrolytes. The electrochemical stability window is indeed higher for chlorides than for bromides, but it is found that 25% Br substitution preserves the stability of the chloride in Li₃YCl₆. For ionic conductivity, the largest increase is observed for halogen alloying (factor ~40 increase in ionic conductivity when substituting 25% of the chlorine with bromine atoms), followed by the trigonal to orthorhombic phase transition (factor ~8 improvements) and, lastly, aliovalent substitution (factor ~1.6 improvement). Regarding the measurement methods, two notable findings were found. Firstly, this thesis showed that x-ray diffraction data is important in this system to reach reliable occupancies in the crystal structure solution (chapter 5), as neutrons scattered on lithium and most of the M(III) have a 180°phase shift and therefore cancel their signal when occupying the same site. Lastly, it is shown that the complex shapes of the NMR T₁ relaxation rates can be explained using a superposition of individual, BPP-type jump processes. Fitting such a model is complex, and data measured at multiple larmor frequencies should be used to increase the reliability of the fit. To perform such a fit, a programm was developed in the scope of this thesis to simultaneously fit such measurements and analyze the error associated with the parameter by sampling the posterior probability distribution of the parameter using a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler.","halide solid electrolytes; Solid-state batteries","en","doctoral thesis","","978-9464-693-836","","","","","","","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:71693660-0fd0-47d7-a7c6-0b436ccc0315","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:71693660-0fd0-47d7-a7c6-0b436ccc0315","Voltage/Current Doubler Converter for an Efficient Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles With 400V and 800V Battery Voltages","Grazian, F. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Soeiro, Thiago B. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2023","The lithium-ion battery of an electric vehicle (EV) is typically rated at either 400 or 800 V. When considering public parking infrastructures, EV wireless chargers must efficiently deliver electric power to both battery options. This can be normally achieved by regulating the output voltage through a dc-dc converter at the cost of higher onboard circuit complexity and lower overall efficiency. This article proposes a wireless charging system that maintains a high power transfer efficiency when charging EVs with either 400- or 800-V nominal battery voltage at the same power level. The control scheme is implemented at the power source side, and only passive semiconductor devices are employed on board the EV. The presented system, called voltage/current doubler (V/I-D), comprises two sets of series-compensated coupled coils, each of them connected to a dedicated H-bridge converter. The equivalent circuit has been analyzed while explaining the parameters' selection. The analytical power transfer efficiency has been compared to the one resulting from the conventional one-to-one coil system at 7.2 kW. For the same power level, the dc-to-dc efficiency of 97.11% and 97.52% have been measured at 400-V and 800-V voltage output, respectively. Finally, the functionality of the V/I-D converter has been proved at both the even and uneven misalignments of the two sets of coupled coils.","Battery voltage; electric vehicles (EVs); inductive power transfer; wireless charging","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-09-15","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:59fd3c0d-ede8-4819-96b9-525d3110195f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:59fd3c0d-ede8-4819-96b9-525d3110195f","Prognostics for Lithium-ion batteries for electric Vertical Take-off and Landing aircraft using data-driven machine learning","Mitici, M.A. (Universiteit Utrecht); Hennink, Birgitte (Student TU Delft); Pavel, M.D. (TU Delft Control & Simulation); Dong, J. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2023","The health management of batteries is a key enabler for the adoption of Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing vehicles (eVTOLs). Currently, few studies consider the health management of eVTOL batteries. One distinct characteristic of batteries for eVTOLs is that the discharge rates are significantly larger during take-off and landing, compared with the battery discharge rates needed for automotives. Such discharge protocols are expected to impact the long-run health of batteries. This paper proposes a data-driven machine learning framework to estimate the state-of-health and remaining-useful-lifetime of eVTOL batteries under varying flight conditions and taking into account the entire flight profile of the eVTOLs. Three main features are considered for the assessment of the health of the batteries: charge, discharge and temperature. The importance of these features is also quantified. Considering battery charging before flight, a selection of missions for state-of-health and remaining-useful-lifetime prediction is performed. The results show that indeed, discharge-related features have the highest importance when predicting battery state-of-health and remaining-useful-lifetime. Using several machine learning algorithms, it is shown that the battery state-of-health and remaining-useful-life are well estimated using Random Forest regression and Extreme Gradient Boosting, respectively.","Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing vehicles; Lithium-ion battery; State-of-health; Machine learning; Remaining-useful-life","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Control & Simulation","","",""
"uuid:2141d3fe-4bc0-46df-901f-74e7881d06be","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:2141d3fe-4bc0-46df-901f-74e7881d06be","Renewable Energy Potential for Micro-Grid at Hvide Sande","Potapenko, Tatiana (Uppsala University); Döhler, Jessica S. (Uppsala University); Francisco, Francisco (Seabased AB); Lavidas, G. (TU Delft Offshore Engineering); Temiz, Irina (Uppsala University)","","2023","Decarbonization of ports is a major goal to reduce their global carbon footprint. The port of Hvide Sande is located on the coast of the North Sea in Denmark and it has the potential to utilize various renewable energy sources. Wind and solar thermal parks are already installed there. Wave energy is an alternative to solar and wind energies and its advantage is the spatial concentration, predictability, and persistence. Heat to the town is provided by Hvide Sande Fjernvarme. In this work, it is investigated if the heat demand could be fully covered by renewable energies. Power profiles for each renewable energy resource were calculated using 30 years of re-analysis environmental data. Long, mid, and short term time series of power supply has been statistically and quantitatively examined. Considering the heat demand of Hvide Sande, the lowest frequency of zero occurrence in power generation can be ensured by the combination of wind, solar energy and wave. The article also estimated the capacity for Lithium-ion batteries. The optimal size of the battery is found by the bisection method. Finally, different combinations of renewable energy and demand as well as batteries are evaluated. The lowest zero occurrences in power production is met by the mix of three renewable energies. Also, the mix of three renewable energies significantly reduces the value of energy, required from the battery.","wave energy; wind energy; solar energy; low-carbon ports; battery; renewable sources","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Offshore Engineering","","",""
"uuid:6ea1640a-c937-46e1-b3c8-dc5975319e92","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6ea1640a-c937-46e1-b3c8-dc5975319e92","Improving the efficiency of renewable energy assets by optimizing the matching of supply and demand using a smart battery scheduling algorithm","de Bekker, Philippe (Student TU Delft); Cremers, S.A. (TU Delft Intelligent Electrical Power Grids; Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI)); Norbu, Sonam (University of Glasgow); Flynn, David (University of Glasgow); Robu, Valentin (TU Delft Algorithmics; Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI))","","2023","Given the fundamental role of renewable energy assets in achieving global temperature control targets, new energy management methods are required to efficiently match intermittent renewable generation and demand. Based on analysing various designed cases, this paper explores a number of heuristics for a smart battery scheduling algorithm that efficiently matches available power supply and demand. The core of improvement of the proposed smart battery scheduling algorithm is exploiting future knowledge, which can be realized by current state-of-the-art forecasting techniques, to effectively store and trade energy. The performance of the developed heuristic battery scheduling algorithm using forecast data of demands, generation, and energy prices is compared to a heuristic baseline algorithm, where decisions are made solely on the current state of the battery, demand, and generation. The battery scheduling algorithms are tested using real data from two large-scale smart energy trials in the UK, in addition to various types and levels of simulated uncertainty in forecasts. The results show that when using a battery to store generated energy, on average, the newly proposed algorithm outperforms the baseline algorithm, obtaining up to 20–60% more profit for the prosumer from their energy assets, in cases where the battery is optimally sized and high-quality forecasts are available. Crucially, the proposed algorithm generates greater profit than the baseline method even with large uncertainty on the forecast, showing the robustness of the proposed solution. On average, only 2–12% of profit is lost on generation and demand uncertainty compared to perfect forecasts. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed algorithm increases as the uncertainty decreases, showing great promise for the algorithm as the quality of forecasting keeps improving.","battery control model; battery scheduling algorithm; energy management system; microgrid control method; renewable energy; forecasting; smart grid management; battery energy storage system; time-of-use tariff; state of charge","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Intelligent Electrical Power Grids","","",""
"uuid:75ccf160-59c0-431d-9b18-1cce8eecac91","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:75ccf160-59c0-431d-9b18-1cce8eecac91","Submodeling Method-Based Thermal Investigation of the Battery Energy Storage System Integrated in a 450 kW EV Charger","Guan, H. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Wu, Y. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Qin, Z. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2023","The electric vehicle (EV) market is expanding rapidly. However, the main barriers to EV adoption are high vehicle costs, range issues, and charging infrastructure. Meanwhile, energy storage systems (ESS) appear as a promising solution to preventing grid overload during charging and reducing infrastructure costs. In this paper, the integration of the battery energy storage system (BESS) in a 450 kW EV charger is designed and investigated via modeling and simulation mainly from the perspective of thermal management. To explore the heat dissipation and the temperature distribution across the pack, the thermal model based on the sub-modeling technique is developed via COMSOL, and a preliminary layout and cooling strategy are determined.","fast charging; battery energy storage system; system integration; thermal management","en","conference paper","IEEE","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2024-03-04","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:0949eb01-891e-47f9-a50a-4611a34b9325","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0949eb01-891e-47f9-a50a-4611a34b9325","Provision of Ramp-rate Limitation as Ancillary Service from Distribution to Transmission System: Definitions and Methodologies for Control and Sizing of Central Battery Energy Storage System","Gkavanoudis, Spyros I. (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Malamaki, Kyriaki Nefeli D. (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Kontis, Eleftherios O. (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Demoulias, Charis S. (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki); Shekhar, A. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Mushtaq, U. (TU Delft Intelligent Electrical Power Grids); Venu, Sagar Bandi (FENECON Gmbh)","","2023","The variability of the output power of distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs) that originate from the fast-changing climatic conditions can negatively affect the grid stability. Therefore, grid operators have incorporated ramp-rate limitations (RRLs) for the injected DRES power in the grid codes. As the DRES penetration levels increase, the mitigation of high-power ramps is no longer considered as a system support function but rather an ancillary service (AS). Energy storage systems (ESSs) coordinated by RR control algorithms are often applied to mitigate these power fluctuations. However, no unified definition of active power ramps, which is essential to treat the RRL as AS, currently exists. This paper assesses the various definitions for ramp-rate RR and proposes RRL method control for a central battery ESS (BESS) in distribution systems (DSs). The ultimate objective is to restrain high-power ramps at the distribution transformer level so that RRL can be traded as AS to the upstream transmission system (TS). The proposed control is based on the direct control of the ΔP/Δt, which means that the control parameters are directly correlated with the RR requirements included in the grid codes. In addition, a novel method for restoring the state of charge (SoC) within a specific range following a high ramp-up/down event is proposed. Finally, a parametric method for estimating the sizing of central BESSs (BESS sizing for short) is developed. The BESS sizing is determined by considering the RR requirements, the DRES units, and the load mix of the examined DS. The BESS sizing is directly related to the constant RR achieved using the proposed control. Finally, the proposed methodologies are validated through simulations in MATLAB/Simulink and laboratory tests in a commercially available BESS.","Battery energy storage system; distributed renewable energy resource; distribution system; ramp-rate limitation; sizing; state of charge; transmission system","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2024-03-04","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:48911536-9240-4261-8016-4082df238cdf","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:48911536-9240-4261-8016-4082df238cdf","Optimizing the battery charging and swapping infrastructure for electric short-haul aircraft—The case of electric flight in Norway","van Oosterom, S.J.M. (TU Delft Control & Simulation); Mitici, M.A. (TU Delft Air Transport & Operations; Universiteit Utrecht)","","2023","Recent advances in battery technology have opened the possibility for short-haul electric flight. This is particularly attractive for commuter airlines that operate in remote regions such as archipelagos or Nordic fjords where the geography impedes other means of transportation. In this paper we address the question of how to optimize the charging infrastructure (charging power, spare batteries) for an airline when considering a battery swapping system. Our analysis considers the expenditures needed for (i) the significant charging power requirements, (ii) spare aircraft batteries, (iii) the used electricity, and (iv) delay costs, should the infrastructure not be sufficient to accommodate the flight schedule. The main result of this paper is the formulation of this problem as a two-phase recourse model. This is required to account for the variation of the flight schedule throughout a year of operations. With this, both the strategic (infrastructure sizing) and tactical (battery recharge scheduling) planning are addressed The model is applied for Widerøe Airlines, with a network of 7 hub airports and 36 regional airports in Norway. The results show that a total investment of 4412 kW in electricity power supply and 25 spare batteries is needed for the considered network, resulting in a daily investment of €11700. We also quantify the benefits of considering an entire year of operations for our analysis, instead of just one congested day (7% cost reduction) or one average day of operations (31% reduction) at the most congested airport.","Battery swapping systems; Commuter air transport; Electric aviation; Infrastructure sizing; Scheduling","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Control & Simulation","","",""
"uuid:a9e4a3de-3ad2-4e17-8889-0d670d6f4caa","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a9e4a3de-3ad2-4e17-8889-0d670d6f4caa","Closed-loop simulation testing of a probabilistic DR framework for Day Ahead Market participation applied to Battery Energy Storage Systems","van der Heijden, T.J.T. (TU Delft Water Resources); Palensky, P. (TU Delft Electrical Sustainable Energy); van de Giesen, N.C. (TU Delft Water Resources); Abraham, E. (TU Delft Water Resources)","","2023","In this manuscript, we test the operational performance decrease of a probabilistic framework for Demand Response (DR). We use Day Ahead Market (DAM) price scenarios generated by a Combined Quantile Regression Deep Neural Network (CQR-DNN) and a Non-parametric Bayesian Network (NPBN) to maximise profit of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) participating on the DAM for energy arbitrage. We apply the generated forecast time series to a stochastic Model Predictive Control (MPC), and compare the performance using a point and perfect forecast. For the probabilistic forecasts, we test two control strategies; 1) minimising the Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) for making costs, and 2) minimising the expected value of the cost. We apply the MPC in a closed-loop simulation setting and perform a sensitivity analysis of the profit by changing the ratio between battery capacity and the max power, the cluster reduction method, and the number of scenarios used by the MPC. We show that the proposed framework works, but the approach does not increase profit compared to a deterministic point forecast. This can possibly be explained by the deterministic forecast capturing the shape of the price curve with less noise than a probabilistic forecast without enough scenarios. We show that the value of a good forecast becomes smaller as the charging time of the battery becomes larger, due to the battery being unable to exploit small price differences optimally.","Demand Response; probabilistic forecasting; scenario generation; stochastic programming; battery energy storage systems; day ahead market","en","conference paper","IEEE","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2024-03-01","","Electrical Sustainable Energy","Water Resources","","",""
"uuid:3b9b1648-3168-48ec-8f69-363c91c08039","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3b9b1648-3168-48ec-8f69-363c91c08039","Aging-Aware Battery Operation for Multicarrier Energy Systems","Slaifstein, D.A. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Alpizar Castillo, J.J. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Menendez Agudin, A. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Chandra Mouli, G.R. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2023","In the context of building electrification the operation of distributed energy resources integrating multiple energy carriers poses a significant challenge. Such an operation calls for an energy management system that decides the set-points of the primary control layer in the best way possible. This is done by fulfilling user requirements, minimizing costs, and balancing local generation with energy storage. This last component is what enables building flexibility. This paper presents a novel aging-aware strategy for operating grid-connected buildings that combine multiple energy carriers (heat and electricity), storage devices (electric vehicles, batteries, and thermal storage), and power sources (solar photovoltaics, solar collectors). The novel energy management algorithm presented considers the aging of the batteries to enhance the operational differences between storage technologies, thus making explicit the trade-off between the services provided by the hybrid energy storage system and its degradation. This unlocks grid cost reductions between 20–45 % depending on the season when compared to state-of-the-art solutions.","Energy management systems; Battery degradation; Hybrid energy storage; Multicarrier energy systems","en","conference paper","IEEE","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2024-05-16","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:95751411-f2cb-488a-8fbb-5b678f0c7f71","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:95751411-f2cb-488a-8fbb-5b678f0c7f71","Open-Access Model of a PV–BESS System: Quantifying Power and Energy Exchange for Peak-Shaving and Self Consumption Applications","Alpizar Castillo, J.J. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage; Fidélitas University); Vega-Garita, Victor (University of Costa Rica); Narayan, Nishant (Sustainable Energy for All); Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2023","Energy storage is vital for a future where energy generation transitions from a fossil fuels-based one to an energy system that relies heavily on clean energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV) solar energy. To foster this transition, engineers and practitioners must have open-access models of PV systems coupled with battery storage systems (BESS). These models are fundamental to quantifying their economic and technical merits during the design phase. This paper contributes in this direction by carefully describing a model that accurately represents the power directions and energy dealings between the PV modules, the battery pack, and the loads. Moreover, the general model can be implemented using two different PV generation methods, the Gaussian model and the meteorological data-based model (MDB). We found that the MDB model is more appropriate for short-term analysis compared to the Gaussian model, while for long-term studies, the Gaussian model is closer to measured data. Moreover, the proposed model can reproduce two different energy management strategies: peak-shaving and maximizing self-consumption, allowing them to be used during PV–BESS sizing stages. Furthermore, the results obtained by the simulation are closed when compared to a real grid-tied PV–BESS, demonstrating the model’s validity.","PV–BESS modeling; solar–battery systems; PV–BESS","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:d75d7963-8265-4b1a-bceb-d28dcb5861d9","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d75d7963-8265-4b1a-bceb-d28dcb5861d9","Insight into the Characterization of Sea-Salt Batteries","Kouwerberg, Sang Jae (DCE&S); Alpizar Castillo, J.J. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2023","Batteries are one of the main tools to provide the flexibility distribution and transmission systems need due to their increasing dependence on weather conditions. However, environmental and economic factors pose a significant problem. New types of batteries that do not rely on rare earth metals and organic solvents but instead use water and more common ions could be a cost-effective and environmentally safe way to provide energy storage in the future. We studied the performance of sea-salt cells designed as a low-cost, environmentally friendly method to store electricity. We used a constant current charge/discharge test with different currents, from 50 mA to 300 mA, to identify the maximum efficiencies of the cell. Then, we introduced a new strategy to determine the cut-off voltage to discharge the battery, inspired by the maximum power point found in photovoltaics. We used a constant voltage charge to determine the cell’s energy density. However, evidence of side reactions urged us to use constant current charge/discharge tests to identify the battery’s capacity based on the efficiencies drop. Results showed a maximum energy efficiency of 74.6% at 200 mA and a maximum Coulombic efficiency of 88.7% at 300 mA. The cut-off voltage of the cell during discharge should be between 1.4 V and 1.6 V. The energy densities range from 10.1 Wh/kg(6.53 WhL) with an efficiency of 57.5% and 4.18 Wh/kg(2.7 WhL) with an efficiency of 69.8%.","Energy storage; Sea-salt battery; Zn battery","en","conference paper","IEEE","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2024-02-26","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:4bd76f9e-c787-4e22-988c-c932915af8a0","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4bd76f9e-c787-4e22-988c-c932915af8a0","The principles of controlled DC reactor fault current limiter for battery energy storage protection","Heidary, Amir (TU Delft Intelligent Electrical Power Grids); Popov, M. (TU Delft Intelligent Electrical Power Grids); Moghim, Ali (Islamic Azad University); Ghaffarian Niasar, M. (TU Delft High Voltage Technology Group); Lekić, A. (TU Delft Intelligent Electrical Power Grids)","","2023","The significance of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) technology has been growing rapidly, mostly due to the need for microgrid applications and the integration of renewables. Relevant to the importance of utilization of BESS in microgrids, the protection of the BESS during microgrid faults has become a concern too. The short circuit in a microgrid cause overcurrent for all of the integrated sources. BESS, as one of the sources in the microgrid, is heavily influenced by fault occurrence. The overcurrent can easily damage power electronic converter switches, battery management systems, and damage battery banks. Fault current limiters are appropriate protection devices that have been massively studied. In this article, we propose a controllable reactor fault current limiter (CRFCL) to protect the BESS against fault currents. The proposed CRFCL can control the fault current value supplied by BESS during a fault condition as a current regulator. It is realized by means of the operation of solid-state switches and series dc-reactor behavior. The main achievement of CRFCL is the protection of BESS against fault currents without delay. The simulations of the proposed structure are carried out in a MATLAB/Simulink platform, and they are confirmed and validated by experimental test results.","Battery energy storage; Fault current limiter; Protection","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2024-02-16","","","Intelligent Electrical Power Grids","","",""
"uuid:35b96fc1-1f61-4cfe-87c0-df1822d36ecf","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:35b96fc1-1f61-4cfe-87c0-df1822d36ecf","Voltage/Current Doubler Converter for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Employing Bipolar Pads","Grazian, F. (TU Delft Electrical Sustainable Energy; TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Soeiro, Thiago B. (TU Delft Electrical Sustainable Energy; TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft Electrical Sustainable Energy; TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2023","Light-duty electric vehicles (EVs) typically have a rated voltage of either 400 or 800 V. Especially when considering public parking infrastructures or owners with multiple EVs, e.g., car rental companies, EV wireless chargers must efficiently deliver electric power to both battery options. For this purpose, this article proposes an advanced and compact version of the previously defined voltage/current doubler (V/I-D) converter, here comprising two coupled series-compensated bipolar pads (BPPs). The presented system can efficiently charge EVs with both battery voltage classes at the same power level without affecting the current rating of the converter's circuit components. The control scheme is implemented at the power source side in terms of switching frequency and input voltage, and only passive semiconductor devices are employed on board the EV. The equivalent circuit is analyzed, focusing on the BPPs' undesired cross-coupling and its effect on the power transfer. Methods to compensate for the cross-coupling are proposed regarding the BPP design and operating strategy. At 7.2 kW and aligned BPPs, the dc-to-dc efficiency of 96.34% and 96.53% have been measured at 400 and 800 V, respectively. The proposed method has been experimentally validated at different misalignment profiles while considering battery voltages 300-400 V and 600-800 V, which proves that the V/I -D converter is a universal charging solution for EV batteries.","Battery voltage; bipolar pads (BPPs); compensation networks; cross-coupling; electric vehicles (EVs); inductive power transfer (IPT); wireless charging","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-10-16","","Electrical Sustainable Energy","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:247bffe5-0355-457c-ad6f-1e524dde05c0","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:247bffe5-0355-457c-ad6f-1e524dde05c0","Charging Infrastructure and Grid Integration for Electromobility","Rivera, Sebastian (Universidad de los Andes, Chile); Goetz, Stefan M. (University of Cambridge); Kouro, Samir (Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María); Lehn, Peter W. (University of Toronto); Pathmanathan, Mehanathan (University of Toronto); Bauer, P. (TU Delft Electrical Sustainable Energy; TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Mastromauro, Rosa Anna (University of Florence)","","2023","Electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure will play a critical role in decarbonization during the next decades, energizing a large share of the transportation sector. This will further increase the enabling role of power electronics converters as an energy transition technology in the widespread adoption of clean energy sources and their efficient use. However, this deep transformation comes with challenges, some of which are already unfolding, such as the slow deployment of charging infrastructure and competing charging standards, and others that will have a long-term impact if not addressed timely, such as the reliability of power converters and power system stability due to loss of system inertia, just to name a few. Nevertheless, the inherent transition toward power systems with higher penetration of power electronics and batteries, together with a layer of communications and information technologies, will also bring opportunities for more flexible and intelligent grid integration and services, which could increase the share of renewable energy in the power grid. This work provides an overview of the existing charging infrastructure ecosystem, covering the different charging technologies for different EV classes, their structure, and configurations, including how they can impact the grid in the future.","Batteries; Charging infrastructure; Charging stations; Costs; electric mobility; Electric vehicle charging; electric vehicles (EVs); EV charging; grid integration; Power electronics; Standards; Voltage control; weak-grid chargers","en","journal article","","","","","","Invited paper","","","","Electrical Sustainable Energy","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:92531d43-c9f1-4c90-b3e0-780baaf01e03","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:92531d43-c9f1-4c90-b3e0-780baaf01e03","Performance of a Phase Change Material Battery in a Transparent Building","van den Engel, P.J.W. (TU Delft Building Services); Malin, Michael (CHAM, Bakery House); Venkatesh, Nikhilesh Kodur (Student TU Delft); de Araujo Passos, L.A. (TU Delft Team Bart De Schutter)","","2023","This research evaluates the performance of a Phase Change Material (PCM) battery integrated into the climate system of a new transparent meeting center. The main research questions are: a. “Can the performance of the battery be calculated?” and b. “Can the battery reduce the heating and cooling energy demand in a significant way?” The first question is answered in this document. In order to be able to answer the second question, especially the way the heat loading in winter should be improved, then more research is necessary. In addition to the thermal battery, which consists of Phase Change Material plates, the climate system has a cross-flow heat exchanger and a heat pump. The battery should play a central role in closing the thermal balance of the lightweight building, which can be loaded with hot return or cold outdoor air. The temperature of the battery plates is monitored by multi-sensors and simulated by the use of PHOENICS (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and MATLAB. This paper reports reasonable agreement between the numerical predictions and the measurements, with a maximum variance of 10%. The current coefficient of performance for heating and cooling is already high, more than 27. There is scope for increasing this much further by making use of the very low-pressure difference of the battery (below 25 Pascal), low pressure fans and the ventilation system as a whole.","Heat exchangers; Heating; Passive energy; Phase change material (pcm); Thermal battery; Ventilation and air-conditioning (hvac)","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Building Services","","",""
"uuid:8bc48e89-d9a9-4024-b4cb-01c0982e70e7","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8bc48e89-d9a9-4024-b4cb-01c0982e70e7","Reviving the rock-salt phases in Ni-rich layered cathodes by mechano-electrochemistry in all-solid-state batteries","Wang, Zaifa (Yanshan University); Wang, Zhenyu (Guilin Electrical Equipment Scientific Research Institut, Gulin); Xue, Dingchuan (The Pennsylvania State University); Zhao, Jun (Yanshan University); Zhang, Xuedong (Xiangtan University, Xiangtan); Geng, Lin (Yanshan University); Li, Yanshuai (Yanshan University); Du, Congcong (Yanshan University); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","","2023","The rock-salt phase (RSP) formed on the surface of Ni-rich layered cathodes in liquid-electrolyte lithium-ion batteries is conceived to be electrochemically ""dead"". Here we show massive RSP forms in the interior of LiNixMnyCo(1−x-y)O2 (NMC) crystals in sulfide based all solid state batteries (ASSBs), but the RSP remains electrochemically active even after long cycles. The RSP and the layered structure constitute a two-phase mixture, a material architecture that is distinctly different from the RSP in liquid electrolytes. The tensioned layered phase affords an effective percolation channel into which lithium is squeezed out of the RSPs by compressive stress, rendering the RSPs electrochemically active. Consequently, the ASSBs with predominant RSP in the NMC cathode deliver remarkable long cycle life of 4000 cycles at high areal capacity of 4.3 mAh/cm2. Our study unveils distinct mechano-electrochemistry of RSPs in ASSBs that can be harnessed to enable high energy density and durable ASSBs.","All-solid-state batteries; Mechano-electrochemistry; Ni-rich cathodes; Rock-salt phases","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-07-01","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:b6dddf10-7002-4419-ae9f-70d3ef3e45c2","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b6dddf10-7002-4419-ae9f-70d3ef3e45c2","Enhanced energy transfer in a Dicke quantum battery","Zhang, Xiang (TU Delft QN/Blaauboer Group; Kavli institute of nanoscience Delft; Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing); Blaauboer, M. (TU Delft QN/Blaauboer Group; Kavli institute of nanoscience Delft)","","2023","We theoretically investigate the enhancement of the charging power in a Dicke quantum battery which consists of an array of N two-level systems (TLS)coupled to a single mode of cavity photons. In the limit of small N, we analytically solve the time evolution for the full charging process. The eigenvectors of the driving Hamiltonian are found to be pseudo-Hermite polynomials and the evolution is thus interpreted as harmonic oscillator like behaviour. Then we demonstrate the average charging power using a collective protocol is (Formula presented.) times larger than that of the parallel protocol when transferring the same amount of energy. Unlike previous studies, we point out that such quantum advantage does not originate from entanglement but is due to the coherent cooperative interactions among the TLSs. Our results provide intuitive quantitative insight into the dynamic charging process of a Dicke battery and can be observed under realistic experimental conditions.","Dicke model; pseudo-Hermite polynomials; quantum battery; quantum speedup; Tavis-Cumming Hamiltonian","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","QN/Blaauboer Group","","",""
"uuid:df915348-8d2a-45b7-8bb3-27a15e29a85f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:df915348-8d2a-45b7-8bb3-27a15e29a85f","Assessing the European Electric-Mobility Transition: Emissions from Electric Vehicle Manufacturing and Use in Relation to the EU Greenhouse Gas Emission Targets","Tang, Chen (Universiteit Leiden); Tukker, Arnold (Universiteit Leiden; TNO); Sprecher, B. (TU Delft Design for Sustainability); Mogollón, José M. (Universiteit Leiden)","","2023","The European Union (EU) has set a 37.5% GHG reduction target in 2030 for the mobility sector, relative to 1990 levels. This requires increasing the share of zero-emission passenger vehicles, mainly in the form of electric vehicles (EVs). This study calculates future GHG emissions related to passenger vehicle manufacturing and use based on stated policy goals of EU Member States for EV promotion. Under these policies, by 2040 the stock of EVs would be about 73 times larger than those of 2020, contributing to a cumulative in-use emission reduction of 2.0 gigatons CO2-eq. Nevertheless, this stated EV adoption will not be sufficiently fast to reach the EU's GHG reduction targets, and some of the GHG environmental burdens may be shifted to the EV battery manufacturing countries. To achieve the 2030 reduction targets, the EU as a whole needs to accelerate the phase-out of internal combustion engine vehicles and transit to e-mobility at the pace of the most ambitious Member States, such that EVs can comprise at least 55% of the EU passenger vehicle fleet in 2030. An accelerated decarbonization of the electricity system will become the most critical prerequisite for minimizing GHG emissions from both EV manufacturing and in-use stages.","climate policy; European e-mobility transition; GHG emission accounting; lithium-ion battery; material flow analysis","en","review","","","","","","","","","","","Design for Sustainability","","",""
"uuid:90f16a03-5856-48f3-8e8a-433d7e3a0916","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:90f16a03-5856-48f3-8e8a-433d7e3a0916","Role of Defects, Pores, and Interfaces in Deciphering the Alkali Metal Storage Mechanism in Hard Carbon","Vasileiadis, A. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Li, Yuqi (Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences); Lu, Yaxiang (Chinese Academy of Sciences); Hu, Yong Sheng (Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","","2023","There are several questions and controversies regarding the Na storage mechanism in hard carbon. This springs from the difficulty of probing the vast diversity of possible configurational environments for Na storage, including surface and defect sites, edges, pores, and intercalation morphologies. In the effort to explain the observed voltage profile, typically existing of a voltage slope section and a low-voltage plateau, several experimental and computational studies have provided a variety of contradicting results. This work employs density functional theory to thoroughly examine Na storage in hard carbon in combination with electrochemical experiments. Our calculation scheme disentangles the possible interactions by evaluating the enthalpies of formation, shedding light on the storage mechanisms. Parallel evaluation of the Li and K storage, and comparison with experiments, put forward a unified reaction mechanism for the three alkali metals. The results underline the importance of exposed metal surfaces and metal-carbon interfaces for the stability of the pore-filling mechanism responsible for the low-voltage plateau, in excellent agreement with the experimental voltage profiles. This generalized understanding provides insights into hard carbons as negative electrodes and their optimized properties.","alkali metal storage mechanism; hard carbon; lithium-ion battery; nanopores; sodium-ion battery","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:7070702e-4949-4c2a-afdf-69866796ec07","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7070702e-4949-4c2a-afdf-69866796ec07","Dispatching a fleet of electric towing vehicles for aircraft taxiing with conflict avoidance and efficient battery charging","van Oosterom, S.J.M. (TU Delft Control & Simulation); Mitici, M.A. (Universiteit Utrecht); Hoekstra, J.M. (TU Delft Control & Simulation)","","2023","Following the Paris Accords, the aviation industry aims to become climate neutral by 2050. In this line, electric vehicles that tow aircraft during taxiing are a promising emerging technology to reduce emissions at airports. This paper proposes an end-to-end optimization framework for electric towing vehicles (ETVs) dispatchment at large airports. We integrate the routing of the ETVs in the taxiway system where minimum separation distances are ensured at all times, with the assignment of these ETVs to aircraft towing tasks and scheduling ETV battery recharging. For ETV recharging, we consider a preemptive charging policy where the charging times depend on the residual state-of-charge of the battery. We illustrate our model for one day of operations at a large European airport. The results show that the 913 arriving and departing flights can be towed with 38 ETVs, with battery charging distributed throughout the day. The fleet size is shown to increase approximately linear with the number of flights in the schedule. We also propose a greedy dispatchment of the ETVs, which is shown to achieve an optimality gap of 6% with respect to the number of required vehicles and with 22% with respect to the maximum delay during towing. We also show that both algorithms can be leveraged to account for flight delays using a rolling horizon approach, and that over 95% of the flights can be reallocated if delays occur. Overall, we propose a roadmap for ETV management at large airports, considering realistic ETV specifications (battery capabilities, kinematic properties) and requirements for aircraft collision avoidance during towing.","Electric aircraft taxiing; Electric towing vehicles; Partial battery recharging; Sustainable aviation; Vehicle routing problem","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Control & Simulation","","",""
"uuid:5b701759-9a30-4f65-9a67-f920e01dde38","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5b701759-9a30-4f65-9a67-f920e01dde38","Design and Implementation of a Reconfigurable Phase Shift Full-Bridge Converter for Wide Voltage Range EV Charging Application","Lyu, D. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Soeiro, Thiago Batista (European Space Agency (ESA)); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2023","This article analyzes, designs, and tests a reconfigurable phase shift full-bridge (r-PSFB) isolated dc/dc converter well suited for a wide voltage operating range. By controlling the auxiliary switches, a series or parallel connection can be realized on the secondary side of the converter. As a result, the r-PSFB converter can operate in an extremely wide voltage range without compromising the system efficiency. In this article, the characteristics of the r-PSFB converter and its design considerations are discussed in detail. An 11-kW r-PSFB converter prototype with 640-840-V input voltage and 250-1000-V output voltage ranges is developed and tested to validate the analysis and efficiency of the designed converter. A comparative study against a conventional PSFB converter is conducted for benchmark purposes to prove the advantages of the studied r-PSFB converter.","Battery charging; electric vehicle (EV) charging; isolated dc/dc converter; reconfiguration; versatile converter; wide voltage range","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-08-21","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:32100e99-e9e3-4eb5-95ae-86c63108b4b1","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:32100e99-e9e3-4eb5-95ae-86c63108b4b1","Iron and Manganese Alginate for Rechargeable Battery Electrodes","Kiriinya, L.K. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy; University of Nairobi); Kwakernaak, M.C. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Van den Akker, Simone C.D. (Student TU Delft); Verbist, Guy L.M.M. (Shell Global Solutions International B.V.); Picken, S.J. (TU Delft ChemE/Advanced Soft Matter); Kelder, E.M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","","2023","We present a sustainable, inherently safe battery chemistry that is based on widely available and cheap materials, that is, iron and manganese hosted in alginate bio-material known from the food and medical industry. The resulting battery can be recycled to allow circularity. The electrodes were synthesised by the alginate caging the multi-valent metals to form a hydrogel in an aqueous environment. Characterisation includes FTIR, XPS and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The electrochemical performance of the electrodes was investigated by performing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and (dis)charge experiments. Mn and Fe ions show good co-ordination with the alginic acid with higher oxidation states demonstrating complex bonding behaviour. The non-optimised iron and manganese alginate electrodes already exhibit a cycling efficiency of 98% and 69%, respectively. This work shows that Fe and Mn atomically disperse in a bio-based host material and can act as electrodes in an aqueous battery chemistry. While demonstrated at cell level, it is furthermore explained how these materials can form the basis for a (semi-solid) flow cell.","alginates; electrode material; polysaccharide; rechargeable battery","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:bc80454d-7e87-4bb7-b946-2ff7ba0894c7","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:bc80454d-7e87-4bb7-b946-2ff7ba0894c7","Optimizing Electric Taxi Battery Swapping Stations Featuring Modular Battery Swapping: A Data-Driven Approach","Liu, Zhengke (Beihang University); Ma, Xiaolei (Beihang University); Liu, Xiaohan (Beihang University); Correia, Gonçalo (TU Delft Transport and Planning); Shi, Ruifeng (North China Electric Power University); Shang, Wenlong (Beijing University of Technology)","","2023","Optimizing battery swapping station (BSS) configuration is essential to enhance BSS’s energy savings and economic feasibility, thereby facilitating energy refueling efficiency of electric taxis (ETs). This study proposes a novel modular battery swapping mode (BSM) that allows ET drivers to choose the number of battery blocks to rent according to their driving range requirements and habits, improving BSS’s economic profitability and operational flexibility. We further develop a data-driven approach to optimizing the configuration of modular BSS considering the scheduling of battery charging at the operating stage under a scenario of time-of-use (ToU) price. We use the travel patterns of taxis extracted from the GPS trajectory data on 12,643 actual taxis in Beijing, China. Finally, we test the effectiveness and performance of our data-driven model and modular BSM in a numerical experiment with traditional BSM as the benchmark. Results show that the BSS with modular BSM can save 38% on the investment cost of purchasing ET battery blocks and is better able to respond to the ToU price than to the benchmark. The results of the sensitivity analysis suggest that when the peak electricity price is too high, additional battery blocks must be purchased to avoid charging during those peak periods.","battery swapping station configuration; data-driven approach; electric taxi; modular battery swapping mode; trajectory data","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Transport and Planning","","",""
"uuid:75da2cf8-4ce3-47c4-8d55-1fb275aad9d0","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:75da2cf8-4ce3-47c4-8d55-1fb275aad9d0","Interfacial Designs of MXenes for Mild Aqueous Zinc-Ion Storage","Guo, R. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy; Shaanxi Normal University); Chen, C. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Bannenberg, L.J. (TU Delft RID/TS/Instrumenten groep); Wang, H. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy; Donghua University); Liu, Haozhe (Student TU Delft; Shaanxi Normal University); Yu, Minghao (Technische Universität Dresden); Sofer, Zdenek (University of Chemistry and Technology Prague); Lei, Zhibin (Shaanxi Normal University); Wang, Xuehang (Donghua University)","","2023","Limited Li resources, high cost, and safety risks of using organic electrolytes have stimulated a strong motivation to develop non-Li aqueous batteries. Aqueous Zn-ion storage (ZIS) devices offer low-cost and high-safety solutions. However, their practical applications are at the moment restricted by their short cycle life arising mainly from irreversible electrochemical side reactions and processes at the interfaces. This review sums up the capability of using 2D MXenes to increase the reversibility at the interface, assist the charge transfer process, and thereby improve the performance of ZIS. First, they discuss the ZIS mechanism and irreversibility of typical electrode materials in mild aqueous electrolytes. Then, applications of MXenes in different ZIS components are highlighted, including as electrodes for Zn2+ intercalation, protective layers of Zn anode, hosts for Zn deposition, substrates, and separators. Finally, perspectives are put forward on further optimizing MXenes to improve the ZIS performance.","2D MXenes; interfacial design; mild aqueous electrolyte; Zn-ion batteries; Zn-ion capacitors","en","review","","","","","","","","","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:75a194fe-1a00-4558-9c6f-492093373318","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:75a194fe-1a00-4558-9c6f-492093373318","Entropy-Driven Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries","Wang, Q. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Zhao, C. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Yao, Zhenpeng (Shanghai Jiao Tong University); Wang, Jianlin (Chinese Academy of Sciences); Wu, Fangting (Tsinghua University); Kumar, Sai Govind Hari (University of Toronto); Ganapathy, S. (TU Delft RID/TS/Instrumenten groep); Eustace, S.J. (TU Delft BT/Biocatalysis); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","","2023","Developing liquid electrolytes with higher kinetics and enhanced interphase stability is one of the key challenges for lithium batteries. However, the poor solubility of lithium salts in solvents sets constraints that compromises the electrolyte properties. Here, it is shown that introducing multiple salts to form a high-entropy solution, alters the solvation structure, which can be used to raise the solubility of specific salts and stabilize electrode–electrolyte interphases. The prepared high-entropy electrolytes significantly enhance the cycling and rate performance of lithium batteries. For lithium-metal anodes the reversibility exceeds 99%, which extends the cycle life of batteries even under aggressive cycling conditions. For commercial batteries, combining a graphite anode with a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode, more than 1000 charge–discharge cycles are achieved while maintaining a capacity retention of more than 90%. These performance improvements with respect to regular electrolytes are rationalized by the unique features of the solvation structure in high-entropy electrolytes. The weaker solvation interaction induced by the higher disorder results in improved lithium-ion kinetics, and the altered solvation composition leads to stabilized interphases. Finally, the high-entropy, induced by the presence of multiple salts, enables a decrease in melting temperature of the electrolytes and thus enables lower battery operation temperatures without changing the solvents.","entropy-driven electrolytes; high-entropy electrolytes; lithium batteries; temperature-dependent electrolytes; weak solvation structures","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:aeb01c20-f837-49d0-8ce5-5c1cdb22b15d","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:aeb01c20-f837-49d0-8ce5-5c1cdb22b15d","The optimal electrode pore size and channel width in electrochemical flow cells","Bhadra, A. (TU Delft Energy Technology); Haverkort, J.W. (TU Delft Energy Technology)","","2023","Microfluidic fuel cells, electrolyzers, and redox flow batteries utilize laminar flow channels to provide reactants, remove products and avoid their crossover. These devices often also employ porous flow-through electrodes as they offer a high surface area for the reaction and excellent mass transfer. The geometrical features of these electrodes and flow channels strongly influence energy efficiency. We derive explicit analytical relations for the optimal flow channel width and porous electrode volumetric surface area from the perspective of energy efficiency. These expressions are verified using a two-dimensional tertiary current distribution and porous electrode flow model in COMSOL and are shown to be able to predict optimal parameters in commonly used flow-through and interdigitated flow fields. The obtained analytical models can dramatically shorten modelling time and expedite the industrial design process. The optimal channel width and pore sizes we obtain, in the order of 100 microns and 1 micron respectively, are much smaller than those often used. This shows that there is a significant room for improvement of energy efficiency in flow cells that can sustain the resulting pressure drop.","Analytical model; Computational fluid dynamics; Electrolyzers; Fuel cells; Optimization; Porous electrodes; Redox flow batteries","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Energy Technology","","",""
"uuid:183fee3d-7ecd-40c3-8c00-e71cf31c4a23","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:183fee3d-7ecd-40c3-8c00-e71cf31c4a23","Template-Assisted Mechanosynthesis Leading to Benchmark Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in the Production of Bifunctional Fe-N-C Electrocatalysts","Kosimov, Akmal (University of Tartu); Alimbekova, Amina (University of Tartu); Assafrei, Jurgen Martin (University of Tartu); Ahmadi, Majid (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen); Roohi, K. (TU Delft Team Peyman Taheri); Taheri, P. (TU Delft Team Peyman Taheri); Pinto, Sara M. (Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI)); Cepitis, Ritums (University of Tartu); Baptista, Antonio J. (Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI)); Kongi, Nadezda (University of Tartu)","","2023","Efficient and sustainable synthesis of performant metal/nitrogen-doped carbon (M-N-C) catalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR/OER) is vital for the global switch to green energy technologies-fuel cells and metal-air batteries. This study reports a solid-phase template-assisted mechanosynthesis of Fe-N-C, featuring low-cost and sustainable FeCl3, 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), and NaCl. A NaCl-templated Fe-TPTZ metal-organic material was formed using facile liquid-assisted grinding/compression. With NaCl, the Fe-TPTZ template-induced stability allows for a rapid, thus, energy-efficient pyrolysis. Among the produced materials, 3D-FeNC-LAG exhibits remarkable performance in ORR (E1/2 = 0.85 V and Eonset = 1.00 V), OER (Ej=10 = 1.73 V), and in the zinc-air battery test (power density of 139 mW cm-2). The multilayer stream mapping (MSM) framework is presented as a tool for creating a sustainability assessment protocol for the catalyst production process. MSM employs time, cost, resource, and energy efficiency as technoeconomic sustainability metrics to assess the potential upstream impact. MSM analysis shows that the 3D-FeNC-LAG synthesis exhibits 90% overall process efficiency and 97.67% cost efficiency. The proposed synthetic protocol requires 2 times less processing time and 3 times less energy without compromising the catalyst efficiency, superior to the most advanced methods.","M−N−C catalyst; oxygen electrocatalysis; sustainable synthesis; template-assisted mechanosynthesis; zinc−air battery","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2024-01-11","","","Team Peyman Taheri","","",""
"uuid:5f649fe9-6926-4618-9bda-d5bcd1e184de","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5f649fe9-6926-4618-9bda-d5bcd1e184de","Graphyne-based membrane as a promising candidate for Li-Battery electrodes protection: Insight from atomistic simulations","Lemaalem, Mohammed (Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour); Khossossi, N. (TU Delft Team Poulumi Dey); Bouder, Gaelle (Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour); Dey, P. (TU Delft Team Poulumi Dey); Carbonnière, Philippe (Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour)","","2023","All-solid electrolytes could lead to a technological breakthrough in the performance of all-solid-state batteries when combined with a lithium-metal anode. However, the use of a lithium-metal anode presents several challenges, such as dendrite growth, interface electrochemical stability, formation and propagation of cracks, and delamination of the electrode/electrolyte interfaces. This work aims to explore the effectiveness of using newly synthesized 2D graphyne-based membranes (namely graphyne, graphdiyne, and graphtriyne) for electrode protection in a solid polymer electrolyte battery through first-principle calculations, nudged elastic band method, and classical molecular dynamics simulation. Specifically, we aim to investigate the effectiveness of these membranes in mitigating the aforementioned challenges. A high external electric field of up to 0.5 V/Å, 0.75 V/Å, and 1 V/Å was applied to accelerate the ions diffusion process. The adsorption energies, charge transfer, and in-plane/out-plane diffusion of single lithium on graphyne-based surfaces were investigated. Afterward, we calculated and compared the Li+ permeability, the electrolyte molecules’ rejection efficiency, and the intrinsic properties of graphyne-based nanoporous membranes. Our findings show that both graphyne and graphdiyne surfaces effectively permit Li+ intercalation while preventing other electrolyte molecules from reaching the electrodes.","2D nanoporous graphyne-n; Electrodes protection; Li-metal battery","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2024-02-18","","","Team Poulumi Dey","","",""
"uuid:08bf0e3e-cca9-4175-b4b4-c20db9a9fe7b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:08bf0e3e-cca9-4175-b4b4-c20db9a9fe7b","Frontier ocean thermal/power and solar PV systems for transformation towards net-zero communities","Liu, Zhengxuan (TU Delft Design & Construction Management); Zhou, Yuekuan (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology); Yan, Jun (Shanghai Jiao Tong University); Tostado-Véliz, Marcos (Universidad de Jaén)","","2023","Ocean thermal and power energy systems are promising driving forces for seashore coastal communities to achieve net-zero energy/emission target, whereas energy planning and management on ocean thermal/power and distributed building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems are critical, in terms of serving scale sizing and planning on geographical locations of district building community, and cycling aging of battery storages. However, the current literature provides insufficient studies on this topic. This study aims to address this research gap by transforming towards zero-energy coastal communities from the district level in subtropical regions, including centralised seawater-based chiller systems, distributed BIPVs and coastal oscillating water column technologies, as well as multi-directional Vehicle-to-Building energy interaction paradigms. Advanced energy management strategies were explored to enhance renewable penetration, import cost-saving, and deceleration of battery cycling aging, in response to relative renewable-to-demand difference, off-peak grid information with low price, and real-time battery cycling aging. Furthermore, in accordance with the power generation characteristic of two wave stations (i.e., Kau Yi Chau (KYC) and West Lamma Channel (WLC)) in Hong Kong, energy system planning and structural configurations of the coastal community were proposed and comparatively studied for the multi-criteria performance improvement. Research results showed that, compared to an air-cooled chiller, the water-cooled chiller with a much higher Coefficient of Performance (COP) will reduce the energy consumption of cooling systems, leading to a decrease in total electric demand from 134 to 126.5 kWh/m2·a. The scale for the net-zero energy district community with distributed BIPVs and oscillating water column was identified as 5 high-rise office buildings, 5 high-rise hotel buildings, 150 private cars and 120 public shuttle buses. Furthermore, the geographical location planning scheme on the Case 1 (office buildings close to KYC, and hotel buildings close to WLC) was identified as the most economically and environmentally feasible scheme, whereas the Case 3 (only office buildings are planned close to all power supply with oscillating water column) showed the highest flexibility in grid electricity shifting, together with the highest value of equivalent battery relative capacity. This study demonstrates techno-economic performances and energy flexibility of frontier ocean energy technologies in a coastal community under advanced energy management strategies, together with technical guidance for serving scale sizing and planning on geographical locations. The research results highlight the prospects and promote frontier ocean energy techniques in subtropical coastal regions.","Coastal oscillating water column; Cycling aging of battery; Energy management strategy; Ocean thermal/power energy; Scale sizing and energy planning; Solar energy","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care. Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2024-01-13","","","Design & Construction Management","","",""
"uuid:4000984a-9efd-4e11-a621-9b28c4fbd09e","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4000984a-9efd-4e11-a621-9b28c4fbd09e","Transformerless partial power converter topology for electric vehicle fast charge","Pesantez, Daniel (Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María); Renaudineau, Hugues (Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María); Rivera, Sebastian (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage; Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción); Peralta, Alejandro (Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María); Marquez Alcaide, Abraham (University of Seville); Kouro, Samir (Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María; University of Seville)","","2023","Increasing the power rating of electric vehicles (EV) fast charging stations to reduce charging times is considered critical to accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles. Besides increasing the power, other drivers pushing the development of EV fast chargers include the improvement of efficiency and reliability. Partial power converters (PPC) have emerged as an interesting option for some of the power converter stages in fast charging stations due to their potential to increase efficiency and power rating. However, some PPCs operate as switched autotransformers by using high frequency (HF) isolation transformers but without providing galvanic isolation. This is a drawback due to cost, size and losses introduced by the transformer. This paper presents a transformerless DC–DC Type I step-up PPC for a DC–DC regulation converter for EV fast charging stations. The proposed converter replaces the transformer commonly used in Type I PPC by an impedance network, resulting in a more efficient, cheaper, and less complex converter option. This concept is verified through simulations and experimentally validated with a laboratory prototype.","battery chargers; DC–DC power convertors; electric vehicle charging","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:6f6a1c63-4362-46bb-a7f9-1417ff52a3ad","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6f6a1c63-4362-46bb-a7f9-1417ff52a3ad","A sustainable battery scheduling and echelon utilization framework for electric bus network with photovoltaic charging infrastructure","Liu, Xiaohan (Beihang University); Shang, Wen Long (Beijing University of Technology; Beijing Jiaotong University; Imperial College London); Correia, Gonçalo (TU Delft Transport and Planning); Liu, Zhengke (Beihang University); Ma, Xiaolei (Beihang University; Ministry of Education Hangzhou)","","2023","Battery capacity degradation in battery electric buses (BEBs) poses a significant operational challenge for transit agencies. This study presents a sustainable battery scheduling and echelon utilization framework considering battery capacity fading and charging infrastructure integrated with solar photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems. The framework aims to minimize the sum of bus charging, battery replacement, and carbon emission costs during the BEB lifespan. We first present a power battery replacement problem for a single bus fleet, then extend it to a joint power battery replacement and fleet-depot matching problem. Finally, we propose a power battery replacement and fleet-depot problem by introducing solar PV and energy storage systems. Dynamic programming, Lagrange relaxation, and a two-step approach are adopted to solve the three problems. A case study involving six bus depots in Beijing demonstrates that optimal battery replacement schedules can significantly lower charging costs. Moreover, integrating solar PV and energy storage is shown to considerably reduce both charging costs and carbon emissions.","Battery capacity degradation; Dynamic programming; Energy storage system; Public transport; Solar energy","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2024-06-19","","","Transport and Planning","","",""
"uuid:4cd6ff5b-e0e7-4643-aa88-a6e92bfb07e8","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4cd6ff5b-e0e7-4643-aa88-a6e92bfb07e8","An Adaptive Battery Charging Method for the Electrification of Diesel or CNG Buses as In-Motion-Charging Trolleybuses","Diab, I. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Eggermont, Rik (Student TU Delft); Chandra Mouli, G.R. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2023","The decarbonization of urban bus fleets can be made by their electrification as in-motion-charging (IMC) buses which can run as trolleybuses or in battery mode. The benefit is that IMC buses can use the existing trolleygrid infrastructure where their route overlaps with it to charge the battery and operate in battery mode outside of it. Presently, the IMC battery charging power is set conservatively to the minimum of all the spare capacities of the traction substations (SSs) found along the bus route. This can render most electrification projects techno/economically infeasible as not enough energy is picked up for the battery-mode operation and long charging times at bus terminals are required. This article proposes then an adaptive charging approach that uses the locally available spare capacity under any traction SS, taking into account the limitations of the maximum SS power and the minimum line voltage. The method is proven here both theoretically and in a case study over one full year of operation of four electrified diesel/compressed natural gas (CNG) bus lines in Arnhem, The Netherlands, using comprehensive and verified trolleybus and trolleygrid models. The proposed adaptive charging method, as opposed to the present conservative method (here, Regular Charging), is shown to make one bus electrification project completely feasible and reduce the extra terminal charging time for the other lines by up to 64%.","Batteries; Substations; Voltage; Urban areas; Transportation; Rectifiers; Random access memory","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2024-03-13","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:4bb38399-9267-428f-b10a-80b86e101f23","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4bb38399-9267-428f-b10a-80b86e101f23","Understanding solid-state batteries: The route to stability","Schwietert, T.K. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","Wagemaker, M. (promotor); Kelder, E.M. (promotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2022","Solid-state batteries have the promise to outperformconventional Li-ion batteries. Solid electrolytes are safer, as the solids used are generally not combustible, and especially if Li-metal anodes are enabled, higher energy densities can be obtained. However, solidstate batteries still have challenges to overcome. In this thesis the origins of the main challenges in solid-state batteries are investigated and this understanding is captured in nano- and microscopic models that can be generally applied to solid-state batteries. The relatively narrow electrochemical stability window of solid electrolytes is one of the main challenges for solid-state batteries. In Chapter 2 the redox activity and electrochemical stability of an argyrodite, NASICON and a garnet solid electrolyte are investigated. It is demonstrated that the decomposition pathway of the solid electrolytes is rather indirect via (de)lithiatedmetastable phases, instead of direct via the energetically most stable decomposition products. Because the reaction proceeds via the intermediate phases, these phases determine the electrochemical stability window, generally resulting in a larger stability window. The larger window and reaction pathway that are predicted match with electrochemical experiments and observed (de)lithiated phases in XRD and NMR experiments.","Solid-state batteries; Solid electrolytes; Electrochemical stability; Solid electrolyte redox; Decomposition window; Intrinsic window","en","doctoral thesis","","978-94-6423-992-8","","","","","","","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:6ab193e9-f12b-4a07-9edd-32ca9f4ed9bc","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6ab193e9-f12b-4a07-9edd-32ca9f4ed9bc","Flexibility Framework With Recovery Guarantees for Aggregated Energy Storage Devices","Evans, Michael (Imperial College London); Tindemans, Simon H. (TU Delft Intelligent Electrical Power Grids; The Alan Turing Institute); Angeli, David (Imperial College London; University of Florence)","","2022","This paper proposes a framework for the procurement of flexibility reserve from aggregated storage fleets. It allows for arbitrary tree structures of aggregation hierarchy, as well as easily implementable disaggregation via broadcast dispatch. By coupling discharge and recovery modes, the proposed framework enables full-cycle capacity to be procured ahead of real time, with guaranteed recovery and exact accounting for losses. The set of feasible discharging requests is exactly encoded, so that there is no reduction in the ability to meet discharging signals, and recovery capabilities are parameterized as a single virtual battery. Included in this paper is a numerical demonstration of the construction of the constituent curves of the framework and the approach is also benchmarked against relevant alternatives.","Flexibility; aggregation; virtual power plant; energy storage systems; optimal control; ancillary service; virtual battery","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-03-01","","","Intelligent Electrical Power Grids","","",""
"uuid:e32a4af3-8b10-429b-b7eb-3046f0678255","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e32a4af3-8b10-429b-b7eb-3046f0678255","Optimization of Charging Strategies for Battery Electric Vehicles under Uncertainty","Huber, Gerhard (University of the Federal Armed Forces Munich); Bogenberger, Klaus (Technische Universität München); van Lint, J.W.C. (TU Delft Transport and Planning)","","2022","The comparably low driving ranges of battery electric vehicles (BEV) cause time-consuming recharging stops if long distances have to be covered. Thus, navigation systems not only have to compute routes leading from the BEV's current position to the destination, but also to plan recharging stops. This type of routing problem is often modeled as a constrained shortest path problem. The constraint ensures that the BEV does not run out of energy. In this paper, a de facto deterministic reformulation of this problem type is suggested, which allows handling uncertainty-particularly the risks resulting from imperfect energy consumption predictions. For this purpose, a certain part of the battery capacity is used as an energy buffer. Different approaches to dynamically optimize the size of this energy buffer in dependency of the expected level of uncertainty are proposed and a corresponding modification of a typical routing algorithm is described. Furthermore, a simulation study is conducted showing that the described framework allows keeping the probability to run out of energy close to zero (for the test settings: < 0.5%) as long as a suitable approach for defining the size of the energy buffer is applied.","Battery electric vehicle; routing; shortest path problem; uncertainty","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2021-04-15","","","Transport and Planning","","",""
"uuid:8e0f852a-8324-4482-952a-b83c4ddc0f4f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8e0f852a-8324-4482-952a-b83c4ddc0f4f","Electric flight scheduling with battery-charging and battery-swapping opportunities","Mitici, M.A. (TU Delft Air Transport & Operations); Ramos Pereira, M. (Student TU Delft); Oliviero, F. (TU Delft Flight Performance and Propulsion)","","2022","With the current advances in aircraft design and Lithium-Ion batteries, electric aircraft are expected to serve as a replacement for conventional, short-range aircraft. This paper addresses the main operational challenges for short-range flights operated with electric aircraft: determining the investment needs for a fleet of electric aircraft, and the logistics of charging stations and swap batteries required to support these flights. A mixed-integer linear program with two phases is proposed. In the first phase, a schedule for flight and battery recharge is developed for a fleet of electric aircraft. In the second phase, optimal times for battery charging are determined, together with an optimal sizing of the number of charging stations and swap batteries. We illustrate our model for short-range flights to and from an European airport and for an electric aircraft designed based on the operational characteristics of a conventional, narrow-body aircraft.","Scheduling; Battery charge and swap; Linear optimization; Electric aircraft","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Air Transport & Operations","","",""
"uuid:f71a50c4-661d-427c-aef3-81d51a50d2ec","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:f71a50c4-661d-427c-aef3-81d51a50d2ec","A Comprehensive Review on the Characteristics and Modeling of Lithium-Ion Battery Aging","Vermeer, W.W.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Chandra Mouli, G.R. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2022","Battery aging is one of the critical problems to be tackled in battery research, as it limits the power and energy capacity during the battery's life. Therefore, optimizing the design of battery systems requires a good understanding of aging behavior. Due to their simplicity, empirical and semiempirical models (EMs) are frequently used in smart charging studies, feasibility studies, and cost analyses studies, among other uses. Unfortunately, these models are prone to significant estimation errors without appropriate knowledge of their inherent limitations and the interdependence between stress factors. This article presents a review of empirical and semiempirical modeling techniques and aging studies, focusing on the trends observed between different studies and highlighting the limitations and challenges of the various models. First, we summarize the main aging mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries. Next, empirical modeling techniques are reviewed, followed by the current challenges and future trends, and a conclusion. Our results indicate that the effect of stress factors is easily oversimplified, and their correlations are often not taken into account. The provided knowledge in this article can be used to evaluate the limitations of aging models and improve their accuracy for various applications.","Lithium; battery; degradation; ageing; modelling","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:840584d7-634c-4bb6-9efd-49e8ca635e11","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:840584d7-634c-4bb6-9efd-49e8ca635e11","Optimal Sizing and Control of a PV-EV-BES Charging System Including Primary Frequency Control and Component Degradation","Vermeer, W.W.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Chandra Mouli, G.R. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2022","This paper proposes a method for optimally dimensioning the components of a prosumer energy management system that integrates photovoltaic (PV) panels, multiple bidirectional electric vehicle chargers, an inverter, and a battery energy storage charger. Besides optimally dimensioning the components, it also optimizes power management while integrating the frequency containment reserve market and Li-ion battery degradation. The results show that the integration of the frequency containment reserve (FCR) market can increase lifetime cost savings by 36%, compared to optimal power management alone and up to 460% compared to non-optimal power management. Furthermore, the effects of PV and battery energy storage (BES) degradation on reservable capacity are analyzed including the importance of battery second-life value on lifetime net present cost is investigated.","Battery degradation; frequency control; optimal sizing; optimal power control; photovoltaic; second-life batteries","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:dc9df82c-dceb-42e7-82ad-0f1333042bc5","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:dc9df82c-dceb-42e7-82ad-0f1333042bc5","Real-Time Control of Distributed Batteries with Blockchain-Enabled Market Export Commitments","Couraud, Benoit (Heriot-Watt University); Robu, Valentin (TU Delft Algorithmics; Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI)); Flynn, David (Heriot-Watt University); Andoni, Merlinda (Heriot-Watt University); Norbu, Sonam (Heriot-Watt University); Quinard, Honorat (University Côte d'Azur)","","2022","Recent years have seen a surge of interest in distributed residential batteries for households with renewable generation. Yet, assuring battery assets are profitable for their owners requires a complex optimisation of the battery asset and additional revenue sources, such as novel ways to access wholesale energy markets. In this paper, we propose a framework in which wholesale market bids are placed on forward energy markets by an aggregator of distributed residential batteries that are controlled in real time by a novel Home Energy Management System (HEMS) control algorithm to meet the market commitments, while maximising local self-consumption. The proposed framework consists of three stages. In the first stage, an optimal day-ahead or intra-day scheduling of the aggregated storage assets is computed centrally. For the second stage, a bidding strategy is developed for wholesale energy markets. Finally, in the third stage, a novel HEMS real-time control algorithm based on a smart contract allows coordination of residential batteries to meet the market commitments and maximise self-consumption of local production. Using a case study provided by a large U.K.-based energy demonstrator, we apply the framework to an aggregator with 70 residential batteries. Experimental analysis is done using real per minute data for demand and production. Results indicate that the proposed approach increases the aggregator's revenues by 35% compared to a case without residential flexibility, and increases the self-consumption rate of the households by a factor of two. The robustness of the results to uncertainty, forecast errors and to communication latency is also demonstrated.","Batteries; blockchain; distributed generation; smart contract; smart grids","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Algorithmics","","",""
"uuid:f6c0a18b-1fd3-4a05-906e-aa68c18a757b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:f6c0a18b-1fd3-4a05-906e-aa68c18a757b","Battery Storage Integration in EV Fast Charging Station for Increasing its Revenues and Reducing the Grid Impact","Stecca, M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Vermeer, W.W.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Soeiro, Thiago B. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Palensky, P. (TU Delft Intelligent Electrical Power Grids)","","2022","This paper discusses the design and optimization of electric vehicles’ fast-charging stations with on-site photovoltaic energy production and a battery energy storage system. Three scenarios, varying the number of chargers, distance from the main grid, and on-site photovoltaic generation potential, are investigated. Such scenarios are benchmarked in investment, operating costs, and grid connection requirements. The addition of a battery storage system is also evaluated to reduce the operating cost and, therefore, boost the system’s economic parameters, such as the net present value, and increase the grid independence.The analysis shows that the addition of the battery system can be effective in both performance metrics, the reduction of the grid connection, which can be reduced up to 80% by the addition of a large size battery, and the increase of the net present value, which can be even doubled with respect to the case when the battery storage system is not installed.","Battery energy storage system; electric vehicle station design; multi objective optimization; net present value","en","conference paper","IEEE","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-01-07","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:49ac9248-8cee-4bb2-908e-03e06edfe238","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:49ac9248-8cee-4bb2-908e-03e06edfe238","Optimal Battery Energy Storage Dispatch in Energy and Frequency Regulation Markets While Peak Shaving an EV Fast Charging Station","Argiolas, Luca (Student TU Delft); Stecca, M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Soeiro, Thiago B. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2022","Battery Energy Storage Systems typically procure their primary revenues from regulated energy and ancillary services markets; nonetheless, they have great potential in supporting distribution network operators and their users. This paper evaluates the potential business case of battery storage systems integrating market application and services to a photovoltaic assisted electric vehicle fast-charging station. A mathematical deterministic optimization problem is formulated using mixed-integer linear programming to combine battery storage system operation in the day-ahead and frequency regulation market and the remunerated services offered to the charging station. The technical and economic feasibility of the solution and the applicability of the proposed framework is verified through a case study reflecting an existing photovoltaic assisted charging station in the Netherlands and considering the Dutch energy market framework and prices. The study shows that such battery storage system implementation is economically and technically advantageous for the players involved. The battery storage system can stack additional revenues on top of the market revenues. The charging station benefits from a reduced peak power and a 30% tariff reduction, and the system operator would indirectly benefit from the shaved charging station profile. Furthermore, the analysis shows that providing services to the charging station from the battery storage system does not significantly impact its market-related revenues.","Battery energy storage system; day ahead market; distribution network; electric vehicle; fast charging station; financial analysis; mixed integer linear programming; primary frequency regulation","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:8af275b5-6a9f-4a71-9d2d-84c7c5184d6c","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8af275b5-6a9f-4a71-9d2d-84c7c5184d6c","Electrification of a bus system with fast charging stations: Impact of battery degradation on design decisions","Sharif Azadeh, S. (TU Delft Transport and Planning; Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam); Vester, J. (Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam); Maknoon, M.Y. (TU Delft Transport and Logistics)","","2022","In this paper, we evaluate the cost of the electrification of an existing bus network. We propose a family of bi-objective mathematical models to demonstrate the trade-off between strategic (i.e., battery sizing and the locations of charging stations) and operational decisions (i.e., battery degradation). The proposed mathematical models investigate different charging policies and measure their impacts on overall cost. Battery degradation is estimated by a tailored and linearized semi-empirical approach and is explicitly incorporated in the proposed mixed-integer linear models. The impact of different charging policies on reducing the overall costs is evaluated for a bus network in Rotterdam. The results show that allowing for flexibility in the loss of energy levels at each bus cycle results in savings up to 17% in battery aging.","Battery degradation; Charging policies; Electrification of bus systems; Mixed-integer linear problem; Network design","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Transport and Planning","","",""
"uuid:25471cab-7d6b-4617-9a84-c82cc4040427","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:25471cab-7d6b-4617-9a84-c82cc4040427","Battery Storage System as Power Unbalance Redistributor in Distribution Grids Based on Three Legs Four Wire Voltage Source Converter","Stecca, M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Soeiro, Thiago B. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Iyer, A.K. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Palensky, P. (TU Delft Intelligent Electrical Power Grids)","","2022","This article discusses the application of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) as power redistributors in three-phase distribution grids as an add-on functionality to typical BESS applications, such as congestion management and energy arbitrage. Combining those ancillary services into a single power unit is not yet performed in practice but may constitute an emerging business opportunity to increase the BESS revenues. The unbalanced operation of the BESS voltage source converter (VSC) leads to the circulation of low-frequency current harmonics in the dc-link through the capacitors and the battery cells. Therefore, it is particularly interesting whether relatively large 50- and 100-Hz currents can safely circulate within these components. Analytical modeling and design guidelines for the dc-link of a three-leg four-wire two-level VSC operating under unbalanced loads are detailed. Furthermore, a low-power VSC prototype is used to demonstrate the working principle of the BESS, providing power unbalance redistribution and symmetric power exchange. Additionally, the ICR18650-26F Lithium-ion cells are cycled to reach end-of-life with different current profiles and C-ratings. The analysis shows that charging with a 100 Hz ripple superimposed to the dc current leads to a 10% increment in degradation.","Battery energy storage system; distribution grid; power redistributor; unbalanced load; voltage source converters","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-07-01","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:90448b18-bbfa-45f3-8b55-ee1fdd80a3b8","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:90448b18-bbfa-45f3-8b55-ee1fdd80a3b8","A Crystal-Less Clock Generation Technique for Battery-Free Wireless Systems","Chang, Ziyi (Zhejiang University); Zhang, Yunshan (Zhejiang University); Yang, Changgui (Zhejiang University); Luo, Yuxuan (Zhejiang University); Du, S. (TU Delft Electronic Instrumentation); Chen, Yong (University of Macau); Zhao, Bo (Zhejiang University)","","2022","The size of wireless systems is required to be reduced in many applications, such as ultra-low-power sensor nodes and wearable/implantable devices, where battery and crystal are the two main bottlenecks in system miniaturization. In recent years, battery-free radios based on wireless power transfer (WPT) have shown great potential in miniature wireless systems, while a reliable on-chip clock without a crystal remains a design challenge. Conventional methods utilized the RF WPT tone as the reference for clock generation, but the high RF frequency leads to high power consumption. In comparison, using a lower WPT frequency results in an antenna with a larger size. In this work, the 2nd-order inter-modulation (IM2) component of the two RF WPT tones is extracted to lock an on-chip oscillator, providing a low-jitter PVT-robust clock. In this way, the wireless systems can benefit from: 1) The clock recovery circuits operate at a low IM2 frequency, reducing the power consumption. 2) The WPT can be set to a high RF frequency to minimize the antenna. Fabricated in 65 nm CMOS process, the proposed crystal-less clock generator takes a small area of 0.023 mm2 in a wireless system chip. Measured results show -92 dBc/Hz@10 kHz phase noise and 6.8 μ W power.","Antennas; Battery-free; clock generator; Clocks; Crystals; Generators; injection locking; inter-modulation; Radio frequency; System-on-chip; Wireless communication; wireless power transfer (WPT)","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-07-01","","","Electronic Instrumentation","","",""
"uuid:5a8b8819-e376-4971-a3a6-c312a301aadf","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5a8b8819-e376-4971-a3a6-c312a301aadf","Revisiting the Partial Power Processing Concept: Case Study of a 5-kW 99.11% Efficient Flyback Converter-Based Battery Charger","Granello, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Soeiro, Thiago B. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); van der Blij, N.H. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2022","This article proposes an analytical methodology to evaluate the performance of the main partial power processing (PPP) architectures in terms of the improvements in the system's conversion efficiency. This analysis considers the influence of the system's voltage gain, the auxiliary dc/dc converter's efficiency, and the possibility of bidirectional power flow. Herein, the key PPP architectures are, thus, modeled and benchmarked. The presented results attest to the series configuration as the most efficient PPP circuit solution, with no limits on the system voltage gain, contrary to the generalized results found in today's literature. To assess these results and the significance of the proposed analysis, a well-known, simple, and cost-effective flyback topology has been designed and tested for a series PPP circuit solution able to effectively interface a 5-kW battery energy storage system (BESS) to a 700-V dc grid. A relatively high power conversion efficiency and compact hardware are achieved due to the reduced size requirements on the input and output filtering stages. Above all, while explaining the PPP concept, this study shows that even converter circuits known for their low power efficiency can be used to derive highly efficient systems. A design approach is, thus, provided to facilitate the design of the presented PPP circuit, and measurements are, finally, carried out to compare the obtained results with the expected ones derived from the developed analytical models.","Battery charger; battery energy storage system (BESS); dc-dc power conversion; flyback converter; partial power processing (PPP)","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-07-01","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:b09296bd-79b0-4103-9d91-fb6541a91f7a","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b09296bd-79b0-4103-9d91-fb6541a91f7a","Mission-oriented Modular Control of Retrofittable Marine Power Plants","van Benten, M.C. (TU Delft Marine and Transport Technology); Kougiatsos, N. (TU Delft Transport Engineering and Logistics); Reppa, V. (TU Delft Transport Engineering and Logistics)","","2022","This paper presents the design methodology of a mission-oriented modular control system for marine power plants. To this end, first power profiles, power plant layouts and control systems of multiple vessels such as tugboats, offshore support vessels, cargo ships and cruise ships are analyzed. By decomposing the power profile in two components, the propulsion and auxiliary power demand, the correlation between the power profile of a vessel and its mission is derived, and an algorithm that computes the power profile using mission and vessel data is proposed. Furthermore, the correlation between the power profile and the layout of the power plant is also investigated, with emphasis on how changes in the power profile result in power plant automation modifications. A modular secondary control level is then designed to cope with the required power plant automation modifications, by combining the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) with Supervisory Switching Control (SSC). In this paper we consider battery modifications, following the example of Wärtsilä's ZESPacks. Simulation results are used to show the performance of the proposed switching control methodology, in relation to the stability of the components in the power plant after automation modifications occur. The main contribution of this paper is the novel approach for the secondary level power plant control system, introducing modularity to the otherwise assumed fixed layout of the power plant. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can be used to determine the expected power profile for a new mission, and to identify required modifications of the power plant equipment.","Marine control systems; Modular control architecture; Hybrid power plant; Battery modifications","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","Marine and Transport Technology","Transport Engineering and Logistics","","",""
"uuid:19ffd4d8-b65b-474d-901b-db7feb38ff0b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:19ffd4d8-b65b-474d-901b-db7feb38ff0b","Assessing the Role of Energy Storage in Multiple Energy Carriers toward Providing Ancillary Services: A Review","Alpizar Castillo, J.J. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2022","Renewable energy power plants and transport and heating electrification projects are being deployed to enable the replacement of fossil fuels as the primary energy source. This transition encourages distributed generation but makes the grid more weather-dependent, thus reducing its inertia. Simultaneously, electrical network operators face voltage, frequency, and stability challenges at the distribution level. Networks were not designed to manage the stochasticity of renewable energy sources or the congestion caused by the new transport and heating demands. Such challenges are commonly addressed through infrastructure reinforcements. This review studies how energy storage systems with different carriers can provide a collaborative solution involving prosumers as ancillary services providers at the distribution level. We focused on the European urban context; thus, we analyzed renewable energy sources, batteries, supercapacitors, hydrogen fuel cells, thermal energy storage, and electric vehicles. A thorough review of successful implementations proved that including storage in one or more carriers benefits the distribution system operators and the prosumers, from both technical and economic perspectives. We propose a correlation between individual energy storage technologies and the ancillary services they can provide based on their responses to specific grid requirements. Therefore, distribution system operators can address network issues together with the prosumers. Nevertheless, attractive regulatory frameworks and business models are required to motivate prosumers to use their assets to support the grid. Further work is recommended to describe the joint operation of multiple storage technologies as multicarrier systems, focusing on the coupling of electrical and thermal energy storage. Additionally, how ancillary services affect the energy storage system’s aging should be studied.","ancillary services; battery energy storage; flexibility; multicarrier energy storage systems; thermal energy storage systems","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:56b20516-b45d-4ebc-842d-f7f1f5690be3","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:56b20516-b45d-4ebc-842d-f7f1f5690be3","Inductive Power Transfer based on Variable Compensation Capacitance to Achieve an EV Charging Profile with Constant Optimum Load","Grazian, F. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Soeiro, Thiago B. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2022","Wireless charging must be highly efficient throughout the entire battery charging profile to compete in the electric vehicle (EV) industry. Thus, optimum load matching is commonly used: it operates at the equivalent load that maximizes the efficiency, which depends on the coil's alignment. In this article, the optimum load is made independent of the coils' position by changing the system's resonant frequency through switch-controlled capacitors (SCCs). This eliminates the need for load-side voltage control. The output current follows the battery voltage rise during the battery charging cycle to always match the optimum load, which can be achieved by regulating the input voltage via the power factor correction (PFC) converter. This method is called here constant optimum load (COL). Two SCC topologies have been implemented in a 3.7-kW hardware demonstrator. The one implementing the half-wave modulation achieves higher efficiency than the one employing full-wave modulation, with 96.30% at 3.2 kW and aligned coils. When misalignment occurs, the half-wave modulation technique results in higher efficiency than the conventional-fixed compensation, where the efficiency is lower by up to 0.68% at partial load. Based on these results, the proposed COL method is proven suitable for 3.7-kW EV-static wireless charging achieving one of the highest peak efficiencies listed in today's literature for the same power class.","Batteries; Coils; Compensation networks; control; Couplings; Inductive charging; inductive power transfer; Magnetic resonance; magnetic resonant coupling; optimum load matching; Power electronics; soft-switching; switch-controlled capacitors; Voltage control; wireless charging; zero voltage switching","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-07-01","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:fe88eac0-df11-462e-819c-66f8740b694d","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:fe88eac0-df11-462e-819c-66f8740b694d","Interoperability of the Voltage/Current Doubler Converter Employing Bipolar Pads with the SAE J2954 VA WPT2/Z2 for EV Wireless Charging","Grazian, F. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Soeiro, Thiago B. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2022","This paper investigates the interoperability of the proposed voltage/current doubler (V/I-D) converter used for wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs), which achieves high efficiency when charging both 400V and 800V batteries at the same power. Nominally, the V/I-D converter employs bipolar pads (BPP) at both the primary and the secondary circuits. In this study, the functionality of the converter is assessed when the primary BPP is coupled with a standard secondary coil, here being the VA test station WPT2/Z2 from SAE J2954. First, the intended operation of the V/I- D converter is explained. After that, the equivalent circuit of the BPP primary coupled with the standardized secondary coil is modeled analytically. The operation based on the misalignment is discussed. Then, the interoperability is verified through experimental results for the entire constant current charging mode for a rated output power of 7.2kW. Even though the functionality of the V/I-D converter is not optimal during the interoperability, the measured DC-to-DC power transfer efficiency in the considered operating range reaches the maximum at 95.22%, while the minimum is 92.86%.","Battery voltage; bipolar pads; compensation networks; cross-coupling; electric vehicles; inductive power transfer; interoperability; rectangular coils; wireless charging","en","conference paper","IEEE","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-07-01","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:a03ab1c9-bc1f-4a62-b1d2-20783b4d60d4","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a03ab1c9-bc1f-4a62-b1d2-20783b4d60d4","An online data driven fault diagnosis and thermal runaway early warning for electric vehicle batteries","Sun, S.Z. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage; Beijing Institute of Technology); Wang, Zhenpo (Beijing Institute of Technology); Liu, Peng (Beijing Institute of Technology); Qin, Z. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Chen, Yong; Han, Yang (The University of Manchester); Wang, Peng (Zhejiang Geely Automobile Research Institute Co); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2022","Battery fault diagnosis is crucial for stable, reliable, and safe operation of electric vehicles, especially the thermal runaway early warning. Developing methods for early failure detection and reducing safety risks from failing high energy lithium-ion batteries has become a major challenge for industry. In this article, a real-time early fault diagnosis scheme for lithium-ion batteries is proposed. By applying both the discrete Fréchet distance and local outlier factor to the voltage and temperature data of the battery cell/module that measured in real time, the battery cell that will have thermal runaway is detected before thermal runaway happens. Compared with the widely used single parameter based diagnosis approach, the proposed one considerably improve the reliability of the fault diagnosis and reduce the false diagnosis rate. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated with the operational data from electric vehicles with/without thermal runaway in daily use.","Discrete Fréchet distance (DFD); fault diagnosis; lithium-ion battery (LIB); local outlier factor (LOF)","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-07-01","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:14ea5001-f021-4da6-aa4b-3214cabffb7c","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:14ea5001-f021-4da6-aa4b-3214cabffb7c","Optimisation-based system designs for deep offshore wind farms including power to gas technologies","Baldi, Francesco (Italian National Agency for New Technologies); Coraddu, A. (TU Delft Ship Design, Production and Operations); Kalikatzarakis, Miltiadis (University of Strathclyde); Jeleňová, Diana (University of Strathclyde); Collu, Maurizio (University of Strathclyde); Race, Julia (University of Strathclyde); Maréchal, François (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)","","2022","A large deployment of energy storage solutions will be required by the stochastic and non-controllable nature of most renewable energy sources when planning for higher penetration of renewable electricity into the energy mix. Various solutions have been suggested for dealing with medium- and long-term energy storage. Hydrogen and ammonia are two of the most frequently discussed as they are both carbon-free fuels. In this paper, the authors analyse the energy and cost efficiency of hydrogen and ammonia-based pathways for the storage, transportation, and final use of excess electricity from an offshore wind farm. The problem is solved as a linear programming problem, simultaneously optimising the size of each problem unit and the respective time-dependent operational conditions. As a case study, we consider an offshore wind farm of 1.5 GW size located in a reference location North of Scotland. The energy efficiency and cost of the whole chain are evaluated and compared with competitive alternatives, namely, batteries and liquid hydrogen storage. The results show that hydrogen and ammonia storage can be part of the optimal solution. Moreover, their use for long-term energy storage can provide a significant, cost-effective contribution to an extensive penetration of renewable energy sources in national energy systems.","Batteries; Energy storage; Green ammonia; Liquid hydrogen; Offshore wind farms; Renewable energy","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Ship Design, Production and Operations","","",""
"uuid:38f4df57-f697-435a-8643-f2f347cde9d3","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:38f4df57-f697-435a-8643-f2f347cde9d3","Effect of different alkali metal cations on the oxygen evolution activity and battery capacity of nickel electrodes in concentrated hydroxide electrolytes","Mangel Raventos, A. (TU Delft Large Scale Energy Storage); Kortlever, R. (TU Delft Large Scale Energy Storage)","","2022","The effect of different alkali metal cations on the oxygen evolution activity and battery capacity of nickel electrodes has recently been studied in low concentration alkali hydroxide electrolytes. As high concentration hydroxide electrolytes are favored in applications due to their high conductivity, we investigate if the cation effects observed in low concentration electrolytes translate to more industrially relevant conditions for both alkaline water electrolysis and nickel iron batteries. We investigate the alkali metal cation effect on the electrochemical properties of nickel electrodes in highly concentrated hydroxide electrolytes by adding Li+, Na+, Cs+ and Rb+ cations to a 6.5 M KOH electrolyte, while keeping the hydroxide concentration constant. For OER we find a trend in activity similar to that at low concentrations Rb+>Cs+>K+>Na+>Li+, where especially larger additions of Rb+ and Cs+ (1 M or 0.5 M) cause a significant decrease in OER potential. Smaller cations interact with the layered hydroxide structures in NiOOH to stabilize the α/γ phases and increase the potential for OER. The intercalation of small cations also causes an increase in battery electrode capacity because of the higher average valence of the Ni(OH)2/NiOOH α/γ pair. Small concentrations of Li+ added to a concentrated KOH electrolyte can therefore be beneficial for the nickel electrode battery functionality and for an integrated battery and electrolyser system, where it increases the battery capacity without a significant increase in OER onset potential.","Alkaline electrolysis; Battery; Electrocatalysis; Energy storage; OER","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Large Scale Energy Storage","","",""
"uuid:0817df44-5800-4f89-ad86-8b1a9b72b419","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0817df44-5800-4f89-ad86-8b1a9b72b419","A Series of Ternary Metal Chloride Superionic Conductors for High-Performance All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries","Liang, Jianwen (University of Western Ontario); van der Maas, E.L. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Luo, Jing (University of Western Ontario); Li, Xiaona (University of Western Ontario); Chen, Ning (TU Delft Photovoltaic Materials and Devices; Canadian Ligth Source, Saskatoon); Adair, Keegan R. (University of Western Ontario); Li, Weihan (University of Western Ontario); Li, Junjie (University of Western Ontario); Hu, Yongfeng; Liu, Jue (Oak Ridge National Laboratory); Zhang, Li; Zhao, W. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Parnell, S.R. (TU Delft RID/TS/Instrumenten groep); Ganapathy, S. (TU Delft RID/TS/Instrumenten groep); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","","2022","Understanding the relationship between structure, ionic conductivity, and synthesis is the key to the development of superionic conductors. Here, a series of Li3-3xM1+xCl6 (−0.14 < x ≤ 0.5, M = Tb, Dy, Ho, Y, Er, Tm) solid electrolytes with orthorhombic and trigonal structures are reported. The orthorhombic phase of Li–M–Cl shows an approximately one order of magnitude increase in ionic conductivities when compared to their trigonal phase. Using the Li–Ho–Cl components as an example, their structures, phase transition, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical stability are studied. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the facile diffusion in the z-direction in the orthorhombic structure, rationalizing the improved ionic conductivities. All-solid-state batteries of NMC811/Li2.73Ho1.09Cl6/In demonstrate excellent electrochemical performance at both 25 and −10 °C. As relevant to the vast number of isostructural halide electrolytes, the present structure control strategy guides the design of halide superionic conductors.","all-solid-state Li batteries; energy storage; halides; solid-state electrolytes; superionic conductors","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-07-01","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:da22718f-f9af-42a5-abfd-bd3799a48d30","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:da22718f-f9af-42a5-abfd-bd3799a48d30","Performance Evaluation of a BESS Unit for Black Start and Seamless Islanding Operation","Izadkhast, S. (TU Delft Electrical Engineering Education); Cossent, Rafael (Comillas Pontifical University); Frías, Pablo (Comillas Pontifical University); García‐gonzález, Pablo (Comillas Pontifical University); Rodríguez‐calvo, Andrea (Comillas Pontifical University)","","2022","The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the overall performance of a battery energy storage system (BESS) during I) grid‐connected, II) black start, and III) islanded operating modes. To do so, firstly, a novel three‐mode controller is proposed and developed. The proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller is implemented, including the following three components: (1) inertia emulation, (2) frequency‐active power and voltage‐reactive power droops, and (3) secondary frequency and voltage controllers. Secondly, to effectively evaluate the proposed controller performance under various grid operating conditions during both black start and seamless transition to islanded operation, a set of comprehensive dynamic simulations using Matlab/Simulink is carried out. To this end, the sensitivity analyses on numerous grid operating parameters, such as pre‐disturbance grid power, total installed BESS capacity, battery state of charge, unbalanced three‐phase load flows, implemented power‐frequency controller parameters, and distribution network types with various shares of dynamic and static loads, are performed. Thirdly, to practically improve the seamless transition performance enabling the demand response participation, a fast‐controlled thermostatic load scheme is implemented. Simulation results show that the BESS unit using the proposed three‐mode controller has great potential to successfully control the frequency and voltage within allowable limits during both islanding and black start modes over a wide range of grid operating conditions.","Battery energy storage system; Black start; Islanding; Power distribution; Three‐mode controller","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Electrical Engineering Education","","",""
"uuid:2ed3d423-4eb3-4be9-85d7-ab8fe1ea3d75","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:2ed3d423-4eb3-4be9-85d7-ab8fe1ea3d75","Community energy storage operation via reinforcement learning with eligibility traces","Salazar Duque, Edgar Mauricio (Eindhoven University of Technology); Giraldo, Juan S. (University of Twente); Vergara Barrios, P.P. (TU Delft Intelligent Electrical Power Grids); Nguyen, Phuong (Eindhoven University of Technology); van der Molen, Anne (Eindhoven University of Technology); Slootweg, Han (Eindhoven University of Technology)","","2022","The operation of a community energy storage system (CESS) is challenging due to the volatility of photovoltaic distributed generation, electricity consumption, and energy prices. Selecting the optimal CESS setpoints during the day is a sequential decision problem under uncertainty, which can be solved using dynamic learning methods. This paper proposes a reinforcement learning (RL) technique based on temporal difference learning with eligibility traces (ET). It aims to minimize the day-ahead energy costs while maintaining the technical limits at the grid coupling point. The performance of the RL is compared against an oracle based on a deterministic mixed-integer second-order constraint program (MISOCP). The use of ET boosts the RL agent learning rate for the CESS operation problem. The ET effectively assigns credit to the action sequences that bring the CESS to a high state of charge before the peak prices, reducing the training time. The case study shows that the proposed method learns to operate the CESS effectively and ten times faster than common RL algorithms applied to energy systems such as Tabular Q-learning and Fitted-Q. Also, the RL agent operates the CESS 94% near the optimal, reducing the energy costs for the end-user up to 12%.","Battery management; Eligibility traces; Operation under uncertainty; Reinforcement learning; Temporal difference learning","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Intelligent Electrical Power Grids","","",""
"uuid:1dd5ea51-a12d-4672-a172-c727f94c80e1","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:1dd5ea51-a12d-4672-a172-c727f94c80e1","Template-free preparation of porous Co microfibers from spent lithium-ion batteries as a promising microwave absorber","Wu, Xiao Min (Anhui University of Technology); Xie, Fei (Anhui University of Technology); Yao, Yong Lin (Anhui University of Technology); Sun, Yue (Anhui University of Technology); Hua, Zhong Sheng (Anhui University of Technology); Zhao, Zhuo (Anhui University of Technology); Yang, Y. (TU Delft Team Yongxiang Yang)","","2022","In order to take full advantage of the secondary resources, in this paper, we reported a template-free process to prepare porous Co microfibers from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). First, the waste LiCoO2 powders were leached by oxalic acid at a suitable temperature, and rod-like cobalt oxalate powders were obtained. Second, the porous Co microfibers were prepared by using the cobalt oxalate as precursors through a thermal decomposition at 420 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The prepared Co microfibers possess diameters of 1–2 μm, and each microfiber consists of small particles with size of 100–200 nm. The Co microfibers (25 wt%)/paraffin composite exhibited excellent microwave absorption performance. When the sample thickness is 4.5 mm, the reflection losses reach − 36.14 and − 38.20 dB at 4.16 and 17.60 GHz, respectively, and the effective bandwidth reaches up to 5.52 GHz. This indicates that the Co microfibers can be used as a promising microwave absorber. Therefore, this paper demonstrates a novel process to make a high value-added product through recycling from the spent lithium-ion batteries. In addition, it is advantageous to eliminate the hazard of spent lithium-ion batteries and electromagnetic radiation to environment and human health. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].","Co microfibers; Microwave absorption; Oxalic acid leaching; Recycling; Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-07-01","","","Team Yongxiang Yang","","",""
"uuid:36fa71dd-174c-474d-a50d-b99cd10e18c3","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:36fa71dd-174c-474d-a50d-b99cd10e18c3","Intermittently-powered bluetooth that works","de Winkel, J. (TU Delft Embedded Systems); Tang, Haozhe (Student TU Delft); Pawełczak, Przemysław (TU Delft Embedded Systems)","","2022","We present an architecture for intermittently-powered wireless communication systems that does not require any changes to the official protocol specification. Our core idea is to save the intermediate state of the wireless protocol to non-volatile memory within each connection interval. The protocol state is then deterministically restored at a predefined (harvested energy-dependent) time, which follows the connection interval. As a case study for our architecture, we introduce FreeBie: a battery-free intermittently-powered Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) mote. To the best of our knowledge FreeBie is the first battery-free active wireless system that sustains bi-directional communication on intermittent harvested energy. The strength of our architecture is articulated by FreeBie consuming at least 9.5 times less power during device inactivity periods than a state-of-the-art BLE device.","battery-free; bluetooth; embedded systems; energy harvesting; intermittent computing; mobile networks","en","conference paper","Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","","","","","","","","","","Embedded Systems","","",""
"uuid:ad489b8f-edf1-4ce6-a4e4-e804a65ed07d","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ad489b8f-edf1-4ce6-a4e4-e804a65ed07d","Resistance Breakdown of a Membraneless Hydrogen-Bromine Redox Flow Battery","Alfisi, Daniel (Technion); Shocron, Amit N. (Technion); Gloukhovski, Robert (Technion); Vermaas, D.A. (TU Delft ChemE/Transport Phenomena); Suss, Matthew E. (Technion)","","2022","A key bottleneck to society's transition to renewable energy is the lack of cost-effective energy storage systems. Hydrogen-bromine redox flow batteries are seen as a promising solution, due to the use of low-cost reactants and highly conductive electrolytes, but market penetration is prevented due to high capital costs, for example due to costly membranes to prevent bromine crossover. Membraneless hydrogen-bromine cells relying on colaminar flows have thus been investigated, showing high power density nearing 1 W/cm2. However, no detailed breakdown of resistance losses has been performed to-date, a knowledge gap which impedes further progress. Here, we characterize such a battery, showing the main sources of loss are the porous cathode, due to both Faradaic and Ohmic losses, followed by Ohmic losses in the electrolyte channel, with all other sources relatively minor contributors. We further develop and fit analytical expressions for the impedance of porous electrodes in high power density electrochemical cells to impedance measurements from our battery, which enabled the detailed cell resistance breakdown and determination of important electrode parameters such as volumetric exchange current density and specific capacitance. The insights developed here will enable improved engineering designs to unlock exceptionally high-power density membraneless flow batteries.","Electrical Grid; Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy; Energy Storage; Hydrogen-Bromine Battery; Redox Flow Batteries","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","ChemE/Transport Phenomena","","",""
"uuid:a36590f8-d4ba-46d7-9bb7-aca22fbea945","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a36590f8-d4ba-46d7-9bb7-aca22fbea945","Optimal network electrification plan for operation of battery-electric multiple unit regional trains","Kapetanović, M. (TU Delft Transport and Planning); Bešinović, Nikola (TU Delft Transport and Planning); Nunez, Alfredo (TU Delft Railway Engineering); van Oort, N. (TU Delft Transport and Planning); Goverde, R.M.P. (TU Delft Transport and Planning)","","2022","The Netherlands have one of the highest rail electrification rates in the EU with over 75% of the railway network electrified (European Comission, 2018), offering environment-friendly trains operation. However, in order to achieve carbon neutral railway sector by 2050, significant investments are required to further improve environmental performance from trains operation, especially in regional nonelectrified networks with passenger services typically provided by diesel multiple unit (DMU) vehicles. Due to their low utilization, full electrification of such networks is often not economically viable, thus solutions are mainly sought in alternative propulsion system technologies, such as hydrogen fuel-cell multiple unit (FCMU) and battery-electric multiple unit (BEMU) vehicles (Klebsch et al., 2019). One of the main challenges in introducing BEMU trains is determining the electrification plan for the railway network, while satisfying requirements related to quality of service, maintaining current timetable, and vehicle-specific constraints. Previous research on BEMUs operation is mainly focused on continuous partial lines electrification, or eventually limited scenario analysis on intermittent electrification (Abdurahman et al., 2021), with the optimization-based methods still lacking in the literature. This study aims to fill this gap by proposing a method for developing an optimal electrification plan, while minimizing total costs and considering several electrification alternatives for each track section.","battery-electric multiple unit; regional railway transport; partial electrification","en","abstract","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-07-01","","","Transport and Planning","","",""
"uuid:1ecef115-d4d6-4d5f-9e66-eeebcd4b8401","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:1ecef115-d4d6-4d5f-9e66-eeebcd4b8401","Energy storage on ships","Coraddu, A. (TU Delft Ship Design, Production and Operations); Gil, Antoni (Nanyang Technological University); Akhmetov, Bakytzhan (Nanyang Technological University); Yang, Lizhong (Nanyang Technological University); Romagnoli, Alessandro (Nanyang Technological University); Ritari, Antti (Aalto University); Huotari, Janne (Aalto University); Tammi, Kari (Aalto University)","Baldi, Francesco (editor); Coraddu, Andrea (editor); Mondejar, Maria E. (editor)","2022","Energy efficiency measures are a priority in the near term to reduce the carbon intensity of maritime sector in the next years. Since 2017, IMO has been proposing policies to rapidly promote the adoption of cleaner technologies and fuels for oceangoing vessels. Lithium-ion batteries have been recently installed onboard smaller scale ferries and passenger vessels either as the primary energy source, or then as a hybrid solution. Various lithium-ion battery chemistries are available, with sources pointing at lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide as the most feasible solution for ships. In this Chapter (Section 5.2), the authors focus their attention on the design, modeling, and control of maritime batteries, presenting and discussing real-life applications on sizing, modeling and control. Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies are focused on mismatching the gap between the energy production and consumption by recovering surplus energy during the generation to be used on periods of high demand. Although large amount of studies cover the application of TES technology in fields like renewable energies or industrial applications, very few authors evaluated the use of TES systems in ships to increase the efficiency of the engines and reduce their CO2 emissions. In Section 5.3, an analysis of the potential use of TES systems is presented, considering the heat and cold sources in different types of ships, and its use on board. Potential drawbacks of the use of TES on board ships, such as the integration with existing propulsion layouts, the requirements of weight and volume, are also discussed.","Battery; CO emissions reduction; Cold and heat recovery; Desalination; Electrical energy storage; Energy management; Hybrid energy systems; Thermal energy storage materials; Thermal energy storage systems; Waste heat recovery","en","book chapter","Elsevier","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-07-01","","","Ship Design, Production and Operations","","",""
"uuid:e766fef1-2ef2-4158-ba62-73953869aab7","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e766fef1-2ef2-4158-ba62-73953869aab7","WARio: efficient code generation for intermittent computing","Kortbeek, V. (TU Delft Embedded Systems); Ghosh, Souradip (Carnegie Mellon University); Hester, Josiah (Northwestern University); Campanoni, Simone (Northwestern University); Pawełczak, Przemysław (TU Delft Embedded Systems)","Jhala, Ranjit (editor); Dillig, Isil (editor)","2022","Intermittently operating embedded computing platforms powered by energy harvesting require software frameworks to protect from errors caused by Write After Read (WAR) dependencies. A powerful method of code protection for systems with non-volatile main memory utilizes compiler analysis to insert a checkpoint inside each WAR violation in the code. However, such software frameworks are oblivious to the code structure - -and therefore, inefficient - -when many consecutive WAR violations exist. Our insight is that by transforming the input code, i.e., moving individual write operations from unique WARs close to each other, we can significantly reduce the number of checkpoints. This idea is the foundation for WARio: a set of compiler transformations for efficient code generation for intermittent computing. WARio, on average, reduces checkpoint overhead by 58%, and up to 88%, compared to the state of the art across various benchmarks.","battery-free; code transformation; compiler; embedded system; intermittent computing; optimization","en","conference paper","Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","","","","","","","","","","Embedded Systems","","",""
"uuid:7cac8dec-92e0-4476-ad32-3874bb227c09","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7cac8dec-92e0-4476-ad32-3874bb227c09","Identifying Redox Orbitals and Defects in Lithium-Ion Cathodes with Compton Scattering and Positron Annihilation Spectroscopies: A Review","Nokelainen, Johannes (LUT University; Northeastern University); Barbiellini, Bernardo (LUT University; Northeastern University); Kuriplach, Jan (Charles University); Eijt, S.W.H. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); Ferragut, Rafael (Politecnico di Milano); Li, Xin (LUT University; Politecnico di Milano); Kothalawala, Veenavee (LUT University); Suzuki, Kosuke (Gunma University); Hafiz, Hasnain (Carnegie Mellon University); Bansil, Arun (Northeastern University)","","2022","Reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions that transfer conduction electrons from the anode to the cathode are the fundamental processes responsible for generating power in Li-ion batteries. Electronic and microstructural features of the cathode material are controlled by the nature of the redox orbitals and how they respond to Li intercalation. Thus, redox orbitals play a key role in performance of the battery and its degradation with cycling. We unravel spectroscopic descriptors that can be used to gain an atomic-scale handle on the redox mechanisms underlying Li-ion batteries. Our focus is on X-ray Compton Scattering and Positron Annihilation spectroscopies and the related computational approaches for the purpose of identifying orbitals involved in electrochemical transformations in the cathode. This review provides insight into the workings of lithium-ion batteries and opens a pathway for rational design of next-generation battery materials.","cathode materials; density functional theory; first principles calculations; Li-ion battery; positron annihilation spectroscopy; redox orbitals; X-ray compton scattering","en","review","","","","","","","","","","","RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy","","",""
"uuid:c22ae697-556e-4b7a-9fa3-d58daf877fee","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:c22ae697-556e-4b7a-9fa3-d58daf877fee","Highly Compact Partial Power Converter for a Highly Efficient PV-BESS Stacked Generation System","Granello, P. (Sapienza University of Rome); Schirone, Luigi (Sapienza University of Rome); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Miceli, Rosario (Università degli Studi di Palermo); Pellitteri, Filippo (Università degli Studi di Palermo)","","2022","The inherently intermittent nature of photovoltaic (PV) energy has brought increasing interest towards the integration between PV sources and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). In this paper, a Series Partial Power Processing (PPP) converter based on Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT) is proposed to integrate PV and BESS in a grid-connected inverter system. The proposed converter has been simulated according to a PV string capable to provide 1430 W under full irradiance conditions, a BESS nominal voltage equal to 215 V and a solar inverter assumed to operate with a minimum voltage of 150 V and a maximum current of 10 A. Simulation tests carried out at different conditions of solar radiation and required load power aim at demonstrating the correct operation of the proposed system.","DC/DC Power Conversion; Partial Power Processing; Switched Capacitor; Capacitive Power Transfer; Battery Energy Storge Systems; Photovoltaic","en","conference paper","IEEE","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-07-01","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:a17e1e76-90a2-4db2-9e30-230155679c2a","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a17e1e76-90a2-4db2-9e30-230155679c2a","Data-Driven Fault Diagnosis of Lithium-Ion Battery Overdischarge in Electric Vehicles","Gan, Naifeng (Beijing Institute of Technology); Sun, S.Z. (Beijing Institute of Technology); Zhang, Zhaosheng (Beijing Institute of Technology); Xu, Shiqi (Beijing Institute of Technology); Liu, Peng (Beijing Institute of Technology); Qin, Z. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2022","The overdischarge can significantly degrade a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery's lifetime. Therefore, it is important to detect the overdischarge and prevent severe damage of the Li-ion battery. Depending on the battery technology, there is a minimum voltage (cutoff voltage) that the battery is allowed to be discharged in common practice. Once the battery voltage is below the cutoff voltage, it is considered as overdischarge. However, overdischarge will not lead to immediate failure of the battery, and if it is not detected, the battery voltage can increase above the cutoff voltage during charging process. How to detect an overdischarge has happened, while the current voltage is larger than the cutoff voltage, thus becomes very challenging. In this article, a machine learning based two-layer overdischarge fault diagnosis strategy for Li-ion batteries in electric vehicles is proposed. The first layer is to detect the overdischarge by comparing the battery voltage with cutoff voltage, like what is utilized in common practice. If the battery voltage is larger than the cutoff voltage, the second layer, which is a detection approach based on eXtreme Gradient Boosting algorithm, is triggered. The second layer is employed to detect the previous overdischarge. The proposed method is validated by real electric vehicle data.","Electric vehicle (EVS); extreme gradient boosting (XGboost); fault diagnosis; lithium-ion battery (LIB); overdischarge","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:79489c85-e9be-41ff-b79a-10d2b974fc94","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:79489c85-e9be-41ff-b79a-10d2b974fc94","Towards High Energy Density Anode-less Lithium Metal Batteries: A Study of Lithium Dendrites Suppression and Elimination","Wang, C. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","Wagemaker, M. (promotor); Brück, E.H. (promotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2021","Rechargeable Li-ion batteries for the market of electrical vehicles, portable equipment for entertainment, computing and telecommunication surge for the past decades, but the increasing demands introduce great challenges towards future battery systems that require higher energy and power density, improved safety as well as a longer lifespan. Lithium metal batteries can deliver higher energy densities compared with commercialized LIBs but the practical applications have been hindered due to the growth of lithium dendrites in liquid lithium metal batteries. The uncontrollable dendrite leads to the repeated formation of solid electrolyte interphase, irreversible capacity loss, short circuits, and safety hazards with liquid electrolytes. Compared to liquid electrolytes, solid-state electrolytes might be a better choice, but the reliance of ionic diffusion at the contact of solid particles is crucial presenting a major challenge. Moreover, the effective use of high capacity cathodes in combination with Li metal in a solid-state battery is another big challenge for future battery development. Therefore, to unlock the full potential of LMBs with high energy density and safe operation, it is imperative to devote efforts in solid-state batteries design. This thesis aims to search effective methods for enabling safe and high-energy-density solid-state Li metal batteries, starting from the developments of new concepts in liquid-based batteries and heading for an anode less Li metal solid-state battery configuration step by step.","Lithium metal batteries; high dielectric; dendrite suppression and elimination; high reversibility; high energy density","en","doctoral thesis","","978-94-6423-289-9","","","","","","2023-06-02","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:c1cfb42d-6472-499d-a41e-7c980058da2c","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:c1cfb42d-6472-499d-a41e-7c980058da2c","Electrochemical stability of the next generation lithium batteries","Arszelewska, Violetta (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","Kelder, E.M. (promotor); Wagemaker, M. (copromotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2021","Batteries gained a lot of attention due to a raising demand for energy storage, as required for renewable energy generation systems, portable electronics and transport applications. For the development of new battery materials understanding of fundamental processes is essential, which often relies on the development of new characterisation techniques and tools that enable to study the underlying electrochemical processes at the relevant length scales, i.e. from an atomistic to a macroscopic level. Future batteries should be able to store more energy (per unit mass and or volume) and should be safer. Battery material solutions to achieve this are in principle known, where this thesis focusses on: (1) Si being one of the most promising negative electrode based on its large Li storage capacity (ten times higher than current graphite) and (2) solid electrolytes, replacing liquid electrolytes, which would practically annihilate safety concerns of Li batteries. However, for these new battery materials the challenge is to achieve a long cycle life by slowing down, or even preventing degradation reactions at the interfaces between the electrode and the electrolyte. This is the binding theme, and the topic of the main research questions of this thesis are thus: What are these degradation mechanisms and what is the impact of strategies to prevent it and achieve a long cycle life. The focus in this thesis is on Si negative electrodes in combination with liquid electrolytes in general, and for solid electrolytes in particular","Lithium batteries; Solid Electrolytes; Solid Electrolyte Interface","en","doctoral thesis","","978-94-6423-188-5","","","","","","2022-03-02","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:019a376a-f9f7-4e0c-ba56-91524c0b90bd","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:019a376a-f9f7-4e0c-ba56-91524c0b90bd","Linear simulation of large scale regional electricity distribution networks and its applications: Towards a controllable electricity network","van Westering, W.H.P. (TU Delft Cognitive Robotics; Alliander N.V.)","Hellendoorn, J. (promotor); Slootweg, JG (promotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2021","The volatility of renewable energy sources pose a significant challenge for Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) as it makes planning and maintaining a reliable electricity grid more complex. An essential tool in dealing with the uncertain behavior of renewable energy resources is the load flow simulation, i.e., the standard electricity network simulation in network design and operation. There is, however, still much untapped potential of applying these kind of simulations. The thesis presents improvements to the theory on linear load flow approximations. The resulting algorithms are then applied to various real world problems: control of a community battery, handling very large simulations, coping with low sensor coverage and evaluating strategic scenario's with high uncertainty. Firstly, theory is presented for the control of a community battery. It is shown how such a battery can be used for grid congestion reduction, backed up by a live experiment. A charge path optimization problem is posed as a linear problem and subsequently solved by an Linear Programming (LP) algorithm. It was found that the voltages and currents can be controlled to a great degree, increasing the grid capacity significantly. Network design formulas are described with which a DNO can quickly estimate the potential (de)stabilizing effect caused by a community battery on the steady-state voltages and currents in the grid. Next, load flow simulations are improved by applying numerical analysis techniques and the accuracy and efficiency of a linear load flow approach is investigated. The resulting fast load flow algorithm is then applied to a very large problem: integrally simulating the low and medium voltage network of Alliander DNO, a grid with over 22 million cable segments with a total combined length of over 88,000 km, built according to international standards. It is shown that this integral simulation can identify voltage problems much more accurately. Next, Bayesian state estimation is considered. A mathematical model is proposed to complement a limited set of real-time measurements with voltage predictions from forecast models. This method relies on Bayesian estimation formulated as a linear least squares estimation problem. The model is then applied to an IEEE benchmark and on a real network test bed. An observability analysis suggests strategies for optimal sensor placement. Next, theory is presented on coping with uncertain long-term scenarios for strategic simulations. A stochastic profile model is proposed based on copulas which can be calibrated by technology adoption data. Using a Monte Carlo approach, the stochastic profiles of all DNO assets are then simulated, identifying parts of the network with heavy loads. Finally, the thesis concludes by demonstrating additional applications of the presented methods, such as fast network capacity checks and reducing losses via network reconfiguration. It concludes by giving suggestions for future research.","Electricity distribution network; energy transition; linear load flow; community battery; numerical analysis; Bayesian state estimation; Gaussian mixture models","en","doctoral thesis","","","","","","","","","","Cognitive Robotics","","","",""
"uuid:d70c85aa-7aa6-4ae0-970b-c944cec74dec","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d70c85aa-7aa6-4ae0-970b-c944cec74dec","Towards electrochemical-performance evaluation of fiber-based batteries: Fiber-arrangement-based method and FE2 multiscale framework","Zhuo, M. (TU Delft Applied Mechanics)","Sluys, Lambertus J. (promotor); Simone, A. (promotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2021","Conventional battery models (e.g., Pseudo-2D model) were developed especially for particle-based battery electrodes and have limitations in addressing the newly-emerging fiber-based ones. This thesis proposes numerical tools for efficient property evaluation of fiber-based electrodes and for multiscale simulation of battery electrochemical behavior.
An efficient computational model is first developed to evaluate percolation threshold, effective electronic conductivity, and capacity of fiber-based electrodes. The electrode is composed of conductive and active fibers mixed in an electrolyte matrix. This model rests with generation of randomly-distributed fibers by Monte Carlo method. The connection between conductive fibers is used to determine percolation threshold and electronic conductivity, while the connection between conductive and active fibers defines the active material utilization and capacity. An optimal active-conductive material ratio is identified to maximize the electrode capacity, and the study of fiber orientation effect reveals that the isotropic distribution leads to the highest utilization of active fibers.
For more accurate estimation, a FE2 multiscale framework is further proposed to solve physics-based governing equations. The first part extends the conventional FE2 method suited to a one-equation model to transient diffusion in a two-phase medium described by a two-equation model. The new features include the macroscale equations derived by the volume-averaging method and separate treatment of the two phases in terms of information exchange between macro- and micro-scales and boundary conditions of the microscale problem. The differentiation of the two phases results in additional macroscale source terms upscaled from the microscale interfacial flux. Unlike effective material properties, the tangents of the interfacial flux depend on the microscopic length scale.
The second part of the FE2 framework addresses the ionic transport in the pore-filling electrolyte of separators, ignoring the interfacial flux between the electrolyte and the active material. The FE2 method features a macroscale constitutive relation numerically obtained, rather than assumed as in Pseudo-2D model and many of the existing models, from microscale simulation results. This unique feature enables the FE2 method to allow for nonlinear (concentration-dependent) transport properties at the microscale and reflect them at the macroscale without postulation. The well-defined microscale problem setting results in effective transport properties expressed in a tensor format that is indispensable for an anisotropic microstructure. ","Li-ion batteries; fiber-based battery electrodes; multi-scale; multi-physics; FE2 method; computational homogenization","en","doctoral thesis","","","","","","","","","","","Applied Mechanics","","",""
"uuid:b25c57a4-fb6e-406d-b538-c21f1805e53a","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b25c57a4-fb6e-406d-b538-c21f1805e53a","Technical and economic value of utility-scale wind-storage hybrid power plants","Mehta, M.K. (TU Delft Wind Energy); van Holthoon, G.J. (TU Delft Wind Energy); von Terzi, D.A. (TU Delft Wind Energy); Zaaijer, M B (TU Delft Wind Energy)","","2021","The potential technical benefits of wind-storage hybrids, mainly arbitrage, imbalance reduction, and frequency support, are convincing enough to launch demonstration projects. However, a quantitative analysis of these benefits, including economic considerations, is lacking. The aim of this study is to establish at what costs such technical benefits can be achieved, and whether developers reap sufficient economic advantage to make the development of such hybrid plants attractive. A wind-storage power plant is simulated for arbitrage, imbalance revenue maximization, and secondary frequency support using the Internal Rate of Return as a parameter to measure the economic performance. It is found that, for a wind-farm developer, deploying batteries just for arbitrage and/or imbalance revenue maximization does not improve profitability at current levels of battery costs. However, there is a strong economic incentive for a wind farm developer to deploy batteries to participate in the secondary frequency market.","hybrid systems; wind energy; Battery Storage","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","Wind Energy","","",""
"uuid:82c0c594-bd7d-4888-bd39-9a4be00f5a96","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:82c0c594-bd7d-4888-bd39-9a4be00f5a96","Experimental study on solar heat battery using phase change materials for parabolic dish collectors","Senthil, Ramalingam (SRM University); Priya, Inbaraj Infanta Mary (SRM University); Gupta, Mukund (University of Washington); Rath, C. (TU Delft Electrical Sustainable Energy); Ghosh, Nilanshu (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","","2021","Energy consumption has increased with the population increase, and fossil fuel dependency has risen and causing pollutions. Solar energy is suitable to provide society's thermo-electric needs. Thermal energy storage-based concentrated solar receivers are aimed at store heat energy and transportable to the applications. A cavity receiver with two-phase change materials (PCM) is experimentally investigated using a parabolic dish collector to act as the solar heat battery. The selected PCMs are MgCl2.6H2O and KNO3-NaNO3. PCMs are chosen and placed as per the temperature zones of the receiver. The outdoor test was conducted to determine the conical receiver's storage performance using cascaded PCMs. The complete melting of PCM attains at an average receiver surface temperature of 230°C. The complete melting of the PCM in the receiver took around 30 minutes at average radiation around 700 W/m2, and heat stored is approximately 5000 kJ. The estimated number of cavity receivers to be charged on a sunny day is about 10-15 according to the present design and selected PCMs, for later use.","Cascaded PCM; Heat battery; Parabolic dish; Phase change material; Solar energy; Thermal energy storage","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","Electrical Sustainable Energy","","","",""
"uuid:7e50f8ee-e8e0-4540-af23-6cb4132dd1f0","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7e50f8ee-e8e0-4540-af23-6cb4132dd1f0","A Critical Review on The Effects of Pulse Charging of Li-ion Batteries","Vermeer, W.W.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Stecca, M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Chandra Mouli, G.R. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2021","In this paper a review on the effects of pulse charging of lithium based battery technology is done. Results published in existing literature are not in complete agreement regarding the effects of pulse charging. Several studies claim to have beneficial effects on charging efficiency, charging time, and capacity fade. While others have found disadvantageous effects on the same parameters. The goal of this paper is to summarize and review these results, based on fundamental theory. Additionally, it will be shown that the electrical equivalent circuit analysis of batteries, often used to explain the beneficial results of pulse charging is an incomplete analogy to fully explain the results of pulse charging.","Lithium ion; Battery Charging; Pulse charging; Sinusoidal Ripple Charging","en","conference paper","IEEE","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2021-11-21","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:6fb4d810-af22-453a-b502-6130437968e2","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6fb4d810-af22-453a-b502-6130437968e2","Study of Back-end DC/DC Converter for 3.7 kW Wireless Charging System according to SAE J2954","Yu, G. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Soeiro, Thiago B. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Dong, J. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2021","In a wireless charging system, a back-end DC/DC converter can be used after the coil rectification stage to match the battery charging requirements and to optimize the resonant converter operation. In this paper, a synchronous boost converter is selected according to suggested coil parameters from SAE J2954 standards on a WPT1 3.7 kW power class. This converter is analysed while cascaded to a resonant converter with series-series (S-S) compensation. The semiconductor and inductor losses under hard-switched continuous conduction mode (CCM) and triangular current mode (TCM) are calculated and compared. A benchmark study shows that both the TCM and CCM operations have similar performance of efficiency in constant current (CC) charging profile while TCM has a higher efficiency in the constant voltage (CV) charging profile of a Nissan Leaf EV battery.","S-S; CCM; TCM; Boost Converter; Inductor; Battery","en","conference paper","IEEE","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2022-02-28","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:23a41174-d3d3-4765-9817-a75491b138dc","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:23a41174-d3d3-4765-9817-a75491b138dc","Optimal Battery Energy Storage System Sizing for Demand Charge Management in EV Fast Charging Stations","Koolman, George (Student TU Delft); Stecca, M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2021","The high pulsating demand of fast charging stations (FCS) may cause monthly demand charges to account for a significant fraction of a station's electric bill. To reduce these costs, demand charge management can be applied to suppress peak power demands at FCSs, also using battery energy storage systems (BESS). This paper proposes a multi-objective approach for the optimal BESS and grid-tie sizing in FCS designs using genetic algorithms. With demand data from a FCS in the Netherlands, numerical studies are conducted in the Mosaik and Pymoo environments to assess the effectiveness of the proposed formulation.","Battery energy storage systems; Demand charge management; Electrical vehicles; Fast charging stations; Genetic algorithms; Multi-objective optimizations; NSGA-II","en","conference paper","IEEE","","","","","Accepted author manuscript","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:db222173-23b4-41d9-aeae-c2d3aacea8a0","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:db222173-23b4-41d9-aeae-c2d3aacea8a0","Preliminary Propulsion and Power System Design of a Tandem-Wing Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft","Alba Maestre, J. (Student TU Delft); Prud'homme van Reine, K. (Student TU Delft); Sinnige, T. (TU Delft Flight Performance and Propulsion); Castro, Saullo G.P. (TU Delft Aerospace Structures & Computational Mechanics)","","2021","Novel eVTOL aircraft configurations are picking up momentum in the emerging market of urban air mobility (UAM). These configurations feature electrical power systems and distributed propulsion architectures, both uncommon in current aircraft. As such, the design of eVTOL aircraft lies outside the bounds of current established frameworks and poses many challenges in the field of preliminary aircraft design. This paper presents a preliminary design methodology for open rotor eVTOL configurations with batteries as the power source. First, the propeller external dimensions are calculated, and then an optimised blade geometry for cruise condition is computed. Thereupon, the batteries and electric motors are sized. The design framework is then applied to an eVTOL aircraft with a design range of 400 km and a capacity of five occupants (four passengers and one pilot), focusing on the central-European market and aimed to be released in 2030. The final configuration is a battery-powered tandem-wing aircraft with 12 variable-pitch, variable-speed open rotors placed on the leading edges of the wings. These rotors rotate outboard-down and feature six blades. The power source comprises 24 solid-state lithium batteries with a nominal voltage of 500 V and an assumed energy density of 500 Wh/kg. The proposed design methodology offers the possibility of computing the necessary propeller geometry for numerical simulations in the early stages of the design, and of easily obtaining accurate estimates for the mass of the power system which can improve the overall mass estimates for the analysed configuration.","eVTOL; distributed electric propulsion; battery; preliminary design; urban air mobility; tandem wing; Preliminary design; EVTOL; Battery; Tandem wing; Urban air mobility; Distributed electric propulsion","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Flight Performance and Propulsion","","",""
"uuid:d9432e07-5857-4af6-a2e8-24aa00aeae6f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d9432e07-5857-4af6-a2e8-24aa00aeae6f","A short-term preventive maintenance scheduling method for distribution networks with distributed generators and batteries","Fu, J. (TU Delft Team Bart De Schutter); Nunez, Alfredo (TU Delft Railway Engineering); De Schutter, B.H.K. (TU Delft Team Bart De Schutter)","","2021","Preventive maintenance is applied in distribution networks to prevent failures by performing maintenance actions on components that are at risk. Distributed generators (DGs) and batteries can be used to support power to nearby loads when they are isolated due to maintenance. In this paper, a novel short-term preventive maintenance method is proposed that explicitly considers the support potential of DGs and batteries as well as uncertainties in the power generated by the DGs. Two major issues are addressed. To deal with the large-scale complexity of the network, a depth-first-search clustering method is used to divide the network into zones. Moreover, a method is proposed to capture the influence of maintenance decisions in the model of the served load from DGs and batteries via generation of topological constraints. Then a stochastic scenario-based mixed-integer non-linear programming problem is formulated to determine the short-term maintenance schedule. We show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach via a case study based on a modified IEEE-34 bus distribution network, where we also compare a branch-and-bound and a particle swarm optimization solver. The results also show that the supporting potential of DGs and batteries in preventive maintenance scheduling allows a significant reduction of load losses.","Batteries; Degradation; Distributed generators and batteries; Distribution networks; Indexes; Power system reliability; Preventive maintenance; preventive maintenance; Reliability; short-term maintenance scheduling","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2021-05-16","","","Team Bart De Schutter","","",""
"uuid:282a8143-e41f-4625-83dc-420f4f179049","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:282a8143-e41f-4625-83dc-420f4f179049","Sizing and Control of a Hybrid Ship Propulsion System Using Multi-Objective Double-Layer Optimization","Wang, X. (TU Delft Transport Engineering and Logistics); Shipurkar, U. (TU Delft Transport Engineering and Logistics; Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN)); Haseltalab, A. (TU Delft Transport Engineering and Logistics); Polinder, H. (TU Delft Transport Engineering and Logistics); Claeys, Frans (GEOxyz); Negenborn, R.R. (TU Delft Transport Engineering and Logistics)","","2021","Ship hybridization has received some interests recently in order to achieve the emission target by 2050. However, designing and optimizing a hybrid propulsion system is a complicated problem. Sizing components and optimizing energy management control are coupled with each other. This paper applies a nested double-layer optimization architecture to optimize the sizing and energy management of a hybrid offshore support vessel. Three different power sources, namely diesel engines, batteries and fuel cells, are considered which increases the complexity of the optimization problem. The optimal sizing of the components and their corresponding energy management strategies are illustrated. The effects of the operational profiles and the emission reduction targets on the hybridization design are studied for this particular type of vessel. The results prove that a small emission reduction target of about 10% can be achieved by improving the diesel engine efficiency using the batteries only while the achievement of a larger emission reduction target mainly depends on the amount of the hydrogen and/or on-shore charging electricity consumed. Some design guidelines for hybridization are derived for this particular ship which could be also valid for other vessels with similar operational profiles.","Batteries; control; Energy management; energy management; Fuel cells; Hybrid; Hydrogen; Marine vehicles; offshore support vessel; Optimization; Propulsion; sizing","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Transport Engineering and Logistics","","",""
"uuid:d937729e-5492-4ccc-b12b-8dbab881360b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d937729e-5492-4ccc-b12b-8dbab881360b","Multi-time scale energy management framework for smart PV systems mixing fast and slow dynamics","Watari, Daichi (Osaka University); Taniguchi, Ittetsu (Osaka University); Goverde, Hans (IMEC-Solliance; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; EnergyVille); Manganiello, P. (TU Delft Photovoltaic Materials and Devices; IMEC-Solliance; EnergyVille); Shirazi, Elham (IMEC-Solliance; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; EnergyVille); Catthoor, Francky (IMEC-Solliance; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven); Onoye, Takao (Osaka University)","","2021","We propose a multi-time scale energy management framework for a smart photovoltaic (PV) system that can calculate optimized schedules for battery operation, power purchases, and appliance usage. A smart PV system is a local energy community that includes several buildings and households equipped with PV panels and batteries. However, due to the unpredictability and fast variation of PV generation, maintaining energy balance and reducing electricity costs in the system is challenging. Our proposed framework employs a model predictive control approach with a physics-based PV forecasting model and an accurately parameterized battery model. We also introduce a multi-time scale structure composed of two-time scales: a longer coarse-grained time scale for daily horizon with 15-minutes resolution and a shorter fine-grained time scale for 15-minutes horizon with 1-second resolution. In contrast to the current single-time scale approaches, this alternative structure enables the management of a necessary mix of fast and slow system dynamics with reasonable computational times while maintaining high accuracy. Simulation results show that the proposed framework reduces electricity costs up 48.1% compared with baseline methods. The necessity of a multi-time scale and the impact on accurate system modeling in terms of PV forecasting and batteries are also demonstrated.","Battery; Energy management system; Multi-time scale; PV forecasting; Shiftable appliance","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Photovoltaic Materials and Devices","","",""
"uuid:93b19fe8-98c7-4017-a6b2-632833622f0b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:93b19fe8-98c7-4017-a6b2-632833622f0b","Non-alloy Mg anode for Ni-MH batteries: Multiple approaches towards a stable cycling performance","Xu, Y. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage); Mulder, F.M. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)","","2021","Mg attracts much research interest as anode material for Ni-MH batteries thanks to its lightweight, cost-effectiveness and high theoretical capacity (2200 mA h g−1). However, its practical application is tremendously challenged by the poor hydrogen sorption kinetics, passivation from aggressive aqueous electrolytes, and insulating nature of MgH2. Mg-based alloys exhibit enhanced hydrogen sorption kinetics and electrical conductivity, but significant amount of costly transition metal elements are required. In this work, we have, for the first time, utilized non-alloyed but catalyzed Mg as anode for Ni-MH batteries. 5 mol.% TiF3 was added to nanosized Mg for accelerating the hydrogen sorption kinetics. Several strategies for preventing the problematic passivation of Mg have been studied, including protective encapsulation of the electrode and utilizing room-temperature/high-temperature ionic liquids and an alkaline polymer membrane as working electrolyte. Promising electrochemical performance has been achieved in this Mg–TiF3 composite anode based Ni-MH batteries with room for further improvements.","Alkaline polymer membrane; Electrochemical hydrogen storage; Encapsulation; Ionic liquid; MgH; Ni-MH batteries","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage","","",""
"uuid:53c3105f-2d81-46ad-9825-f4d2bed783c1","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:53c3105f-2d81-46ad-9825-f4d2bed783c1","Securing Implantable Medical Devices Using Ultrasound Waves","Siddiqi, M.A. (TU Delft Quantum & Computer Engineering; TU Delft Computer Engineering; TU Delft Electronics; Erasmus MC); Beurskens, Robert H.S.H. (Erasmus MC); Kruizinga, Pieter (Erasmus MC); De Zeeuw, Chris I. (Erasmus MC); Strydis, C. (TU Delft Quantum & Computer Engineering; TU Delft Computer Engineering; TU Delft Bio-Electronics; Erasmus MC)","","2021","Modern Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs) are vulnerable to security attacks because of their wireless connectivity to the outside world. One of the main security challenges is establishing trust between the IMD and an external reader/programmer in order to facilitate secure communication. Numerous device-pairing schemes have been proposed to address this specific challenge. However, they alone cannot protect against a battery-depletion attack in which the adversary is able to keep the IMD occupied with continuous authentication requests until the battery empties. As a result, energy harvesting has been employed as an ancillary mechanism for implementing Zero-Power Defense (ZPD) functionality in order to protect against such a low-cost attack. In this paper, we propose SecureEcho, a device-pairing scheme based on MHz-range ultrasound that establishes trust between the IMD and an external reader. In addition, SecureEcho achieves ZPD without requiring any energy harvesting, which significantly reduces the design complexity. We also provide a proof-of-concept implementation and a first ever security evaluation of the ultrasound channel, which proves that it is infeasible for the attacker to eavesdrop or insert messages even from a range of a few millimeters.","Authentication protocol; battery-depletion attack; body-coupled communication; denial-of-service attack; IMD; implantable medical device; ultrasound; zero-power defense","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","Quantum & Computer Engineering","Computer Engineering","","",""
"uuid:683faf92-ee0b-4533-945c-5df7b5e435b0","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:683faf92-ee0b-4533-945c-5df7b5e435b0","Accelerating Battery Characterization Using Neutron and Synchrotron Techniques: Toward a Multi-Modal and Multi-Scale Standardized Experimental Workflow","Atkins, Duncan (Institut Laue-Langevin); Capria, Ennio (European Synchrotron Radiation Facility); Edström, Kristina (Uppsala University); Famprikis, T. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Grimaud, Alexis (Collège de France; Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E)); Jacquet, Quentin (Université Grenoble Alpes); Johnson, S.M. (TU Delft Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science; Institut Laue-Langevin); Matic, Aleksandar (Chalmers University of Technology); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","","2021","Li-ion batteries are the essential energy-storage building blocks of modern society. However, producing ultra-high electrochemical performance in safe and sustainable batteries for example, e-mobility, and portable and stationary applications, demands overcoming major technological challenges. Materials engineering and new chemistries are key aspects to achieving this objective, intimately linked to the use of advanced characterization techniques. In particular, operando investigations are currently attracting enormous interest. Synchrotron- and neutron-based bulk techniques are increasingly employed as they provide unique insights into the chemical, morphological, and structural changes inside electrodes and electrolytes across multiple length scales with high time/spatial resolutions. However, data acquisition, data analysis, and scientific outcomes must be accelerated to increase the overall benefits to the academic and industrial communities, requiring a paradigm shift beyond traditional single-shot, sophisticated experiments. Here a multi-scale and multi-technique integrated workflow is presented to enhance bulk characterization, based on standardized and automated data acquisition and analysis for high-throughput and high-fidelity experiments, the optimization of versatile and tunable cells, as well as multi-modal correlative characterization. Furthermore, new mechanisms, methods and organizations such as artificial intelligence-aided modeling-driven strategies, coordinated beamtime allocations, and community-unified infrastructures are discussed in order to highlight perspectives in battery research at large scale facilities.","batteries; experimental workflows; neutron techniques; operando characterization; synchrotron techniques","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:e72816bd-e344-4c8d-acf8-cf60bb90d3b3","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e72816bd-e344-4c8d-acf8-cf60bb90d3b3","Tensorial effective transport properties of Li-ion battery separators elucidated by computational multiscale modeling","Zhuo, M. (TU Delft Applied Mechanics); Grazioli, D. (Università degli Studi di Padova); Simone, A. (TU Delft Applied Mechanics; Università degli Studi di Padova)","","2021","Existing battery modeling works have limitations in addressing the dependence of transport properties on local field variations and characterizing the response of anisotropic media. These limitations are tackled by means of a nested finite element (FE2) multiscale framework in which microscale simulations are employed to comprehensively characterize an anisotropic medium (macroscale). The approach is applied to the numerical simulation of transport processes in lithium ion battery separators. From the microscale solution, homogenized fluxes and their dependence on the downscaled macroscale variables are upscaled, thereby replacing otherwise assumed macroscale constitutive laws. The tensorial nature of macroscale effective transport properties stems from the numerical treatment. The proposed approach is verified against full-scale simulations. Several numerical examples are used to demonstrate the perils associated with accepted procedures, leading in some cases to severe discrepancies in the prediction of field quantities (from differences in the potential drop across the separator of about 27% for a fixed microstructure to more than 100% in the case of an evolving microstructure). Despite the use of simplified assumptions (e.g., synthetic microstructures), the numerical results demonstrate the importance of a tensorial description of transport properties in the modeling of battery processes.","Computational homogenization; Concentration-dependent transport property; Ionic transport in lithium ion battery separators; Multiscale battery component modeling; Time-evolving microstructure","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Applied Mechanics","","",""
"uuid:b86e2890-5965-4309-ba62-6170d062e303","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b86e2890-5965-4309-ba62-6170d062e303","Modeling economic sharing of joint assets in community energy projects under LV network constraints","Norbu, Sonam (Heriot-Watt University; Royal University of Bhutan); Couraud, Benoit (Heriot-Watt University); Robu, Valentin (TU Delft Algorithmics; Heriot-Watt University; Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI)); Andoni, Merlinda (Heriot-Watt University); Flynn, David (Heriot-Watt University)","","2021","The trend of decentralization of energy services has given rise to community energy systems. These energy communities aim to maximize the self-consumption of local renewable energy generated and stored in assets that are typically connected to low-voltage (LV) distribution networks. Energy community schemes often involve jointly owned assets such as community-owned solar photo-voltaic panels (PVs), wind turbines and/or shared battery storage. This raises the question of how these assets should be controlled in real-time, and how the energy outputs from these jointly owned assets should be shared fairly among heterogeneous community members. Crucially, such real-time control and fair sharing of energy must also consider the technical constraints of the community, such as the local LV network characteristics, voltage limits and power ratings of electric cables and transformers. In this paper, we design and analyze a heuristic-based battery control algorithm that considers the influence of battery life degradation, and the resultant increase in local renewable energy consumption within local operating constraints of the LV network. We provide a model that first studies the techno-economic benefits of community-owned versus individually-owned energy assets considering the network/grid constraints. Then, using the methodology and principles from cooperative game theory, we propose a redistribution model for benefits in a community based on the marginal contribution of each household. The results from our study demonstrate that the redistribution mechanism is fairer and computationally tractable compared to the existing state-of-the-art methods. Thus, our methodology is more scalable with respect to modeling the economic sharing of joint assets in community energy systems.","Battery degradation model; coalitional game theory; community energy storage; community vs individual energy assets; energy community; energy sharing mechanism; low-voltage network; network constraints; self-consumption","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Algorithmics","","",""
"uuid:9a085bcc-4f35-411e-b5cd-f2b67c5ab403","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:9a085bcc-4f35-411e-b5cd-f2b67c5ab403","Influence of Reduced Na Vacancy Concentrations in the Sodium Superionic Conductors Na11+ xSn2P1- xMxS12(M = Sn, Ge)","Kraft, Marvin A. (University of Münster); Gronych, Lara M. (University of Münster); Famprikis, T. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Zeier, Wolfgang G. (University of Münster; FZ Jülich)","","2021","Exploration of sulfidic sodium solid electrolytes and their design contributes to advances in solid-state sodium batteries. Such a design is guided by a better understanding of fast sodium transport, for instance, in the herein studied Na11Sn2PS12-type materials. By using Rietveld refinements against synchrotron X-ray diffraction and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the influence of aliovalent substitution on the structure and transport in Na11+xSn2P1-xMxS12 with M = Ge and Sn is investigated. Although Sn induces stronger structural changes than Ge, the influence on the sodium sublattice and the ionic transport properties is comparable. Overall, a reduced in-grain activation energy of Na+ transport can be found with the reducing Na+ vacancy concentration. This work explores previously unreported phases in the Na11Sn2PS12 structure type based on their determined properties revealing Na+ vacancy concentrations to be an important factor providing a further understanding of Na11Sn2PS12-type materials.","ion conduction; sodium solid electrolyte; solid-state battery; structure-transport relationships; vacancy concentration; X-ray diffraction","en","journal article","","","","","","Accepted Author Manuscript","","2022-07-02","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:8ea65686-58b4-499b-a407-4be40c83ace6","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8ea65686-58b4-499b-a407-4be40c83ace6","Component sizing and energy management for SOFC-based ship power systems","Haseltalab, A. (TU Delft Transport Engineering and Logistics); van Biert, L. (TU Delft Ship Design, Production and Operations); Sapra, H.D. (TU Delft Ship Design, Production and Operations); Mestemaker, Benny (Royal IHC); Negenborn, R.R. (TU Delft Transport Engineering and Logistics)","","2021","The shipping industry is facing increasing demands to reduce its environmental footprints. This has resulted in adoption of new and more environmental friendly power sources and fuels for on-board power generation. One of these novel power sources is the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) which has a great potential to act as a power source, thanks to its high efficiency and capability to handle a wide variety of fuel types. However, SOFCs suffer from low transient capabilities and therefore have never been considered to be used as the main power source for maritime applications. In this paper, novel component sizing, energy and power management approaches are proposed to enable the use of SOFCs as the main on-board power source for the first time in the literature and integrate them into the liquefied natural gas fueled Power and Propulsion System (PPS) of vessels. The proposed component sizing approach determines the power ratings of the on-board sources (SOFC, gas engine and battery) considering size and weight limits, while the energy and power management approaches guarantee an optimal power split between different power sources and PPS stability while looking after battery aging. The results indicate that the combined proposed optimization-based approaches can yield up to 53% CO2 reduction and 21% higher fuel utilization efficiency compared to conventional diesel-electric vessels.","Battery; Energy management; Gas engine; Hybrid power generation; Power and propulsion systems; Solid oxide fuel cells","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Transport Engineering and Logistics","","",""
"uuid:9e4b5f32-5d54-4e57-8ee7-693b692f4957","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:9e4b5f32-5d54-4e57-8ee7-693b692f4957","Strategies for synthesis of Prussian blue analogues","Kjeldgaard, S. (Aarhus University); Dugulan, A.I. (TU Delft RID/TS/Instrumenten groep); Mamakhel, Aref (Aarhus University); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Iversen, Bo Brummerstedt (Aarhus University); Bentien, Anders (Aarhus University)","","2021","We report a comparison of different common synthetic strategies for preparation of Prussian blue analogues (PBA). PBA are promising as cathode material for a number of different battery types, including K-ion and Na-ion batteries with both aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes. PBA exhibit a significant degree of structural variation. The structure of the PBA determines the electrochemical performance, and it is, therefore, important to understand how synthesis parameters affect the structure of the obtained product. PBA are often synthesized by co-precipitation of a metal salt and a hexacyanoferrate complex, and parameters such as concentration and oxidation state of the precursors, flow rate, temperature and additional salts can all potentially affect the structure of the product. Here, we report 12 different syntheses and compare the structure of the obtained PBA materials.","battery; Prussian blue analogues; storage; synthesis","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","RID/TS/Instrumenten groep","","",""
"uuid:0cb2b8ca-eea4-471a-8c9a-f2caa8d155b8","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0cb2b8ca-eea4-471a-8c9a-f2caa8d155b8","Scanning Probe Microscopy Facility for Operando Study of Redox Processes on Lithium ion Battery Electrodes","Legerstee, W.J. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy; Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences); Boekel, M.G.M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Boonstra, S. (Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences); Kelder, E.M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","","2021","An Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is combined with a special designed glovebox system and coupled to a Galvanostat/Potentiostat to allow measurements on electrochemical properties for battery research. An open cell design with electrical contacts makes it possible to reach the electrode surface with the cantilever so as to perform measurements during battery operation. A combined AFM-Scanning Electro-Chemical Microscopy (AFM-SECM) approach makes it possible to simultaneously obtain topological information and electrochemical activity. Several methods have been explored to provide the probe tip with an amount of lithium so that it can be used as an active element in a measurement. The “wet methods” that use liquid electrolyte appear to have significant drawbacks compared to dry methods, in which no electrolyte is used. Two dry methods were found to be best applicable, with one method applying metallic lithium to the tip and the second method forming an alloy with the silicon of the tip. The amount of lithium applied to the tip was measured by determining the shift of the resonance frequency which makes it possible to follow the lithiation process. A FEM-based probe model has been used to simulate this shift due to mass change. The AFM-Galvanostat/Potentiostat set-up is used to perform electrochemical measurements. Initial measurements with lithiated probes show that we are able to follow ion currents between tip and sample and perform an electrochemical impedance analysis in absence of an interfering Redox-probe. The active probe method developed in this way can be extended to techniques in which AFM measurements can be combined with mapping electrochemical processes with a spatial resolution.","atomic force microscope; batteries; lithium ion battery; operando; scanning probe microscopy; silicon lithium alloying","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:d7bf323e-bdba-4d1b-ad08-933626677b49","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d7bf323e-bdba-4d1b-ad08-933626677b49","River driftwood pretreated via hydrothermal carbonization as a sustainable source of hard carbon for Na-ion battery anodes","Qatarneh, Abdullah F. (IHE Delft Institute for Water Education); Dupont, Capucine (IHE Delft Institute for Water Education); Michel, Julie (Université Grenoble Alpes; IHE Delft Institute for Water Education); Simonin, Loïc (Université Grenoble Alpes); Beda, Adrian (University of Strasbourg; Universite de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse; Reseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie, Amiens); Matei Ghimbeu, Camelia (University of Strasbourg; Universite de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse; Reseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie, Amiens); Ruiz-Villanueva, Virginia (University of Lausanne); da Silva, Denilson (Domaine Universitaire, Grenoble); Franca, M.J. (TU Delft Rivers, Ports, Waterways and Dredging Engineering; IHE Delft Institute for Water Education)","","2021","Producing hard carbon from lignocellulosic biomass has been the focus of recent studies as a promising source of anode material for Na-ion batteries. Woody biomass is a potential source, but it is already well valorized. Consequently, river driftwood can be an excellent alternative, especially since it is a disturbing waste for dam regulators. It can jeopardize dam safety, damage intake works, and sink in reservoirs, lowering water quality and decreasing reservoir volume. We examine the potential of river driftwood as a source of hard carbon for Na-ion batteries. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was carried out at temperatures between 180 and 220 °C as the first step to produce hydrochar followed by an upgrading pyrolysis step at 1400 °C under an inert atmosphere to obtain hard carbon. We investigated the effect of HTC operational conditions and driftwood biomass (genera) on hydrochar and hard carbon properties, as well as the latter's impact on Na-ion batteries. The produced carbon electrodes delivered a reversible capacity of 270–300 mAh·g-1 for the first cycle and showed high coulombic efficiencies of 77–83%. We also observed promising cyclability of a maximum 2% loss after 100 cycles. Moreover, results suggest that obtained hard carbon can compete with commercial materials and is capable to supply large battery factories with anode material.","Driftwood; Hard carbon; Hydrochar; Hydrothermal carbonization; Na-ion batteries","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Rivers, Ports, Waterways and Dredging Engineering","","",""
"uuid:450b7c05-ea10-4c81-bec9-f55e6f2b8816","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:450b7c05-ea10-4c81-bec9-f55e6f2b8816","Reducing fuel consumption and related emissions through optimal sizing of energy storage systems for diesel-electric trains","Kapetanović, M. (TU Delft Transport and Planning); Nunez, Alfredo (TU Delft Railway Engineering); van Oort, N. (TU Delft Transport and Planning); Goverde, R.M.P. (TU Delft Transport and Planning)","","2021","Hybridization of diesel multiple unit railway vehicles is an effective approach to reduce fuel consumption and related emissions in regional non-electrified networks. This paper is part of a bigger project realized in collaboration with Arriva, the largest regional railway undertaking in the Netherlands, to identify optimal solutions in improving trains’ energy and environmental performance. A significant problem in vehicle hybridization is determining the optimal size for the energy storage system, while incorporating an energy management strategy as well as technical and operational requirements. With the primary requirement imposed by the railway undertaking to achieve emission-free and noise-free operation within railway stations, we formalize this as a bi-level multi-objective optimization problem, including vehicle performance, the trade-off between fuel savings and hybridization cost, influence of the energy management strategy, and other constraints. By deriving a Li-ion battery parameters at the cell level, a nested coordination framework is employed, where a brute force search finds the optimal battery size using dynamic programming for full controller optimization for each feasible solution. In this way, the global minimum for fuel consumption for each battery configuration is achieved. The results from a Dutch case study demonstrated fuel savings and CO2 emission reduction of more than 34% compared to a standard vehicle. Additionally, benefits in terms of local pollutants (NOx and PM) emissions are observed. Using an alternative sub-optimal rule-based control demonstrated a significant impact of the energy management on the results, reflected in higher fuel consumption and increased battery size together with corresponding costs.","Battery sizing; Bi-level optimization; Energy management strategy; Fuel consumption; Hybrid diesel multiple units; Hybridization cost","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Transport and Planning","","",""
"uuid:4741efe6-9a5e-4782-8cef-6d7ed83a3b30","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4741efe6-9a5e-4782-8cef-6d7ed83a3b30","Discrete fiber models beyond classical applications: Rigid line inclusions, fiber-based batteries, challenges","Goudarzi, M. (TU Delft Applied Mechanics)","Sluys, Lambertus J. (promotor); Simone, A. (promotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2020","Reinforced composites are used in many industrial and multi-functional applications. The efficiency of the reinforcements depends mainly on the aspect ratio, material properties, and the adhesion between matrix and reinforcement. Particularly, high aspect ratio fillers and inclusions have gained popularity due to their unique material and geometrical features, where a fundamental understanding of composites hierarchical structure and behavior is crucial for the optimal design and performance. There is however a lack of robust numerical modeling frameworks that are able to accurately represent composites with high aspect ratio reinforcements. Ideally the expensive mesh generation of the standard finite element method or the simplifying assumptions adopted by smeared type or mean-field approaches should be avoided.
A group of numerical techniques here referred to as ""embedded methods"" eliminate mesh conformity restrictions and significantly reduce the computational cost of the standard finite element method, while still benefiting from the advantages of a direct numerical analysis. In formulating the embedded models, enrichment techniques and different element technologies are considered, and physical assumptions are investigated. Limitations of the classical embedded models are highlighted through numerical examples, on the basis of which possible enhancements are discussed. We specifically highlight the important roles of field gradients continuity/discontinuity and the element size, order, and regularity extensions on the smoothness of the solutions.
A computationally efficient embedded model is then applied to the study of failure and inclusion orientation effects in planar composites. A detailed study is also performed for dense fiber-reinforced composites, where homogenized mechanical properties are extracted and various forms of neutrality of thin fibers are demonstrated. In this context, a part of this thesis is dedicated to one-to-one comparisons between results obtained using the standard finite element method and embedded techniques. This led to a range of model and geometry parameters under which predictions of embedded technique are reliable. Comparisons are reported in terms of homogenized properties and local field variables, namely relative displacement between inclusions and matrix (slips).
Finally as a preliminary step towards multi-functional fiber-based structural batteries, an electro-chemical system characterized by composite cathode in a half cell configuration is considered. The main point of difference with common composite batteries is that active material particles are cast in form of high aspect ratio fibers, which are efficiently discretized by use of the embedded technique. A discrete definition of fibers, unlike the case of mean-field approaches, allows to define local fields and interfacial conditions between fibers and electrolyte and is crucial for the accurate modelling of a battery cell with fiber-based electrodes.","fiber-reinforced composites; embedded reinforcement; rigid line inclusions; fiber neutrality; fiber-based batteries","en","doctoral thesis","","","","","","","","2021-04-28","","","Applied Mechanics","","",""
"uuid:f7f5e09b-4ac2-4277-91c2-868d95629939","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:f7f5e09b-4ac2-4277-91c2-868d95629939","Zero-Power Defense Done Right: Shielding IMDs from Battery-Depletion Attacks","Siddiqi, M.A. (TU Delft Electronics; Erasmus MC); Serdijn, W.A. (TU Delft Bio-Electronics); Strydis, C. (TU Delft Bio-Electronics; Erasmus MC)","","2020","The wireless capabilities of modern Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs) make them vulnerable to security attacks. One prominent attack, which has disastrous consequences for the patient’s wellbeing, is the battery Denial-of-Service attack whereby the IMD is occupied with continuous authentication requests from an adversary with the aim of depleting its battery. Zero-Power Defense (ZPD), based on energy harvesting, is known to be an excellent protection against these attacks. This paper raises essential design considerations for employing ZPD techniques in commercial IMDs, offers a critical review of ZPD techniques found in literature and, subsequently, gives crucial recommendations for developing comprehensive ZPD solutions.","Authentication protocol; Battery DoS; Battery-depletion attack; Denial-of-service attack; Energy harvesting; IMD; Implantable medical device; Wireless power transfer; Zero-power defense","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Electronics","","",""
"uuid:5e235296-27be-4ddf-a105-c4aa3c6584cb","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5e235296-27be-4ddf-a105-c4aa3c6584cb","Design principles for efficient photoelectrodes in solar rechargeable redox flow cell applications","Bae, D. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage); Kanellos, Gerasimos (Student TU Delft); Faasse, G.M. (TU Delft Applied Sciences); Dražević, Emil (Aarhus University); Venugopal, A. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage); Smith, W.A. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage; NREL)","","2020","Recent advances in photoelectrochemical redox flow cells, such as solar redox flow batteries, have received much attention as an alternative integrated technology for simultaneous conversion and storage of solar energy. Theoretically, it has been reported that even single- photon devices can demonstrate unbiased photo-charging with high solar-to-chemical con- version efficiency; however, the poor redox kinetics of photoelectrodes reported thus far severely limit the photo-charging performance. Here, we report a band alignment design and propose surface coverage control to reduce the charge extraction barrier and create a facile carrier pathway from both n- and p-type photoelectrodes to the electrolyte with the respective redox reaction. Based on these observations, we develop a single-photon photo- charging device with a solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency over 9.4% for a redox flow cell system. Along with these findings, we provide design principles for simultaneous optimisa- tion, which may lead to enhanced conversion efficiency in the further development of solar- rechargeable redox flow cells.","Photoelectrochemical cells; Photoelectrochemistry; Redox flow battery; Device design; Renewable energy (system); Energy storage; Solar-battery integration, thermal analisys, thermal management, phase change materials.; OA-Fund TU Delft","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","Applied Sciences","","ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage","","",""
"uuid:95bb1973-06ff-48c2-96aa-34e2f6a37cfe","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:95bb1973-06ff-48c2-96aa-34e2f6a37cfe","Tailored energy level alignment at MoOX/GaP interface for solar-driven redox flow battery application","Bae, D. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage); Kanellos, Gerasimos (Student TU Delft); Wedege, Kristina (Aarhus University); Dražević, Emil (Aarhus University); Bentien, Anders (Aarhus University); Smith, W.A. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)","","2020","MoOX is commonly considered to be a high work-function semiconductor. From x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical analysis, it is shown that MoOX can be considered as an effective hole transfer layer for the GaP-based device. Specifically, in the absence of carbon contamination using an ion beam cleaning step, the oxygen vacancy derived defect band located inside the bandgap becomes the main charge transfer mechanism. We demonstrate, for the first time, a device with a MoOX/GaP junction that functions as an unbiased photo-charging cell for the redox flow battery system with AQS/AQSH2∥I−/I3− redox couples. This work has important implications toward enabling MoOX applications beyond the conventional solar cells, including electrochemical energy storage and chemical conversion systems.","Redox flow battery; photoelectrochemical cells; gallium phosphide; Molybdenum oxide; Solar redox flow battery; photoelectrochemistry; Energy storage","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage","","",""
"uuid:86321ef8-7760-42b9-ab80-4d11190ab1cf","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:86321ef8-7760-42b9-ab80-4d11190ab1cf","Hidden Figures of Photo-charging: a thermo-electrochemical approach for a solar-rechargeable redox flow cell system","Bae, D. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage); Faasse, Richard (Student TU Delft); Smith, W.A. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; University of Colorado)","","2020","Achieving high current densities without thermal performance degradation at high temperatures is one of the main challenges for enhancing the competitiveness of photo-electrochemical energy storage systems. We describe a system that overcomes this challenge by incorporating an integrated photoelectrode with a redox flow cell, which functions as a coolant for the excess heat from the photo-absorber. We perform quantitative analyses to theoretically validate and highlight the merit of the system. Practical operation parameters, including daily temperature and redox reaction kinetics, are modeled with respect to heat and charge transfer mechanisms. Our analyses show a profound impact on the resulting solar-to-chemical efficiencies and stored power, which are 21.8% higher than that of a conventional photovoltaic-assisted energy storage system. This paves the way for reassessing the merit of photovoltaic-integrated systems, which have hitherto been underrated as renewable energy storage systems.","Redox flow battery; Photoelectrochemical cells; photoelectrochemistry; Energy storage; Thermal degradation; Modeling; Energy conversion; Renewable energy","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage","","",""
"uuid:34402783-2c05-4498-b38f-535e13627b80","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:34402783-2c05-4498-b38f-535e13627b80","레독스 흐름전지 연구 동향과 기술적 한계","Bae, D. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)","","2020","","Photoelectrochemistry; Redox chemistry; Flow battery; Solar battery","","report","Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information","","","","","","","","","","ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage","","",""
"uuid:66b699f7-fb26-4684-93f1-2bd5dc2bf71a","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:66b699f7-fb26-4684-93f1-2bd5dc2bf71a","E-mobility 시대의 에너지저장매체 선택 기준","Bae, D. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)","","2020","","Fuel-cell; Battery; EV; E-mobility; Energy storage","en","report","Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information","","","","","","","","","","ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage","","",""
"uuid:2294917d-9c6d-4dff-986a-5c9f0f0822d1","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:2294917d-9c6d-4dff-986a-5c9f0f0822d1","Low voltage power grid congestion reduction using a community battery: Design principles, control and experimental validation","van Westering, W.H.P. (TU Delft Cognitive Robotics; Alliander N.V.); Hellendoorn, J. (TU Delft Cognitive Robotics)","","2020","By installing a battery storage system in the power grid, Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) can solve congestion problems caused by decentralized renewable generation. This paper provides the necessary theory to use such a community battery for grid congestion reduction, backed up by experimental results. A simple network model was constructed by linearizing the load flow equations using a constant impedance load model. Using this model, an accurate estimate of voltage and overload problems is fed into a receding horizon charge path optimizer. The charge path optimization problem is posed as a linear problem and subsequently solved by an LP solver. The algorithms have been applied and validated on a real-world community battery installation. It was found that the voltages and currents can be controlled to a great degree, increasing the grid capacity significantly. The proposed control framework can be used to safeguard network constraints and is compatible with other battery control goals, such as energy trading or energy independence. Network design formulas are described with which a DNO can quickly estimate the potential (de) stabilization of a community battery on the steady-state voltages and currents in the grid.","Battery; Community battery; Distribution grid; Electricity storage; Energy transition","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","Cognitive Robotics","","","",""
"uuid:1f4373e7-fad7-4570-b872-32a36c3fc980","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:1f4373e7-fad7-4570-b872-32a36c3fc980","Comparison of Two and Three-Level DC-AC Converters for a 100 kW Battery Energy Storage System","Stecca, M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Soeiro, Thiago B. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Palensky, P. (TU Delft Intelligent Electrical Power Grids)","","2020","This paper discusses a qualitative comparison between Two and Three-Level Voltage Source Converter (VSC) topologies for battery energy storage applications. Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) and T-Type circuit topologies are benchmarked versus the state-of-art Two-Level VSC in terms of efficiency and power density considering a 100 kW system. Analytical equations for determining the power losses in the semiconductor modules are given, and the procedure for designing the output LCL filter and the DC-link capacitors is described. The analysis, based on off-the-shelf circuit components, shows that the Three-Level topologies perform better than the Two-Level one in both considered metrics, mainly due to their lower switching losses that allow operating at higher switching frequency without significantly degrading the system efficiency, and, at the same time, increasing the system power density. Additionally, it is found that the T-Type topology shows better performances than the NPC topology at full and high partial loads, being then more suitable for applications that require most of the operation at maximum power.","Battery energy storage systems; Neutral Point Clamped; T-Type; Voltage Source Converter","en","conference paper","IEEE","","","","","Virtual/online event due to COVID-19 Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2021-12-22","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:2f4da554-6f30-4f09-88a5-aca46bc0a4bd","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:2f4da554-6f30-4f09-88a5-aca46bc0a4bd","Battery-Free Game Boy","de Winkel, J. (Student TU Delft); Kortbeek, V. (TU Delft Embedded Systems); Hester, Josiah (Northwestern University); Pawełczak, Przemysław (TU Delft Embedded Systems)","","2020","We present ENGAGE, the first battery-free, personal mobile gaming device powered by energy harvested from the gamer actions and sunlight. Our design implements a power failure resilient Nintendo Game Boy emulator that can run off-the-shelf classic Game Boy games like Tetris or Super Mario Land. This emulator is capable of intermittent operation by tracking memory usage, avoiding the need for always checkpointing all volatile memory, and decouples the game loop from user interface mechanics allowing for restoration after power failure. We build custom hardware that harvests energy from gamer button presses and sunlight, and leverages a mixed volatility memory architecture for efficient intermittent emulation of game binaries. Beyond a fun toy, our design represents the first battery-free system design for continuous user attention despite frequent power failures caused by intermittent energy harvesting. We tackle key challenges in intermittent computing for interaction including seamless displays and dynamic incentive-based gameplay for energy harvesting. This work provides a reference implementation and framework for a future of battery-free mobile gaming in a more sustainable Internet of Things.","Battery-free; Energy Harvesting; Intermittent Computing","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Embedded Systems","","",""
"uuid:b7f6f930-1d71-4b3d-a109-30add01d1f76","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b7f6f930-1d71-4b3d-a109-30add01d1f76","Quality factor based design guideline for optimized inductive power transfer","Grazian, F. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Shi, W. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Soeiro, Thiago B. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Dong, J. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); van Duijsen, P.J. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2020","In high-power wireless battery charging that uses inductive power transfer, a considerable amount of power losses are located in the transmitter and receiver coils because they carry high resonant currents and typically have a loose coupling between them which increases eddy current losses. Therefore, the nominal operation needs to be chosen such that the coils' losses are minimized. Additionally, the inverter's semiconductors soft-switching improves both the power conversion efficiency and the electromagnetic compatibility of the system, thus it needs to be safeguarded for a wide operating range. However, depending on the chosen quality factor of the coils, it might happen that the minimum coils' losses and soft-switching are not satisfied at the same time. This paper defines a guideline on the parametric selection of the coils' quality factor such that the optimum operation of both the coils and the resonant converter can be achieved simultaneously. This parametric guideline is proposed for resonant converters implementing the four basic compensation networks: series-series, series-parallel, parallel-series, and parallel-parallel. Finally, circuit examples are provided for an 11 kW wireless battery charging system.","Compensation networks; EV battery charging; Inductive power transfer; Quality factor; Wireless charging","en","conference paper","IEEE","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2021-07-01","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:5df198c5-60cb-4bda-9143-53419c55e086","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5df198c5-60cb-4bda-9143-53419c55e086","Scalable Route to Electroactive and Light Active Perylene Diimide Dye Polymer Binder for Lithium-Ion Batteries","Ranque, P.G. (TU Delft OLD ChemE/Organic Materials and Interfaces; Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour); George, C. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy; Imperial College London); Dubey, R. (TU Delft ChemE/Opto-electronic Materials); van der Jagt, R. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Flahaut, Delphine (Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour); Fehse, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy; Dutch-Belgian (DUBBLE); European Synchrotron Radiation Facility); Jager, W.F. (TU Delft ChemE/Advanced Soft Matter); Sudhölter, Ernst J. R. (TU Delft ChemE/Advanced Soft Matter); Kelder, E.M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","","2020","Developing multifunctional polymeric binders is key to the design of energy storage technologies with value-added features. We report that a multigram-scale synthesis of perylene diimide polymer (PPDI), from a single batch via polymer analogous reaction route, yields high molecular weight polymers with suitable thermal stability and minimized solubility in electrolytes, potentially leading to improved binding affinity toward electrode particles. Further, it develops strategies for designing copolymers with virtually any desired composition via a subsequent grafting, leading to purpose-built binders. PPDI dye as both binder and electroactive additive in lithium half-cells using lithium iron phosphate exhibits good electrochemical performance.","battery binder; conductive polymer; Li-ion batteries; perylene dye; redox active polymer","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","OLD ChemE/Organic Materials and Interfaces","","",""
"uuid:a6cc796e-012c-4dd9-98f4-6bfda227c1da","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a6cc796e-012c-4dd9-98f4-6bfda227c1da","Operando Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of All-Solid-State Battery Interface: Redistribution of Lithium among Interconnected Particles","Basak, S. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH); Migunov, Vadim (Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH); Lee, Q. (TU Delft Applied Sciences); Ganapathy, S. (TU Delft RID/TS/Instrumenten groep); Vijay, Ashwin (Student TU Delft); Ooms, F.G.B. (TU Delft RST/Technici Pool); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Kelder, E.M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Arszelewska, Violetta (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","","2020","With operando transmission electron microscopy visualizing the solid-solid electrode-electrolyte interface of silicon active particles and lithium oxide solid electrolyte as a model system, we show that (de)lithiation (battery cycling) does not require all particles to be in direct contact with electrolytes across length scales of a few hundred nanometers. A facile lithium redistribution that occurs between interconnected active particles indicates that lithium does not necessarily become isolated in individual particles due to loss of a direct contact. Our results have implications for the design of all-solid-state battery electrodes with improved capacity retention and cyclability. ©","(de)lithiation; all-solid-state batteries; electrode-electrolyte interface; electron microscopy; operando TEM","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","Applied Sciences","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:9c48a6a8-5615-4848-8799-738a84baca07","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:9c48a6a8-5615-4848-8799-738a84baca07","Revealing the Impact of Space-Charge Layers on the Li-Ion Transport in All-Solid-State Batteries","Cheng, Zhu (Nanjing University); Liu, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Ganapathy, S. (TU Delft RID/TS/Instrumenten groep); Li, Z. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Zhang, Xiaoyu (Nanjing University); He, Ping (Nanjing University); Zhou, Haoshen (Nanjing University; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Li, Chau (Nanjing University)","","2020","The influence of space-charge layers on the ionic charge transport over cathode-solid electrolyte interfaces in all-solid-state batteries remains unclear because of the difficulty to unravel it from other contributions to the ion transport over the interfaces. Here, we reveal the effect of the space-charge layers by systematically tuning the space-charge layer on and off between Li xV 2O 5 and Li 1.5Al 0.5Ge 1.5(PO 3) 4 (LAGP), by changing the Li xV 2O 5 potential and selectively measuring the ion transport over the interface by two-dimensional (2D) NMR exchange. The activation energy is demonstrated to be 0.315 eV for lithium-ion exchange over the space-charge-free interface, which increases dramatically to 0.515 eV for the interface with a space-charge layer. Comparison with a space-charge model indicates that the charge distribution due to the space-charge layer is responsible for the increased interface resistance. Thereby, the present work provides selective and quantitative insight into the effect of space-charge layers over electrode-electrolyte interfaces on ionic transport.","2D exchange NMR; interfaces; LAGP; Li-ion diffusion; LiVO; solid-state batteries; space-charge layers","en","journal article","","","","","","","","2021-06-17","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:a7595e7d-f1d0-42dd-8383-7f9d306a4064","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a7595e7d-f1d0-42dd-8383-7f9d306a4064","Compact monopolar electrochemical stack designs using electrode arrays or corrugated electrodes","Rajaei, H. (TU Delft Energy Technology); Haverkort, J.W. (TU Delft Energy Technology)","","2020","A new compact electrode architecture with hollow pillar-shaped anodes and cathodes arranged in a ‘checkerboard’ pattern is analysed and shown to be equivalent to a particular arrangement of corrugated plate electrodes. Because all four sides of the flow channels are electrodes, this design takes up at least 1.5 to two times less volume compared to conventional ‘sandwich’-type configurations. The assumption underlying this theoretical scaling is illustrated with a 3D-printed metal prototype for alkaline water electrolysis using natural convection. For mass-transfer-limited electrolysers, fuel cells, electrowinning cells, and flow-batteries, the expected volume savings easily increase to a factor three or more.","Electrode architecture; Electrolysers; Printed electrodes; Redox flow batteries","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Energy Technology","","",""
"uuid:dbf35906-b4fc-4705-94ce-579c875bdd3b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:dbf35906-b4fc-4705-94ce-579c875bdd3b","Real-time building smart charging system based on PV forecast and Li-Ion battery degradation","Vermeer, W.W.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Chandra Mouli, G.R. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2020","This paper proposes a two-stage smart charging algorithm for future buildings equipped with an electric vehicle, battery energy storage, solar panels, and a heat pump. The first stage is a non-linear programming model that optimizes the charging of electric vehicles and battery energy storage based on a prediction of photovoltaïc (PV) power, building demand, electricity, and frequency regulation prices. Additionally, a Li-ion degradation model is used to assess the operational costs of the electric vehicle (EV) and battery. The second stage is a real-time control scheme that controls charging within the optimization time steps. Finally, both stages are incorporated in a moving horizon control framework, which is used to minimize and compensate for forecasting errors. It will be shown that the real-time control scheme has a significant influence on the obtained cost reduction. Furthermore, it will be shown that the degradation of an electric vehicle and battery energy storage system are non-negligible parts of the total cost of energy. However, despite relatively high operational costs, V2G can still be cost-effective when controlled optimally. The proposed solution decreases the total cost of energy with 98.6% compared to an uncontrolled case. Additionally, the financial benefits of vehicle-to-grid and operating as primary frequency regulation reserve are assessed.","Battery degradation; Electric vehicle; Li-ion; Moving horizon window; Real-time; Smart charging; V2G; Vehicle to grid","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:d78fc3ce-8355-474d-80f8-c40aed82b846","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d78fc3ce-8355-474d-80f8-c40aed82b846","Sustainable e-bike charging station that enables ac, dc andwireless charging from solar energy","Chandra Mouli, G.R. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); van Duijsen, P.J. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Grazian, F. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Jamodkar, Ajay (Student TU Delft); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Isabella, O. (TU Delft Photovoltaic Materials and Devices)","","2020","If electric vehicles have to be truly sustainable, it is essential to charge them from sustainable sources of electricity, such as solar or wind energy. In this paper, the design of solar powered e-bike charging station that provides AC, DC and wireless charging of e-bikes is investigated. The charging station has integrated battery storage that enables for both grid-connected and off-grid operation. The DC charging uses the DC power from the photovoltaic panels directly for charging the e-bike battery without the use of an AC charging adapter. For the wireless charging, the e-bike can be charged through inductive power transfer via the bike kickstand (receiver) and a specially designed tile (transmitter) at the charging station, which provides maximum convenience to the user.","Battery charger; Electric bike; Electric vehicle; Photovoltaic system; Power converter; Wireless power transfer","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:518a7071-a5d5-4f8f-973d-aa12e1809bac","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:518a7071-a5d5-4f8f-973d-aa12e1809bac","Accessing lithium−oxygen battery discharge products in their native environments via transmission electron microscopy grid electrode","Basak, Shibabrata (Student TU Delft; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH); Baaij, Siemen (Student TU Delft); Ganapathy, S. (TU Delft RID/TS/Instrumenten groep); George, Chandramohan (Imperial College London); Tempel, Hermann (Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH); Kungl, Hans (Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH); Kelder, E.M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Zandbergen, H.W. (TU Delft QN/Zandbergen Lab); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Eichel, Rüdiger A. (Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule)","","2020","High-fidelity and facile ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization of lithium−oxygen (Li−O2) batteries is still limited by challenges in preserving the native environment of Li−O2 discharge products. The extreme reactivity and moisture sensitivity of the discharge products means that they are quickly altered during sample retrieval from cycled batteries and transfer for TEM analysis, resulting in loss of original information. We here demonstrate that by using a TEM specimen grid directly in Li−O2 batteries as both support electrode and sample collector overlaid on a standard oxygen diffusion electrode, discharge products that are formed on the grid can be kept pristine.","Batteries; Carbon specimen grid; Electrodes; Electron microscopy; Li−O chemistries","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","RID/TS/Instrumenten groep","","",""
"uuid:78da7563-7d02-4125-a3c1-4b1e32a045e0","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:78da7563-7d02-4125-a3c1-4b1e32a045e0","Hollow MoS3 Nanospheres as Electrode Material for “Water-in-Salt” Li–Ion Batteries","Quan, Ting (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin); Xu, Yaolin (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin); Tovar, Michael (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin); Goubard-Bretesché, Nicolas (Université du Québec); Li, Z. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Kochovski, Zdravko (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin); Kirmse, Holm (Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin); Skrodczky, Kai (Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","","2020","The use of “water-in-salt” electrolyte (WISE) (i. e., a highly concentrated aqueous solution) in rechargeable batteries has received increasing attention due to the significantly expanded electrochemical window compared to the limited voltage of conventional aqueous electrolytes. It enables the use of more positive/negative electrode material couples in aqueous batteries, resulting in an enhanced output voltage. However, one of the challenges is to identify promising anode materials for the “water-in-salt” Li-ion batteries (WIS-LIBs). Herein we for the first time demonstrate that MoS3, an amorphous chain-like structured transitional metal trichalcogenide, is promising as anode in the WIS-LIBs. In this work, hollow MoS3 nanospheres were synthesized via a scalable room-temperature acid precipitation method. When applied in WIS-LIBs, the prepared MoS3 achieved a high specific capacity of 127 mAh/g at the current density of 0.1 A/g and good stability over 1000 cycles. During operation, MoS3 underwent irreversible conversion to Li2MoO4 (with H2S and H2 evolution) during the initial Li ion uptake, and was then converted gradually to a more stable and reversible LixMoOy (2≤y≤4)) phase along cycling. Amorphous Li-deficient Lix-mMoOy/MoOz was formed upon delithiation. Nevertheless, MoS3 outperformed MoO3 in WIS-LIBs, which could be accredited to its initial one-dimensional molecular structure and the amorphous nature of the delithiated product facilitating charge transport. These results demonstrated a novel routine for synthesizing metal sulfides with hollow structures using a template-based method and push forward the development of metal sulfides for aqueous energy storage applications.","hollow nanostructure; Li-ion batteries; MoS; “water-in-salt” electrolyte (WISE)","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:2fc6d4f3-fb07-49b9-9e76-b059ed92aabf","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:2fc6d4f3-fb07-49b9-9e76-b059ed92aabf","The acid–base flow battery: Sustainable energy storage via reversible water dissociation with bipolar membranes","Pärnamäe, Ragne (Wetsus, Centre for Sustainable Water Technology); Gurreri, Luigi (Università degli Studi di Palermo); Post, Jan (Wetsus, Centre for Sustainable Water Technology); van Egmond, Willem Johannes (AquaBattery B.V.); Culcasi, Andrea (Università degli Studi di Palermo); Saakes, Michel (Wetsus, Centre for Sustainable Water Technology); Cen, Jiajun (AquaBattery B.V.; Imperial College London; Student TU Delft); Goosen, Emil (AquaBattery B.V.); Vermaas, D.A. (TU Delft ChemE/Transport Phenomena; AquaBattery B.V.)","","2020","The increasing share of renewables in electric grids nowadays causes a growing daily and seasonal mismatch between electricity generation and demand. In this regard, novel energy storage systems need to be developed, to allow large-scale storage of the excess electricity during low-demand time, and its distribution during peak demand time. Acid–base flow battery (ABFB) is a novel and environmentally friendly technology based on the reversible water dissociation by bipolar membranes, and it stores electricity in the form of chemical energy in acid and base solutions. The technology has already been demonstrated at the laboratory scale, and the experimental testing of the first 1 kW pilot plant is currently ongoing. This work aims to describe the current development and the perspectives of the ABFB technology. In particular, we discuss the main technical challenges related to the development of battery components (membranes, electrolyte solutions, and stack design), as well as simulated scenarios, to demonstrate the technology at the kW–MW scale. Finally, we present an economic analysis for a first 100 kW commercial unit and suggest future directions for further technology scale-up and commercial deployment.","Bipolar membrane; Bipolar membrane electrodialysis; Energy storage; Flow battery; Reverse electrodialysis; Water dissociation","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","ChemE/Transport Phenomena","","",""
"uuid:aa29b04f-4cd7-41fa-b48b-5edc75fef104","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:aa29b04f-4cd7-41fa-b48b-5edc75fef104","Solar home systems for improving electricity access: An off-grid solar perspective towards achieving universal electrification","Narayan, N.S. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","Bauer, P. (promotor); Zeman, M. (promotor); Qin, Z. (copromotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2019","Almost a billion people globally lack access to electricity. For various reasons, grid extension is not an immediately viable solution for the un(der-) electrified communities. As most of these electricity-starved regions lie in tropical latitudes, the use of off-grid solar-based solutions like solar home systems (SHS) is a logical approach. However, state-of-the-art SHS is limited in its power levels and availability. Moreover, sub-optimal system sizing leads to either over-utilization --- and therefore, faster degradation --- of the SHS battery, or under-utilization of the SHS battery, leading to higher system costs. Additionally, off-grid SHS designs suffer from a lack of reliable load profile data needed as the first step for an off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system (e.g., SHS) design. The work undertaken in this dissertation aims to analyze the technological limits and opportunities of using SHS in terms of power level, availability, and battery size, lifetime for achieving universal electrification. Firstly, the three main electrification pathways, viz., grid extension, centralized microgrids, and standalone solar-based solutions like pico-solar and SHS are analyzed for their relative merits and demerits. Then, a methodology is presented to quantify the electricity demand of the households in the form of load profiles for the various tiers of electricity access as outlined by the multi-tier framework (MTF) for measuring the household electricity access. Secondly, for the SHS application, a non-empirical battery lifetime estimation methodology is presented that can be used at the design phase of SHS for comparing the performance of candidate battery choices at hand in the form of battery lifetime. Thirdly, an optimal standalone system size is evaluated for each tier of electrification, taking into account the battery lifetime, temperature impact on SHS performance, power supply availability in terms of the loss of load probability (LLP), and excess PV energy. A genetic algorithm-based multi-objective optimization is performed, giving insights on the delicate interdependencies of the various system metrics like LLP, excess energy, and battery lifetime on the SHS sizing. This exercise concludes that meeting the electricity requirements of tiers 4 and 5 level of electrification is untenable through SHS alone. Consequently, a bottom-up DC microgrid born out of the interconnection of SHS is explored. A modular and scalable architecture for such a bottom-up, interconnected SHS-based architecture is introduced, and the benefits of the microgrid over standalone SHS are quantified in terms of lower battery sizes and the defined system metrics. On modeling the energy sharing between the SHS, it is shown that battery sizing gains of more than 40% could be achieved with inter-connectivity at tier 5 level as compared to standalone SHS to meet the same power availability threshold. Finally, a Geo-Information System (GIS)-based methodology is presented that takes into account the spatial spread of the households while utilizing graph theory-based approaches to arrive at the optimal microgrid topology in terms of network length. The research carried out in this dissertation underlines the technological limitations of SHS in aiming towards universal electrification, while highlighting the benefits of moving towards a bottom-up approach in building (rural) DC microgrids through SHS, which can enable the climb up the so-called electrification ladder.","energy access; SDG 7; solar home systems; solar energy; batteries, rural electrification; Multi-tier framework; GIS,; microgrids","en","doctoral thesis","","978-94-6366-217-8","","","","","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:cab44efd-8a4c-4b4d-8168-bd64738adb64","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:cab44efd-8a4c-4b4d-8168-bd64738adb64","Characterization and development of high energy density Li-ion batteries","Harks, P.P.R.M.L. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)","Mulder, F.M. (promotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2019","Due to the electricity storage facilities required for a future powered on renewable energy, and due to the high performance batteries necessary for electric vehicles and mobile electronics, battery research and development is more urgent than ever. In this thesis battery technology was investigated both on the material-, as on the electrode-level. This research was carried out to elucidate working principles of new battery materials and to develop new fabrication methods as to contribute to improving Li-ion batteries....","lithium batteries; in situ techniques; immersion precipitation; neutron depth profiling","en","doctoral thesis","","978-94-028-1759-1","","","","","","","","","ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage","","",""
"uuid:7642be04-1902-4ff2-8ff7-8b6ef2c574e5","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7642be04-1902-4ff2-8ff7-8b6ef2c574e5","Mechanistic Insight into Next Generation Batteries: The Story of Li-oxygen and Zn-aqueous Batteries","Li, Z. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","Wagemaker, M. (promotor); Ganapathy, S. (copromotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2019","Current Li-ion batteries dominate the market but face great challenges with respect to safety, cost and the higher energy and power densit requirements of electrical vehicles and stationary energy storage. Relevant for mobile electrical transport, Li-O2 batteries in theory offer the highest specific energy among all the lithium electrochemical energy storage systems. Research efforts have been made to address the challenges that impede the functioning of this battery, which include low round trip efficiency, low specific capacity and poor cycling stability. To understand the origin of these issues, attaining a deeper understanding of the mechanism behind the electrochemical reactions is of vital importance. This also forms the foundation for exploring ideal oxygen cathodes and better electrolytes. The aqueous zinc batteries are another potential candidate for large scale electric energy storage owing to its low-cost, high operational safety, and environmental benignity. However, it is not easy to find a suitable insertion cathode for ZIBs, because the electrostatic interaction between divalent Zn ions. The development of host materials for ZIBs is still in its infancy, and in-depth understanding of the electrochemical processes involved is paramount at this early stage. The focus of this thesis is on attaining mechanistic insight into the electrochemical processes occurring in working Li-O2 and aqueous zinc batteries, which guides the choice/design of proper electrode materials for these next generation battery systems.","Li-O2 battery; aqueous Zn/VO2 battery; electrochemical reaction mechanism; operando analysis","en","doctoral thesis","","978-94-6380-501-8","","","","","","","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:debbe50e-27bb-4e57-805f-db30bb8a61bb","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:debbe50e-27bb-4e57-805f-db30bb8a61bb","Neutron Depth Profiling: Following the Lithium Distribution in Rechargeable Batteries","Verhallen, T.W. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","Wagemaker, M. (promotor); Brück, E.H. (copromotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2019","The sustainable energy transition relies on energy storage technology. Crucial to meet the ever increasing energy storage demand is profound understanding of the governing processes. Yet, due to the inherent difficulty to study light ions with conventional techniques, limited methodology is available for operando monitoring of lithium ion batteries. A non-invasive and versatile alternative is Neutron Depth Profiling(NDP). This technique provides information on the spatial and temporal lithium concentration during (dis)charge. In this work NDP is used to shed light on key challenges for lithium ion batteries. The results provide detailed understanding of electrode parameters such as tortuosity and Li-ion transport. This allows to reduce the battery internal resistance or increase charging current, thereby reducing charge times. Post lithium ion battery technology relies on a reversible lithium-metal anode, this would enable batteries based on the conversion reaction of lithium with oxygen or sulfur. Furthermore, a lithium metal anode can double pack level energy density when employing current cathodes. Using NDP, we can monitor the lithium concentration profile as the material is plated. This allows to study the dependency with respect to current density, electrolyte composition and cycling history. Moreover NDP allows to follow lithium independent of oxidation state. Hence enabling to monitor battery failure originating from lithium polysulfide dissolution in the liquid electrolyte. The findings as presented rationalize electrode design towards high energy-dense, safe and low-cost Li-S batteries. The thesis concludes with a revolutionary concept based on a gas filled gridpix time projection chamber. A gridpix detector allows a 3D particle trace reconstruction. Hence a 3D spatial isotope specific, lithium-6, distribution is obtained. This technique would cater for a whole new range of topics to study.","lithium batteries; Neutron depth profiling; operando techniques","en","doctoral thesis","","978-94-6332-520-2","","","","","","2019-12-31","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:c5af67c1-a665-49df-8b23-0f16d7185fa3","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:c5af67c1-a665-49df-8b23-0f16d7185fa3","Integrating a Photovoltaic Panel and a Battery Pack in One Module: From concept to prototype","Vega Garita, V.E. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","Bauer, P. (promotor); Zeman, M. (promotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2019","Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy is variable and not completely predictable; therefore, different energy storage devices have been researched. Among the variety of options, electrochemical cells (commonly called batteries) are technically feasible because of their maturity and stability. However, PV-battery systems face multiple challenges such as high cost and complexity of installation. Cost is the main concern when trying to enable new solutions for the solar market, especially when competing with other renewable technologies, but most importantly, with fossil fuels to reduce the effects of climate change. As a consequence, a new concept that integrates all the components of a PVbattery system in a single device is introduced. By integrating a power electronics unit and a battery pack at the back of a PV panel, referred as PV-battery Integrated Module (PBIM), the cost of the total system can decrease and become a viable alternative for the solar market. Because the concept is relatively new and not all the challenges have been previously addressed, this dissertation strives to prove the feasibility of the concept and to fill the gaps that have been identified in the literature review. Firstly, an off-grid PV-battery system was selected, and a sizing methodology was proposed to investigate the limitations and boundaries of the integrated device. Having sized the system, the thesis explored the implementation of an energy management system in order to control smartly the direction and magnitude of the power delivery. Then, a thermal model was developed to characterize the thermal response of the PBIM and to recommend a thermal management system to decrease the temperature of operation of the battery pack and power electronics. Finally, by testing a PBIM prototype and developing an integrated model that reproduces the temperature and power flows expected, a battery testing methodology was developed for finding a suitable battery technology that can comply with the requirements set by the expected operating conditions of the device. Therefore, the research carried out in this dissertation proves that the integration of PV-battery system in one device is technically feasible.","Photovoltaic energy; batteries; integration; thermal management; battery testing","en","doctoral thesis","","978-94-6366-170-6","","","","","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:48e17e42-5335-41b3-838a-0586523e5b78","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:48e17e42-5335-41b3-838a-0586523e5b78","Simulations of electrode & solid electrolyte materials","de Klerk, N.J.J. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","Wagemaker, M. (promotor); Brück, E.H. (promotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2019","Batteries have found widespread use, especially in mobile devices. With the inevitable energy transition the demand for batteries will rise further. Batteries for large-scale storage, transport applications and mobile devices all have different demands, requiring the development of a range of battery types for the storage of electrical energy. For these developments a better understanding of the fundamental aspects of materials and energy is necessary.","Batteries; Solid Electrolytes; Space-charge Layers; Molecular Dynamics Simulations; Phase-field Modelling","en","doctoral thesis","","","","","","","","","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:b5d0235a-5602-4576-b141-dbce76c9fc1b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b5d0235a-5602-4576-b141-dbce76c9fc1b","Comments on "Compact, Energy-Efficient High-Frequency Switched Capacitor Neural Stimulator With Active Charge Balancing" (vol 11, pg 878, 2017): Comments on 'Compact, energy-efficient high-frequency switched capacitor neural stimulator with active charge balancing (IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems (2017) 11:4 (878–888) DOI: 10.1109/TBCAS.2017.2694144)","Urso, A. (TU Delft Bio-Electronics); Giagka, Vasiliki (TU Delft Bio-Electronics; Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM); Serdijn, W.A. (TU Delft Bio-Electronics)","","2019","This manuscript points out some mistakes in the Introduction and in the table of comparison of a paper already published in this journal by Hsu and Schmid [1]. Although the main claim of [1] is still preserved, we believe the paper needs to be rectified for scientific correctness of the work. In [1], the first High Frequency Switched-Capacitor (HFSC) stimulator is presented. The stimulation voltage is derived from the main supply by using an 1 : 1 switched-capacitor DC-DC converter. This particular topology of DC-DC converter operates as a resistor [2]. The further away the output voltage is from the input voltage, the lower the power efficiency is. As a result, the output voltage of the DC-DC converter, and therefore the total charge delivered to the tissue, can only be regulated at the expense of the power efficiency. Section I of [1], provides an overview of the most recently published works in the field of electrical stimulation. Based on the stimulation mode, Hsu and Schmid classify the papers into three categories, named voltage-mode stimulation (VMS), current-mode stimulation (CMS) and switched-capacitor stimulation (SCS). In [1], thework presented in [3] has been classified as SCS.However, [3] proposes CMS which adapts the voltage supply of the neurostimulator to the voltage across the electrodes. In [1], the work presented in [4] has been classified as VMS. However, [4] proposes a CMS. In fact, an inductor-based DC-DC converter without the output capacitance is used to deliver the charge to the tissue. Section V of [1] provides a table of comparison, in which the performances of the stimulator circuit are compared with some relevant contributions found in literature. Several errors have been found in the comparison table. The entries in bold characters and red colour of Table I below corrects the table of comparison presented in [1]. II. CONCLUSION The aim of this comment is two-fold. Firstly, it corrects a classification of the most recent works, which was presented in the Introduction of a paper previously published in this journal [1]. Secondly, it corrects some mistakes in its table of comparison. Although errors have been found, the main claim of [1], and hence its scientific contribution, are still preserved. [Table Presented].","Batteries; Brain stimulation; Capacitors; DC-DC power converters; Electrodes; High-frequency stimulation; power efficiency; Switches; Switching circuits","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Bio-Electronics","","",""
"uuid:2f47dc48-41df-4edc-b152-ea7904fdf111","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:2f47dc48-41df-4edc-b152-ea7904fdf111","Doubling Reversible Capacities in Epitaxial Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 Thin Film Anodes for Microbatteries","Cunha, Daniel M. (University of Twente); Hendriks, Theodoor A. (University of Twente); Vasileiadis, A. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Vos, Chris M. (University of Twente); Verhallen, T.W. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Singh, Deepak P. (University of Twente); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Huijben, Mark (University of Twente)","","2019","Despite the lower gravimetric capacity, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 is an important alternative to graphite anodes, owing to its excellent high temperature stability, high rate capability, and negligible volume change. Although surfaces with lithium compositions exceeding Li 7 Ti 5 O 12 were observed previously during the first charge-discharge cycles, no stable reversible capacities were achieved during prolonged cycling. Here, structural engineering has been applied to enhance the electrochemical performance of epitaxial Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 thin films as compared to polycrystalline samples. Variation in the crystal orientation of the Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 thin films led to distinct differences in surface morphology with pyramidal, rooftop, or flat nanostructures for respectively (100), (110), and (111) orientations. High discharge capacities of 280-310 mAh·g -1 were achieved due to significant surface contributions in lithium storage. The lithiation mechanism of bulk Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 thin films was analyzed by a phase-field model, which indicated the lithiation wave to be moving faster along the grain boundaries before moving inward to the bulk of the grains. The (100)-oriented Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 films exhibited the highest capacities, the best rate performance up to 30C, and good cyclability, demonstrating enhanced cycle life and doubling of reversible capacities in contrast to previous polycrystalline studies.","battery anode; crystal orientation; epitaxial thin film; Li Ti O; surface capacity","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:c784380c-af4e-48f9-96a8-8836ad87f2a3","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:c784380c-af4e-48f9-96a8-8836ad87f2a3","Selecting a suitable battery technology for the photovoltaic battery integrated module","Vega Garita, V.E. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage; University of Costa Rica); Hanif, Ali (Student TU Delft); Narayan, N.S. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2019","The use of batteries is indispensable in stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems, and the physical integration of a battery pack and a PV panel in one device enables this concept while easing the installation and system scaling. However, the influence of high temperatures is one of the main challenges of placing a solar panel close to a battery pack. Therefore, this paper aims to select a suitable battery technology considering the temperature of operation and the expected current profiles. The methodology for battery selection is composed of a literature review, an integrated model, the design of an application-based testing, and the execution of the aging test. The integrated model was employed to choose among the battery technologies, and to design a testing procedure that simulated the operational conditions of the PV-battery Integrated Module (PBIM). Two Li-ion pouch cells were tested at two representative temperatures while applying various charging/discharging profiles. After the testing, the LiFePO4 (LFP) cells showed better performance when compared to LiCoO2 batteries (LCO), where for instance, the LCO cells capacity tested at 45∘C, faded 2,45% more than the LFP cells at the same testing conditions. Therefore, LFP cells are selected as a suitable option to be part of the PBIM.","Aging; Battery selection; Li-ion; PV-Battery integration; Testing","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:f012b5e3-1c50-42ab-b424-45fe2da6c406","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:f012b5e3-1c50-42ab-b424-45fe2da6c406","Unravelling the practical solar charging performance limits of redox flow batteries based on a single photon device system","Bae, D. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage); Faasse, Richard (Student TU Delft); Kanellos, Gerasimos (Student TU Delft); Smith, W.A. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)","","2019","In recent years, solar redox flow batteries have attracted attention as a possible integrated technology for simultaneous conversion and storage of solar energy. Unlike solar water splitting technologies which require at least 1.8V for meaningful performance, a lesson learned from previous solar redox flow battery (SRFB) studies is that even single-photon-devices can demonstrate unbiased photo-charging owing to the flexibility of redox couple selection. Thus, in this paper, we present the theoretical model reflecting experimental parameters, such that we can highlight important parameters that merit the most attention in further studies towards the practical development of SRFBs. Importantly, the results clearly show how to choose the optimum combination of semiconductor and redox couples under unavoidable limitations that a practical system would encounter, including, but not limited to optical loss by the electrolyte, overpotential, device architecture and chemical potentials.","photoelectrochemistry; Redox flow battery; Modeling; Solar energy; Renewable Energy; Energy storage","en","journal article","","","","","","Accepted Author Manuscript","","","","","ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage","","",""
"uuid:ac213d8a-e4c3-42c7-bf00-a903776f1545","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ac213d8a-e4c3-42c7-bf00-a903776f1545","Techno-economical Model based Optimal Sizing of PV-Battery Systems for Microgrids","Bandyopadhyay, S. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Chandra Mouli, G.R. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Qin, Z. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2019","Microgrid with integrated photo-voltaics (PV) and battery storage system (BSS) is a promising technology for future residential applications. Optimally sizing the PV system and BSS can maximise self-sufficiency, grid relief, and at the same time can be cost-effective by exploiting tariff incentives. To that end, this paper presents a comprehensive optimisation model for the sizing of PV, battery, and grid converter for a microgrid system considering multiple objectives like energy autonomy, power autonomy, payback period, and capital costs. The proposed approach involves developing a holistic techno-economic microgrid model based on variables like PV system power, azimuth angle, battery size, converter ratings, capital investment and electricity tariffs. The proposed method is applied to determine the optimum capacity of a PV system and BSS for two case residential load profiles in the Netherlands and Texas, US to investigate the effect of meteorological conditions on the relative size of PV and battery. Based on the optimisation results, thumb rules for optimal system sizing are derived to facilitate microgrid design engineers during the initial design phase.","Batteries; microgrids; optimal sizing, particle swarm optimisation; renewable energy; techno-economical analysis","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2021-12-06","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:bfcfe056-0eb5-488a-b72c-0aeb95e56fd6","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:bfcfe056-0eb5-488a-b72c-0aeb95e56fd6","The impact of weather and of batteries on the investment risk for backup gas power plants in a largely renewable energy system","Pelka, Sabine (Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI); De Vries, Laurens (TU Delft Energie and Industrie); Deissenroth, Marc (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR))","","2019","With an increasing wind and photovoltaic share, the German generation mix becomes more weather-dependent. Backup technologies can help to bridge scarcity moments. These rare moments with high prices are the main events for their cost recovery. However, the uncertain revenue flow combined with long payback periods leads to high investment risks and possibly insufficient investment.A high level of needed backup capacity to cover the load does not necessarily go along with a high level of requested backup energy. Both indicators depend on the renewable output and the availability of alternative flexibility sources. We calculate them for two contrasting weather years and three levels of battery capacity by the agent-based-model AMIRIS. As a result, the demonstrated volatile backup energy request in combination with the same level of requested backup capacity for every scenario supports the idea of an alternative remuneration for the provision of capacity next to the energy-only-market.","backup capacity; batteries; flexibility; Security of supply; weather","en","conference paper","IEEE","","","","","","","","","","Energie and Industrie","","",""
"uuid:5ce32d42-9663-4a06-81da-66f70c8ef8aa","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5ce32d42-9663-4a06-81da-66f70c8ef8aa","Revealing an Interconnected Interfacial Layer in Solid-State Polymer Sodium Batteries","Zhao, Chenglong (Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences); Liu, Lilu (Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences); Lu, Yaxiang (Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Chen, Liquan (Chinese Academy of Sciences); Hu, Yong Sheng (Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yangtze River Delta Physics Research Center, Liyang)","","2019","Replacing the commonly used nonaqueous liquid electrolytes in rechargeable sodium batteries with polymer solid electrolytes is expected to provide new opportunities to develop safer batteries with higher energy densities. However, this poses challenges related to the interface between the Na-metal anode and polymer electrolytes. Driven by systematically investigating the interface properties, an improved interface is established between a composite Na/C metal anode and electrolyte. The observed chemical bonding between carbon matrix of anode with solid polymer electrolyte, prevents delamination, and leads to more homogeneous plating and stripping, which reduces/suppresses dendrite formation. Full solid-state polymer Na-metal batteries, using a high mass loaded Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode, exhibit ultrahigh capacity retention of more than 92 % after 2 000 cycles and over 80 % after 5 000 cycles, as well as the outstanding rate capability.","composite metal anodes; interfacial layers; sodium batteries; solid polymer electrolytes; stable cycling","en","journal article","","","","","","Accepted Author Manuscript","","2020-09-25","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:46e9b0d3-da76-4a6e-ac5f-d1bb6d3f2842","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:46e9b0d3-da76-4a6e-ac5f-d1bb6d3f2842","Aligning prosumers with the electricity wholesale market: The impact of time-varying price signals and fixed network charges on solar self consumption","Klein, Martin (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR)); Ziade, Ahmad (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR)); De Vries, Laurens (TU Delft Energie and Industrie)","","2019","PV-battery systems are currently not operated in an energy system optimal way as their operation heuristic (maximization of self-consumption) is generally unaffected by competitive market signals. To evaluate potential regulatory intervention, we propose a market alignment indicator which measures the relative economic efficiency of a prosumer battery compared to a benchmark system that is completely responsive to wholesale market prices. Investigating the case of PV-battery systems in Germany, we find that scarcity signals transmitted to prosumers improve the market alignment of PV-battery systems while retaining similar levels of self-consumption and autarky rates. Both dynamic prices for generation (time-varying feed-in remuneration) and consumption (real-time electricity prices) can improve welfare, that is lowering consumer expenditures for electricity at the wholesale market. The effectiveness of the respective instrument mix depends on the relative levels of the feed-in tariff, the grid consumption to be saved and the solar generation costs. Accordingly, increasing fixed network charges can have a significant positive impact on the market alignment of prosumer batteries if combined with dynamic prices, as they change the relative composition of retail prices.","Dynamic prices; Fixed network charges; Market alignment; Photovoltaics; Prosumer; PV-battery systems","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2020-05-01","","","Energie and Industrie","","",""
"uuid:d8ceaf3c-ade5-44c0-9cce-4867e9e442c7","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d8ceaf3c-ade5-44c0-9cce-4867e9e442c7","All-in-one improvement toward Li6PS5Br-Based solid electrolytes triggered by compositional tune","Zhang, Zhixia (Yanshan University); Zhang, Long (Yanshan University); Yan, Xinlin (Technische Universität Wien); Wang, Hongqiang (Hebei University); Liu, Yanyan (Yanshan University); Yu, C. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Cao, Xiaoting (Yanshan University); van Eijck, L. (TU Delft RST/Neutron and Positron Methods in Materials); Wen, Bin (Yanshan University)","","2019","Sulfide solid electrolytes possess high ionic conductivity and moderate dendrite suppression capability, but rather poor compatibility against oxide cathodes and metallic Li. Here, we report O-doped Li6PS5Br as solid electrolyte synthesized by a facile solid-state sintering. Different from other O-incorporated sulfides, the O atoms in Li6PS5-xOxBr prefer to substitute the S atoms at free S2− sites rather than those at the PS4 tetrahedra. Remarkably, without deteriorating the ionic conductivity, this inorganic solid electrolyte with O doping exhibits comprehensively enhanced properties including excellent dendrite suppression capability, superior electrochemical and chemical stability against Li metal as well as high voltage oxide cathodes, and good air stability. Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 and LiCoO2-based all-solid-state batteries with Li6PS4.7O0.3Br electrolyte deliver high specific capacity, superior rate capability, and outstanding cycling stability accompanied with low interfacial resistivity. This type of inorganic solid electrolytes is promising for all-solid-state batteries with high energy density.","All-solid-state batteries; Argyrodites; Interfacial stability; Li dendrite suppression; Solid electrolytes","en","journal article","","","","","","","","2020-11-13","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:3d92d77a-38dd-4337-ae0e-05cef49f3dee","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3d92d77a-38dd-4337-ae0e-05cef49f3dee","Quantifying the Benefits of a Solar Home System-Based DC Microgrid for Rural Electrification","Narayan, N.S. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Chamseddine, Ali (Student TU Delft); Vega Garita, V.E. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Qin, Z. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Popovic, J. (Klimop Energy B.V.); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Zeman, M. (TU Delft Electrical Sustainable Energy)","","2019","Off-grid solar home systems (SHSs) currently constitute a major source of providing basic electricity needs in un(der)-electrified regions of the world, with around 73 million households having benefited from off-grid solar solutions by 2017. However, in and of itself, state-of-the-art SHSs can only provide electricity access with adequate power supply availability up to tier 2, and to some extent, tier 3 levels of the Multi-tier Framework (MTF) for measuring household electricity access. When considering system metrics of loss of load probability (LLP) and battery size, meeting the electricity needs of tiers 4 and 5 is untenable through SHSs alone. Alternatively, a bottom-up microgrid composed of interconnected SHSs is proposed. Such an approach can enable the so-called climb up the rural electrification ladder. The impact of the microgrid size on the system metrics like LLP and energy deficit is evaluated. Finally, it is found that the interconnected SHS-based microgrid can provide more than 40% and 30% gains in battery sizing for the same LLP level as compared to the standalone SHSs sizes for tiers 4 and 5 of the MTF, respectively, thus quantifying the definite gains of an SHS-based microgrid over standalone SHSs. This study paves the way for visualizing SHS-based rural DC microgrids that can not only enable electricity access to the higher tiers of the MTF with lower battery storage needs but also make use of existing SHS infrastructure, thus enabling a technologically easy climb up the rural electrification ladder.","Battery storage; DC microgrids; Energy sharing; Multi-tier framework; Rural electrification; Solar home systems","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","Electrical Sustainable Energy","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:71e33863-97ba-4488-a0c4-21ee7ebc41a6","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:71e33863-97ba-4488-a0c4-21ee7ebc41a6","Exploring the boundaries of Solar Home Systems (SHS) for off-grid electrification: Optimal SHS sizing for the multi-tier framework for household electricity access","Narayan, N.S. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Chamseddine, Ali (Student TU Delft); Vega Garita, V.E. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Qin, Z. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Popovic, J. (Klimop Energy B.V.); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Zeman, M. (TU Delft Electrical Sustainable Energy)","","2019","With almost 1.1 billion people lacking access to electricity, solar-based off-grid products like Solar Home Systems (SHS) have become a promising solution to provide basic electricity needs in un(der)-electrified regions. Therefore, optimal system sizing is a vital task as both oversizing and undersizing a system can be detrimental to system cost and power availability, respectively. This paper presents an optimal SHS sizing methodology that minimizes the loss of load probability (LLP), excess energy dump, and battery size while maximizing the battery lifetime. A genetic algorithm-based multi-objective optimization approach is utilized to evaluate the optimal SHS sizes. The potential for SHS to cater to every tier of the Multi-tier framework (MTF) for measuring household electricity access is examined. The optimal system sizes for standalone SHS are found for different LLP thresholds. Results show that beyond tier 2, the present day SHS sizing needs to be expanded significantly to meet the load demand. Additionally, it is deemed untenable to meet the electricity needs of the higher tiers of MTF purely through standalone SHS without compromising one or more of the system metrics. A way forward is proposed to take the SHS concept all the way up the energy ladder such that load demand can also be satisfied at tier 4 and 5 levels.","Battery lifetime; Battery sizing; Multi objective optimization; Multi-tier framework; Optimal sizing; Solar Home Systems","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","Electrical Sustainable Energy","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:4157736f-73ca-41e5-8c10-ecaee26256ff","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4157736f-73ca-41e5-8c10-ecaee26256ff","Electrochemical-mechanical modeling of solid polymer electrolytes: Stress development and non-uniform electric current density in trench geometry microbatteries","Grazioli, D. (TU Delft Applied Mechanics); Zadin, Vahur (University of Tartu); Brandell, Daniel (Uppsala University); Simone, A. (TU Delft Applied Mechanics; Università degli Studi di Padova)","","2019","We study the effect of mechanical stresses arising in solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion (Li-ion) solid-state batteries. Time-dependent finite element analyses of interdigitated plate cells during a discharge process are performed with a constitutive model that couples ionic conduction within the SPE with its deformation field. Due to the coupled nature of the processes taking place in the SPE, the non-uniform ionic concentration profiles that develop during the discharge process induce stresses and deformations within the SPE; at the same time the mechanical loads applied to the cell affect the charge conduction path. Results of a parametric study show that stresses induced by ionic redistribution favor ionic transport and enhance cell conductivity—up to a 15% increase compared to the solution obtained with a purely electrochemical model. We observe that, when the contribution of the mechanical stresses is included in the simulations, the localization of the electric current density at the top of the electrode plates is more pronounced compared to the purely electrochemical model. This suggests that electrode utilization, a limiting factor for the design of three-dimensional battery architectures, depends on the stress field that develops in the SPE. The stress level is indeed significant, and mechanical failure of the polymer might occur during service.","Battery performance; Electrochemical-mechanical coupling; Non-uniform electric current density; Solid polymer electrolytes; Trench geometry microbattery","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Applied Mechanics","","",""
"uuid:2b4daa77-9394-4187-bad9-bb786f3cab8a","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:2b4daa77-9394-4187-bad9-bb786f3cab8a","Electrochemical-mechanical modeling of solid polymer electrolytes: Impact of mechanical stresses on Li-ion battery performance","Grazioli, D. (TU Delft Applied Mechanics); Verners, O. (TU Delft Applied Mechanics); Zadin, Vahur (University of Tartu); Brandell, Daniel (Uppsala University); Simone, A. (TU Delft Applied Mechanics; Università degli Studi di Padova)","","2019","We analyze the effects of mechanical stresses arising in a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) on the electrochemical performance of the electrolyte component of a lithium ion battery. The SPE is modeled with a coupled ionic conduction-deformation model that allows to investigate the effect of mechanical stresses induced by the redistribution of ions. The analytical solution is determined for a uniform planar cell operating under galvanostatic conditions with and without externally induced deformations. The roles of the polymer stiffness, internally-induced stresses, and thickness of the SPE layer are investigated. The results show that the predictions of the coupled model can strongly deviate from those obtained with an electrochemical model—up to +38% in terms of electrostatic potential difference across the electrolyte layer—depending on the combination of material properties and geometrical features. The predicted stress level in the SPE is considerable as it exceeds the threshold experimentally detected for irreversible deformation or fracture to occur in cells not subjected to external loading. We show that stresses induced by external solicitations can reduce the concentration gradient of ions across the electrolyte thickness and prevent salt depletion at the electrode-electrolyte interface.","Battery performance; Electrochemical-mechanical coupling; Mechanical properties; Partial molar volume; Solid polymer electrolytes","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Applied Mechanics","","",""
"uuid:740fd430-d6d2-412a-a857-6858352214e2","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:740fd430-d6d2-412a-a857-6858352214e2","Engineering the direct deposition of Si nanoparticles for improved performance in Li-ion batteries","Xu, Y. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage); Borsa, Dana M. (Meyer Burger (Netherlands)); Mulder, F.M. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)","","2019","In our efforts to address the issues of Si based anodes for Li ion batteries, such as limited active mass loading, rapid capacity degradation and low scalability in manufacturing, we reported a scalable, high mass loading, and additive-free Si nanoparticles (NP) deposition based electrode, but the achieved capacity and cycle life were still limited. In order to improve the reversible capacity and cycling stability of this Si NP deposition electrode, in this work, we have investigated various substrates for Si deposition, including carbon paper (CP), preheated CP and stainless steel felt/mesh (SSF/SSM), and their influences on the electrochemical Li-ion storage performance of the Si NP electrodes. Meanwhile, protective encapsulations of amorphous carbon or silicon nitride on Si NP has been performed and the capabilities of these coatings in improving the cycling stability of Si NP electrodes have been researched. It is found that a carbon-coated Si NP deposition on an SSM substrate achieves an extraordinary cycling stability in electrochemical Li-ion storage for 500 cycles with an average capacity loss of 0.09% per cycle, showing significantly improved commercial viability of Si NP deposition based electrodes in high-energy-density Li-ion batteries.","Batteries - Lithium; Energy Storage; Silicon; Electrode engineering; Lithium-ion batteries; Silicon nanoparticles deposition","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage","","",""
"uuid:7014198e-bbb9-44c6-b499-97772869147f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7014198e-bbb9-44c6-b499-97772869147f","Characterization of the structural response of a lithiated SiO2 / Si interface: A reactive molecular dynamics study","Verners, O. (TU Delft Applied Mechanics); Simone, A. (TU Delft Applied Mechanics; Università degli Studi di Padova)","","2019","We report the results of a computational study regarding the mechanical properties of a lithiated Si/SiO2 interface using reactive molecular dynamics. The study is motivated by an intended application of SiO2-coated Si
nanotubes as fibers in structural batteries with a fiber-reinforced composite architecture while serving as anodes. According to the results, main failure properties due to partly irreversible bond breakage during mechanical deformation are identified, indicating agreement with bond energy/bond order based estimates. Microscopic failure properties are also identified and interpreted in view of the observed processes of bonding degradation. In particular, the effect of Li distribution on the shear deformation response is evaluated as significant.","Composite cathode; Molecular dynamics; Silicon; Silicon oxide; Structural battery","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Applied Mechanics","","",""
"uuid:9f1d6f9c-9543-4501-907e-d3c3bc9b34bd","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:9f1d6f9c-9543-4501-907e-d3c3bc9b34bd","Immersion precipitation route towards high performance thick and flexible electrodes for Li-ion batteries","Harks, P.P.R.M.L. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage); Robledo, C.B. (TU Delft Energy Technology); George, C. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Wang, C. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); van Dijk, Thomas (E-Stone); Sturkenboom, Leon (E-Stone); Roesink, Erik D.W. (University of Twente); Mulder, F.M. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)","","2019","Enabling the transition to renewable power sources requires further optimization of batteries in terms of energy/power density and cost-effectiveness. Increasing the practical thickness of Li ion battery electrodes not only can improve energy density on cell level but reduces manufacturing cost. However, thick electrodes exhibit sluggish charge-transport kinetics and are mechanically less stable, typically resulting in substandard battery performance compared to the current commercial standards (~50 μm). Here we disclose a novel method based on immersion precipitation by employing a non-solvent to solidify the battery binder, instead of solvent evaporation. This method allows for the fabrication of thick and suitable density electrodes (>100 μm with ultra-high mass loading) offering excellent electrochemical performance and mechanical stability. Using commercial electrode active materials at a remarkable mass-loading of 24 mg cm−2, the electrodes processed via immersion method are shown to deliver 3.5 mAh cm−2 at a rate of 2C and operate at rates up to 10C. As additional figure of merit, this method produces electrodes that are both stand-alone and highly flexible, which have been evaluated in flexible full-cells. Furthermore, via immersion precipitation the commonly used more toxic N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone can be supplanted by environmentally benign dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent for processing electrode layers.","Batteries; Electrodes; Flexible batteries; Immersion precipitation; Phase inversion","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage","","",""
"uuid:51a49f93-97ad-4362-ab0a-eae7921c80ee","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:51a49f93-97ad-4362-ab0a-eae7921c80ee","Energy Management System for the Photovoltaic Battery Integrated Module","Vega Garita, V.E. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Faizal Sofyan, Muhammad (Student TU Delft); Narayan, N.S. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2018","Given the complementary nature of photovoltaic (PV) generation and energy storage, the combination of a solar panel and a battery pack in one single device is proposed. To realize this concept, the PV Battery-Integrated Module (PBIM), it is fundamental to analyze the system architecture and energy management. This paper focuses on selecting a suitable architecture among the different options, while also indicating the control strategy that the converters must follow to ensure appropriate performance. Also, several modes of operation for the complete system are introduced to implement energy management. For the selected DC architecture, two case studies, viz. off-grid and peak-shaving for a grid-tied system, were employed to characterize the response of the model demonstrating its utility to perform maximum power-point tracking, excess solar power curtailment, and battery charging and discharging. The proposed control and system architecture prove to be feasible for a PV battery-integrated device such as PBIM.","PV-battery; integrated module; energy management","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:73aa76cf-d38a-49b0-b363-3a7c5ab9dc9b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:73aa76cf-d38a-49b0-b363-3a7c5ab9dc9b","Sensorless Temperature Measurements for Advanced Battery Management Systems","Raijmakers, L.H.J. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2018","Li-ion batteries have drawn considerable attention in the last decades due to the fact that these devices have a relative high energy density, long cycle life and low self-discharge rate. However, challenges are met in monitoring and controlling the states of a Li-ion battery, such as State of Charge, State of Health and temperature. In this thesis a new method is proposed in order to measure the (internal) battery temperature of Li-ion batteries through the so-called intercept frequency. The intercept frequency can be determined by measuring the battery impedance. After determining the intercept frequency, it can be related to the (internal) temperature. However, it turns out that some measurement issues arise when this new method is applied in, for example, electric vehicles. Impedance measurements in these typical applications are heavily disturbed by electric components and crosstalk, resulting in inaccurate temperature indications. In this thesis these disturbances are comprehensively described and solved in order to accurately measure the battery temperature. Furthermore, the impedance of both battery electrodes has been measured by the application of reference electrodes. The application of reference electrodes makes it possible to measure the intercept frequency of both electrodes and, subsequently, to determine which electrode is responsible for the intercept frequency behaviour of the total battery.","Li-ion battereis; (non-)zero-intercept frequency; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; Battery temperature; Sensorless temperature measurements","en","doctoral thesis","","978-94-6228-861-4","","","","","","","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:24488b1e-1036-46e6-8d90-13c20d94f2c5","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:24488b1e-1036-46e6-8d90-13c20d94f2c5","Decarbonisation of Urban Freight Transport Using Electric Vehicles and Opportunity Charging","Teoh, T.G.H. (TU Delft Transport and Planning); Kunze, Oliver (Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences); Teo, Chee-Chong (Nanyang Technological University); Diew Wong, Yiik (Nanyang Technological University)","","2018","The high costs of using electric vehicles (EVs) is hindering wide-spread adoption of an EV-centric decarbonisation strategy for urban freight transport. Four opportunity charging (OC) strategies—during breaks and shift changes, during loading activity, during unloading activity, or while driving on highways—are evaluated towards reducing EV costs. The study investigates the effect of OC on the lifecycle costs and carbon dioxide emissions of four cases of different urban freight transport operations. Using a parametric vehicle model, the weight and battery capacity of operationally suitable fleets were calculated for ten scenarios (i.e., one diesel vehicle scenario, two EV scenarios without OC, and seven EV scenarios with four OC strategies and two charging technology types). A linearized energy consumption model sensitive to vehicle load was used to calculate the fuel and energy used by fleets for the transport operations. OC was found to significantly reduce lifecycle costs, and without any strong negative influence on carbon dioxide emissions. Other strong influences on lifecycle costs are the use of inductive technology, extension of service lifetime, and reduction of battery price. Other strong influences on carbon dioxide emissions are the use of inductive technology and the emissions factors of electricity production.","urban freight transport; battery electric vehicle; opportunity charging; carbon dioxide emissions; lifecycle costs; parametric vehicle model; evaluation framework; OA-Fund TU Delft","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Transport and Planning","","",""
"uuid:9412ea48-1b22-45f0-88fa-9c8174788ef0","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:9412ea48-1b22-45f0-88fa-9c8174788ef0","Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries","Verhallen, T.W. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); Lv, Shasha (Tsinghua University); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy)","","2018","Neutron Depth Profiling (NDP) allows determination of the spatial distribution of specific isotopes, via neutron capture reactions. In a capture reaction charged particles with fixed kinetic energy are formed, where their energy loss through the material of interest can be used to provide the depth of the original isotope. As lithium-6 has a relatively large probability for such a capture reaction, it can be used by battery scientists to study the lithium concentration in the electrodes even during battery operation. The selective measurement of the 6Li isotope makes it a direct and sensitive technique, whereas the penetrative character of the neutrons allows practical battery pouch cells to be studied. Using NDP lithium diffusion and reaction rates can be studied operando as a function of depth, opening a large range of opportunities including the study of alloying reactions, metal plating, and (de) intercalation in insertion hosts. In the study of high rate cycling of intercalation materials the relatively low Li density challenges counting statistics while the limited change in electrode density due to the Li-ion insertion and extraction allows straightforward determination of the Li density as a function of electrode depth. If an electrode can be (dis)charged reversibly, data can be acquired and accumulated over multiple cycles to increase the time resolution. For Li metal plating and alloying reactions, the large lithium density allows good time resolution, however the large change of the electrode composition and density makes extracting the Li-density as a function of depth more challenging. Here an effective method is presented, using calibration measurements of the individual components, based on which the ratio of the components as a function of depth can be determined as well as the total Li-density. The same principles can be applied to insertion host materials, where the differences in density due to electrolyte infiltration yield the electrode porosity as a function of depth. This is of particular importance for battery electrodes where porosity has a direct influence on the energy density and charge transport.","lithium-ion batteries; operando techniques; neutron depth profiling; electrode porosity; lithium concentration; spatial distribution; high rate material; lithium metal plating; OA-Fund TU Delft","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy","","",""
"uuid:b3e3a462-45b4-4430-8137-0653012e5399","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b3e3a462-45b4-4430-8137-0653012e5399","Synthesis and characterization of argyrodite solid electrolytes for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries","Zhang, Zhixia (Yanshan University); Zhang, Long (Yanshan University); Liu, Yanyan (Yanshan University); Yu, C. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); Yan, Xinlin (Technische Universität Wien); Xu, Bo (Yanshan University); Wang, L. (Yanshan University)","","2018","Li6PS5X (X = Cl, Br, I) argyrodites possess high ionic conductivity but with rather scattered values due to various processing conditions. In this work, Li6PS5X solid electrolytes were prepared by solid-state sintering or mechanical alloying and optimized with or without excess Li2S. Solid-state sintering prefers excess Li2S, whereas mechanical alloying prefers stoichiometric Li2S to synthesize high-purity samples with high ionic conductivity. Solid-state sintering is also more suitable than mechanical milling for high ionic conductivity. Li6PS5Cl with the highest ionic conductivity among Li6PS5X was comprehensively characterized for electrochemical performance and air stability. MoS2/Li6PS5Cl all-solid-state batteries assembled with Li6PS5Cl-coated MoS2 as cathode and with Li6PS5Cl as solid electrolyte demonstrate high capacity and good cycling stability.","All-solid-state batteries; Argyrodites; LiPSCl; Solid electrolytes; Sulfides","en","journal article","","","","","","Accepted Author Manuscript","","2020-03-08","","","RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy","","",""
"uuid:ab4bce37-8c82-49fb-96bf-977f284525ed","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ab4bce37-8c82-49fb-96bf-977f284525ed","Towards High Energy Density Li and Na Ion Batteries: An Anode Material Study","Xu, Y. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)","Mulder, F.M. (promotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2018","Modern life is moving towards a mobile and sustainable energy economy, in which rechargeable batteries play an essential role as a power supply. The current battery of choice is Li ion battery that is dominating the market but faces great challenges for future use mainly due to the demand for higher capacities and target for cost reduction. Next-generation rechargeable batteries such as Li-O2, Li-S and Na ion batteries, which offers higher capacities and cost-effectiveness, are being intensively researched as potential solutions to meet the future energy storage demand.
This thesis focuses on the search of high-performance anode materials for both Li and Na ion batteries, including metallic Li and Na, Si, MgH2, and black P and Sn4P3 based composites. Various methods are involved to synthesize the active materials and electrodes in a cost-effective manner; and comprehensive characterization on the physico-chemical and electrochemical properties has been performed to provide fundamental understanding and insights into the electrochemical processes. This work has achieved long-lifespan and safe Li and Na metal anodes by suppressing the hazardous dendrite growth. The Si, P and MgH2 anodes presented in this work also exhibit high and stable electrochemical performance for Li and Na ion storage. Notably, the Na ion uptake in Si and MgH2 has been, for the first time, realized in experiments. This research shows great promise towards the commercial introduction of these anodes in next-generation high energy density Li and Na ion batteries.","Li ion batteries; Na ion batteries; Si nanoparticles; Black phosphorus; magnesium hydride; Anode materials","en","doctoral thesis","","978-94-6295-914-9","","","","","","2019-05-23","","","ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage","","",""
"uuid:c0aac5f7-68cb-41fa-a5e0-8704a72e1fbc","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:c0aac5f7-68cb-41fa-a5e0-8704a72e1fbc","A coupled model of transport-reaction-mechanics with trapping. Part I – Small strain analysis","Salvadori, A. (Università di Brescia; University of Notre Dame); McMeeking, R. (University of California; University of Aberdeen; Leibniz Institute for New Materials); Grazioli, D. (TU Delft Applied Mechanics; Università di Brescia); Magri, M. (Università di Brescia)","","2018","A fully coupled model for mass and heat transport, mechanics, and chemical reactions with trapping is proposed. It is rooted in non-equilibrium rational thermodynamics and assumes that displacements and strains are small. Balance laws for mass, linear and angular momentum, energy, and entropy are stated. Thermodynamic restrictions are identified, based on an additive strain decomposition and on the definition of the Helmholtz free energy. Constitutive theory and chemical kinetics are studied in order to finally write the governing equations for the multi-physics problem. The field equations are solved numerically with the finite element method, stemming from a three-fields variational formulation. Three case-studies on vacancies redistribution in metals, hydrogen embrittlement, and the charge–discharge of active particles in Li-ion batteries demonstrate the features and the potential of the proposed model.","Li-ion batteries; Thermodynamics; Transport-reaction-mechanics; Trapping","en","journal article","","","","","","","","2020-02-27","","","Applied Mechanics","","",""
"uuid:a2010a89-7782-4074-b393-1102ccfbf8b9","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a2010a89-7782-4074-b393-1102ccfbf8b9","Exploring the potential of the vehicle-to-grid service in a sustainable smart city","Sahu, Aarav Vijay (Student TU Delft); Park Lee, E.H. (TU Delft Energie and Industrie); Lukszo, Z. (TU Delft Energie and Industrie)","","2018","The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) service is slowly gaining momentum in its capacity to engage as a means of distributed generation. An aggregator's role is pivotal in the need to coordinate vehicles for V2G and maintain the security of supply of its customer base. The paper focuses on comparing the performance of the energy system when an aggregator adopts different strategies in selecting the vehicles for participating in V2G under varying scenarios. A deterministic model is formulated to gauge the extent to which a vehicle can contribute to energy valley filling, in a system powered only by renewables. The difference in the selection strategy results in having an impact on the performance of the energy system. The presentation of different scenarios and their perceived benefits can help an aggregator in decision making and formalizing its strategies.","battery electric vehicle; fuel cell electric vehicle; vehicle aggregator; vehicle-to-grid","en","conference paper","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","","","","","","","","","","Energie and Industrie","","",""
"uuid:e9736f99-8003-4a58-ba90-ca8709811876","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e9736f99-8003-4a58-ba90-ca8709811876","Residential grid storage technology battles: a multi-criteria analysis using BWM","van de Kaa, G. (TU Delft Economics of Technology and Innovation); Fens, T.W. (TU Delft Economics of Technology and Innovation); Rezaei, J. (TU Delft Transport and Logistics)","","2018","This article focuses on the battle for dominance between various battery technologies in the residential grid storage market (< 10 KWh) in the context of residential energy systems and the related home energy management systems. We focus on five major battery technologies that are available in the market (lithium-based batteries, lead-based batteries, flow batteries, nickel-based batteries, and sodium-based batteries). Based on a literature review and expert interviews, we study the factors for technology success in the residential grid storage market. By applying the best worst method (BWM), we assign the relative importance to the factors and predict which technology will have the highest chance of achieving success. We compare this to the technology that now has the highest market share and conclude that BWM is a useful method to indicate technology dominance in this market.","Batteries; battery management systems; best worst method; BWM; dominant designs; electric energy storage; grid storage market; platforms; standards","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Economics of Technology and Innovation","","",""
"uuid:4946ffd5-8e62-40b2-b3a2-aefa1ed2b9da","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4946ffd5-8e62-40b2-b3a2-aefa1ed2b9da","EDHA for Energy Production, Storage and Conversion Devices","Kelder, E.M. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); Marijnissen, J.C.M. (University of Nairobi, Nuclear Science and Technology, University Way, Nairobi, Kenia); Karuga, S.W. (University of Nairobi)","","2018","","EHDA; Electrospraying; Li-ion batteries, Solar cells; ESD","en","journal article","","","","","","","","2020-04-30","","","RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy","","",""
"uuid:8a65f26b-4b1f-4808-b679-2f9e97287b49","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8a65f26b-4b1f-4808-b679-2f9e97287b49","A 280 μW Dynamic Zoom ADC With 120 dB DR 118 dB SNDR in 1 kHz BW","Karmakar, S. (TU Delft Electronic Instrumentation); Gonen, B. (TU Delft Electronic Instrumentation); Sebastiano, F. (TU Delft (OLD)Applied Quantum Architectures); van Veldhoven, Robert (NXP Semiconductors); Makinwa, K.A.A. (TU Delft Microelectronics)","","2018","This paper presents a dynamic zoom analog-to-digital converter for use in low-bandwidth (<1 kHz) instrumentation applications. It employs a high-speed asynchronous successive approximation register (SAR) ADC that dynamically updates the references of a fully differential Δ Σ ADC. Compared to previous zoom ADCs, faster reference updates relax the loop filter requirements, thus allowing the adoption of energy-efficient amplifiers. Fabricated in a 0.16-μm CMOS process, the prototype occupies 0.26 mm² and achieves 119.1-dB peak signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 118.1-dB peak signal-to-noise-and-distortion-ratio (SNDR), and 120.3-dB dynamic range (DR) in a 1-kHz bandwidth while consuming 280 μW. This results in a Schreier figure of merit (FoM) of 185.8 dB.","A/D conversion; asynchronous successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter; Bandwidth; battery-powered applications; Clocks; delta-sigma ADC; Distance measurement; dynamic zoom ADC; Energy resolution; inverter-based operational transconductance amplifier (OTA); Linearity; low-power circuits.; Registers; Signal resolution","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2022-03-30","","Microelectronics","Electronic Instrumentation","","",""
"uuid:f8322ca2-fb42-4f37-8e83-4d8b7c53304f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:f8322ca2-fb42-4f37-8e83-4d8b7c53304f","Constructing accurate equivalent electrical circuit models of lithium iron phosphate and lead-acid battery cells for solar home system applications","Yu, Y. (TU Delft Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science); Narayan, N.S. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Vega Garita, V.E. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Popovic, J. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Qin, Z. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Zeman, M. (TU Delft Electrical Sustainable Energy)","","2018","The past few years have seen strong growth of solar-based off-grid energy solutions such as Solar Home Systems (SHS) as a means to ameliorate the grave problem of energy poverty. Battery storage is an essential component of SHS. An accurate battery model can play a vital role in SHS design. Knowing the dynamic behaviour of the battery is important for the battery sizing and estimating the battery behaviour for the chosen application at the system design stage. In this paper, an accurate cell level dynamic battery model based on the electrical equivalent circuit is constructed for two battery technologies: the valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery and the LiFePO4 (LFP) battery. Series of experiments were performed to obtain the relevant model parameters. This model is built for low C-rate applications (lower than 0.5 C-rate) as expected in SHS. The model considers the non-linear relation between the state of charge (SOC) and open circuit voltage (VOC) for both technologies. Additionally, the equivalent electrical circuit model for the VRLA battery was improved by including a 2nd order RC pair. The simulated model differs from the experimentally obtained result by less than 2%. This cell level battery model can be potentially scaled to battery pack level with flexible capacity, making the dynamic battery model a useful tool in SHS design.","Battery testing; Dynamic battery model; Electric equivalent circuit battery model; LiFePO4; Solar home systems; VRLA","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science","Electrical Sustainable Energy","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:cd15a1ea-696d-4a0e-af30-3f7ebcd1544b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:cd15a1ea-696d-4a0e-af30-3f7ebcd1544b","Integrating a photovoltaic storage system in one device: A critical review","Vega Garita, V.E. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Narayan, N.S. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2018","Due to the variable nature of the photovoltaic generation, energy storage is imperative, and the combination of both in one device is appealing for more efficient and easy‐to‐use devices. Among the myriads of proposed approaches, there are multiple challenges to overcome to make these solutions realistic alternatives to current systems. This paper classifies and identifies previous efforts to achieve integrated photovoltaic storage devices. Moreover, the gaps and future perspectives are analysed to give an overview of the field, paying attention to low‐power devices (<10 W) as well as high‐power devices (>10 W). We focus on devices that combine solar cells with supercapacitors or batteries, providing information about the structure, materials used, and performance. On the one hand, small power devices must concentrate on including power electronics to increase the efficiency of the system as well as ensuring a safe operation; likewise, more attention should be drawn to validate the feasibility of novel concepts by carrying out more realistic and standardised tests, including long‐term testing. On the other hand, high‐power devices must be researched thoroughly to evaluate the impact of high temperatures on energy storage and solar module ageing; furthermore, optimum system sizing is a relevant topic that deserves attention and its relation to modular solutions. This critical literature review serves as a guide to understand the characteristics of the approaches followed to integrate photovoltaic devices and storage in one device, shedding light on the improvements required to develop more robust products for a sustainable future.","battery; one device; PV-storage integration; solar-battery integration; solar energy; supercapacitor","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:22e25714-cc64-491d-a184-c6207b997fcb","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:22e25714-cc64-491d-a184-c6207b997fcb","Cost-optimal electricity systems with increasing renewable energy penetration for islands across the globe","Gioutsos, Dean Marcus (Student TU Delft); Blok, K. (TU Delft Energie and Industrie); van Velzen, Leonore (Student TU Delft); Moorman, Sjoerd (Student TU Delft)","","2018","Cost-optimal electricity system configurations with increasing renewable energy penetration were determined in this article for six islands of different geographies, sizes and contexts, utilizing photovoltaic energy, wind energy, pumped hydro storage and battery storage. The results of the optimizations showed strong reasoning for islands to invest in renewable energy technologies (particularly wind energy), as compared to conventional power generation. Levelized cost of systems for electricity generation decrease considerably with increasing renewable energy penetrations, to an optimal point in the range of 40–80% penetration. Furthermore, renewable electricity integration in the order of 60–90% could still be achieved with no added cost from the initial situation. Cost increases after these optimal points are attributed to the growing inclusion of storage, required to meet the higher renewable energy shares. However, with battery costs forecast to fall in the coming years, and a cost reduction of 50–70% already causing lithium-ion batteries to overtake pumped hydro as a cost-favorable storage option in this model, there is a real case for islands to begin their transition in a staged process; first installing wind and PV generation, and then - as storage costs decrease and their renewable energy capacities increase - investing in storage options.","Cost optimization; Hybrid power plants; Island energy systems; Lithium-ion battery storage; Pumped-hydro storage; Renewable electricity systems","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Energie and Industrie","","",""
"uuid:a18674ca-abc2-4114-985b-26fa324249bb","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a18674ca-abc2-4114-985b-26fa324249bb","Interface-Engineered Li7La3Zr2O12-Based Garnet Solid Electrolytes with Suppressed Li-Dendrite Formation and Enhanced Electrochemical Performance","Zhang, Zhaoshuai (Yanshan University); Zhang, Long (Yanshan University); Liu, Yanyan (Yanshan University); Wang, Hongqiang (Hebei University); Yu, C. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Zeng, Hong (China Iron & Steel Research Institute Group); Wang, L. (Yanshan University); Xu, B. (Yanshan University)","","2018","High grain-boundary resistance, Li-dendrite formation, and electrode/Li interfacial resistance are three major issues facing garnet-based solid electrolytes. Herein, interfacial architecture engineering by incorporating 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (BMP-TFSI) ionic liquid into a garnet oxide is proposed. The “soft” continuous BMP-TFSI coating with no added Li salt generates a conducting network facilitating Li+ transport and thus changes the ion conduction mode from point contacts to face contacts. The compacted microstructure suppresses Li-dendrite growth and shows good interfacial compatibility and interfacial wettability toward Li metal. Along with a broad electrochemical window larger than 5.5 V and an Li+ transference number that practically reaches unity, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2/Li and LiFePO4/Li solid-state batteries with the hybrid solid electrolyte exhibit superior cycling stability and low polarization, comparable to those with commercial liquid electrolytes, and excellent rate capability that is better than those of Li-salt-based ionic-liquid electrolytes.","batteries; garnet; interfaces; ionic liquids; solid electrolytes","en","journal article","","","","","","Accepted Author Manuscript","","2019-09-07","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:4aeb9971-b567-4ba8-a9da-3776e0f69433","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4aeb9971-b567-4ba8-a9da-3776e0f69433","Facile Synthesis toward the Optimal Structure-Conductivity Characteristics of the Argyrodite Li6PS5Cl Solid-State Electrolyte","Yu, C. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); Ganapathy, S. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Hageman, J.G. (TU Delft Applied Sciences); van Eijck, L. (TU Delft RST/Neutron and Positron Methods in Materials); Van Eck, Ernst R.H. (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen); Zhang, Long (Yanshan University); Schwietert, T.K. (TU Delft Applied Sciences); Basak, S. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Kelder, E.M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy)","","2018","The high Li-ion conductivity of the argyrodite Li6PS5Cl makes it a promising solid electrolyte candidate for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. For future application, it is essential to identify facile synthesis procedures and to relate the synthesis conditions to the solid electrolyte material performance. Here, a simple optimized synthesis route is investigated that avoids intensive ball milling by direct annealing of the mixed precursors at 550 °C for 10 h, resulting in argyrodite Li6PS5Cl with a high Li-ion conductivity of up to 4.96 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 26.2 °C. Both the temperature-dependent alternating current impedance conductivities and solid-state NMR spin-lattice relaxation rates demonstrate that the Li6PS5Cl prepared under these conditions results in a higher conductivity and Li-ion mobility compared to materials prepared by the traditional mechanical milling route. The origin of the improved conductivity appears to be a combination of the optimal local Cl structure and its homogeneous distribution in the material. All-solid-state cells consisting of an 80Li2S-20LiI cathode, the optimized Li6PS5Cl electrolyte, and an In anode showed a relatively good electrochemical performance with an initial discharge capacity of 662.6 mAh g-1 when a current density of 0.13 mA cm-2 was used, corresponding to a C-rate of approximately C/20. On direct comparison with a solid-state battery using a solid electrolyte prepared by the mechanical milling route, the battery made with the new material exhibits a higher initial discharge capacity and Coulombic efficiency at a higher current density with better cycling stability. Nevertheless, the cycling stability is limited by the electrolyte stability, which is a major concern for these types of solid-state batteries.","argyrodite; conductivity; solid-state batteries; structure; sulfide solid electrolyte","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","Applied Sciences","","RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy","","",""
"uuid:20bd1de1-f419-47aa-a093-e7356ce6c20d","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:20bd1de1-f419-47aa-a093-e7356ce6c20d","Synthesis of severe lattice distorted MoS2 coupled with hetero-bonds as anode for superior lithium-ion batteries","Liu, Yanyan (Yanshan University); Zhang, Long (Yanshan University); Wang, Hongqiang (Hebei University); Yu, C. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); Yan, Xinlin (Technische Universität Wien); Liu, Qiunan (Yanshan University); Xu, Bo (Yanshan University); Wang, Li min (Yanshan University)","","2018","Exploration of advanced anode materials is a highly relevant research topic for next generation lithium-ion batteries. Here, we report severe lattice distorted MoS2 nanosheets with a flower-like morphology prepared with PEG400 as additive, which acts not only as surfactant but importantly, also as reactant. Notably, in the absence of a carbon-related incorporation/decoration, it demonstrates superior electrochemical performance with a high reversible capacity, a good cycling stability, and an excellent rate capability, originated from the advantages of synthesized MoS2 including enlarged interlayer spacing, 1T-like metallic behavior, and coupling of Mo–O–C (and Mo–O) hetero-bonds. PEG-assisted synthesis is believed applicable to other anode materials with a layered structure for lithium-ion batteries.","Lattice distortion; Lithium-ion batteries; MoS; Oxygen-containing groups; Polyethylene glycol","en","journal article","","","","","","","","2020-02-05","","","RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy","","",""
"uuid:cc13ec54-57df-44aa-841c-33f83034c40b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:cc13ec54-57df-44aa-841c-33f83034c40b","Hierarchical energy management of microgrids including storage and demand response","Fan, Songli (Shanghai Jiao Tong University); Ai, Qian (Shanghai Jiao Tong University); Piao, L. (TU Delft Algorithmics)","","2018","Battery energy storage (BES) and demand response (DR) are considered to be promising technologies to cope with the uncertainty of renewable energy sources (RES) and the load in the microgrid (MG). Considering the distinct prediction accuracies of the RES and load at different timescales, it is essential to incorporate the multi-timescale characteristics of BES and DR in MG energy management. Under this background, a hierarchical energy management framework is put forward for an MG including multi-timescale BES and DR to optimize operation with the uncertainty of RES as well as load. This framework comprises three stages of scheduling: day-ahead scheduling (DAS), hour-ahead scheduling (HAS), and real-time scheduling (RTS). In DAS, a scenario-based stochastic optimization model is established to minimize the expected operating cost of MG, while ensuring its safe operation. The HAS is utilized to bridge DAS and RTS. In RTS, a control strategy is proposed to eliminate the imbalanced power owing to the fluctuations of RES and load. Then, a decomposition-based algorithm is adopted to settle the models in DAS and HAS. Simulation results on a seven-bus MG validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.","Battery energy storage; Demand response; Hierarchical energy management; Microgrid; Multi-timescale characteristics; Uncertainty","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Algorithmics","","",""
"uuid:e1ff3160-1158-4bad-8e5d-23b740237c7f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e1ff3160-1158-4bad-8e5d-23b740237c7f","Estimating battery lifetimes in Solar Home System design using a practical modelling methodology","Narayan, N.S. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Papakosta, Thekla (Student TU Delft); Vega Garita, V.E. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Qin, Z. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Popovic, J. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Zeman, M. (TU Delft Electrical Sustainable Energy)","","2018","The rapid increase in the adoption of Solar Home Systems (SHS) in recent times hopes to ameliorate the global problem of energy poverty. The battery is a vital but usually the most expensive part of an SHS; owing to the least lifetime among other SHS components, it is also the first to fail. Estimating battery lifetime is a critical task for SHS design. However, it is also a complex task due to the reliance on experimental data or modelling cell level electrochemical phenomena for specific battery technologies and application use-case. Another challenge is that the existing electrochemical models are not application-specific to Solar Home Systems. This paper presents a practical, non-empirical battery lifetime estimation methodology specific to the application and the available candidate battery choices. An application-specific SHS simulation is carried out, and the battery activity is analyzed. A practical dynamic battery lifetime estimation method is introduced, which captures the fading capacity of the battery dynamically through every micro-cycle. This method was compared with an overall non-empirical battery lifetime estimation method, and the dynamic lifetime estimation method was found to be more conservative but practical. Cyclic ageing of the battery was thus quantified and the relative lifetimes of 4 battery technologies are compared, viz. Lead-acid gel, Flooded lead-acid, Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd), and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) battery. For the same SHS use-case, State-of-Health (SOH) estimations from an empirical model for LiFePO4 is compared with those obtained from the described methodology, and the results are found to be within 2.8%. The relevance of this work in an SHS application is demonstrated through a delicate balance between battery sizing and lifetime. Based on the intended application and battery manufacturer's data, the practical methodology described in this paper can potentially help SHS designers in estimating battery lifetimes and therefore making optimal SHS design choices.","Battery lifetime model; Battery sizing; Cyclic ageing; Dynamic battery lifetime estimation; Solar Home Systems","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","Electrical Sustainable Energy","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:bba9de9d-9ccc-4e0e-9f19-569bb9413ab3","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:bba9de9d-9ccc-4e0e-9f19-569bb9413ab3","TiF3 catalyzed MgH2 as a Li/Na ion battery anode","Xu, Y. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage); Mulder, F.M. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)","","2018","MgH2 has been considered as a potential anode material for Li ion batteries due to its low cost and high theoretical capacity. However, it suffers from low electronic conductivity and slow kinetics for hydrogen sorption at room temperature that results in poor reversibility, cycling stability and rate capability for Li ion storage. This work presents a MgH2–TiF3@CNT based Li ion battery anode manufactured via a conventional slurry based method. Working with a liquid electrolyte at room temperature, it achieves a high capacity retention of 543 mAh g−1 in 70 cycles at 0.2 C and an improved rate capability, thanks to the improved hydrogen sorption kinetics with the presence of catalytic TiF3. Meanwhile, the first realization of Na ion uptake in MgH2 has been evidenced in experiments.","Li ion battery; MgH; Na ion battery; TiF","en","journal article","","","","","","Accepted Author Manuscript","","2020-10-04","","","ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage","","",""
"uuid:dd7c1239-549b-4edb-8e4a-1515b52dfa72","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:dd7c1239-549b-4edb-8e4a-1515b52dfa72","The electrochemical sodiation of sb investigated by Operando X-ray absorption and 121 sb mössbauer spectroscopy: What does one really learn?","Darwiche, Ali (Université de Montpellier); Fehse, M. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy; Dutch-Belgian (DUBBLE); Universite de Picardie Jules Verne); Mahmoud, Abdelfattah (Université de Liège); La Fontaine, Camille (DiffAbs Beamline Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin); Fraisse, Bernard (Université de Montpellier); Hermann, Raphael P. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory); Doublet, Marie Liesse (Universite de Picardie Jules Verne; Université de Montpellier; CNRS FR3459); Monconduit, Laure (Universite de Picardie Jules Verne; Université de Montpellier; CNRS FR3459); Sougrati, Moulay T. (Universite de Picardie Jules Verne; Université de Montpellier; CNRS FR3459)","","2018","In this study, we want to highlight the assets and restrictions of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and Mössbauer spectroscopy for investigating the mechanism of the electrochemical reaction of antimony electrode materials vs. Na. For this, operando XAS was carried out during the first one and a half cycles, and the whole set of measured data was analysed using a statistical-chemometric approach, while low temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements were carried out ex situ on selected samples stopped at different points of the electrochemical reaction. Complementary ab initio calculations were performed to support the experimental findings. Both techniques show that, upon the first sodiation, most Sb reacts with Na to form disordered Na 3 Sb. This step is accompanied by the formation of amorphous Sb as an intermediate. Upon inversion of the current Na 3 Sb is desodiated and an amorphous Sb phase, distinct from the pristine bulk Sb state, is gradually formed. However, both XAS and Mössbauer spectroscopy were unable to spot the formation of intermediate Na x Sb phases, which were evinced in previous works by operando Pair Distribution Function analyses. The results shown here clearly assign such failure to the intrinsic inability of both techniques to identify these intermediates.","Alloy reaction; Chemometrics; DFT calculations; MCR-ALS; Mössbauer spectroscopy; Na-ion batteries; Sb; X-ray absorption spectroscopy","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:573f2a72-1ef1-4831-a3b5-979d71e55abe","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:573f2a72-1ef1-4831-a3b5-979d71e55abe","Accessing the bottleneck in all-solid state batteries, lithium-ion transport over the solid-electrolyte-electrode interface","Yu, C. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); Ganapathy, S. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); van Eck, Ernst R H (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen); Wang, H.. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); Basak, S. (TU Delft QN/Zandbergen Lab; Kavli institute of nanoscience Delft); Li, Z. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy)","","2017","Solid-state batteries potentially offer increased lithium-ion battery energy density and safety as required for large-scale production of electrical vehicles. One of the key challenges toward high-performance solid-state batteries is the large impedance posed by the electrode-electrolyte interface. However, direct assessment of the lithium-ion transport across realistic electrode-electrolyte interfaces is tedious. Here we report two-dimensional lithium-ion exchange NMR accessing the spontaneous lithium-ion transport, providing insight on the influence of electrode preparation and battery cycling on the lithium-ion transport over the interface between an argyrodite solid-electrolyte and a sulfide electrode. Interfacial conductivity is shown to depend strongly on the preparation method and demonstrated to drop dramatically after a few electrochemical (dis)charge cycles due to both losses in interfacial contact and increased diffusional barriers. The reported exchange NMR facilitates non-invasive and selective measurement of lithium-ion interfacial transport, providing insight that can guide the electrolyte-electrode interface design for future all-solid-state batteries.","batteries; Solid-state NMR","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy","","",""
"uuid:57e7bbeb-a3ad-4879-95c1-f5b99958e7be","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:57e7bbeb-a3ad-4879-95c1-f5b99958e7be","High-Performance and Low-Cost Sodium-Ion Anode Based on a Facile Black Phosphorus-Carbon Nanocomposite","Peng, B. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage; Renmin University of China); Xu, Y. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage); Liu, Kai (Renmin University of China); Wang, Xiaoqun (Renmin University of China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University); Mulder, F.M. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)","","2017","Black phosphorus (BP) has received increasing research attention as an anode material in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), owing to its high capacity, electronic conductivity, and chemical stability. However, it is still challenging for BP-based SIB anodes to achieve a high electrochemical performance utilizing cost-effective materials and synthetic methods. This work presents a sodium-ion anode based on a BP-carbon nanocomposite synthesized from commercial red phosphorus and low-cost super P carbon black. Intimate interactions between BP and carbon are present, which helps to maintain the electrical conduction during cycling and, therefore, a high cycling stability is achieved. It exhibits a high capacity retention of 1381mAhg-1 for sodium-ion storage after 100 cycles, maintaining 90.5% of the initial reversible capacity. Such high performance/materials cost ratio may provide direction for future phosphorus-based anodes in high energy density SIBs.","Anode materials; Black phosphorus; Nanocomposites; Sodium-ion batteries","en","journal article","","","","","","","","2017-12-01","","","ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage","","",""
"uuid:1656bbd3-d7d1-4942-919c-e8edc91fa1d5","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:1656bbd3-d7d1-4942-919c-e8edc91fa1d5","The electrochemical performance of super P carbon black in reversible Li/Na ion uptake","Peng, B. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage; Renmin University of China); Xu, Y. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage); Wang, Xiaoqun (Renmin University of China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University); Shi, Xinghua (National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)); Mulder, F.M. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)","","2017","Super P carbon black (SPCB) has been widely used as a conducting additive in Li/Na ion batteries to improve the electronic conductivity. However, there has not yet been a comprehensive study on its structure and electrochemical properties for Li/Na ion uptake, though it is important to characterize its contribution in any study of active materials that uses this additive in non-negligible amounts. In this article the structure of SPCB has been characterized and a comprehensive study on the electrochemical Li/Na ion uptake capability and reaction mechanisms are reported. SPCB exhibits a considerable lithiation capacity (up to 310 mAh g–1) from the Li ion intercalation in the graphite structure. Sodiation in SPCB undergoes two stages: Na ion intercalation into the layers between the graphene sheets and the Na plating in the pores between the nano-graphitic domains, and a sodiation capacity up to 145 mAh g–1 has been achieved. Moreover, the influence of the type and content of binders on the lithiation and sodiation properties has been investigated. The cycling stability is much enhanced with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) binder in the electrode and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) in the electrolyte; and a higher content of binder improves the Coulombic efficiency during dis-/charge.","Li ion batteries; Na ion batteries; super P carbon black","en","journal article","","","","","","","","2018-04-14","","","ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage","","",""
"uuid:cf0113e3-b540-45d1-9968-f358a0224e1c","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:cf0113e3-b540-45d1-9968-f358a0224e1c","High-Density Microporous Li4Ti5O12 Microbars with Superior Rate Performance for Lithium-Ion Batteries","Tang, Linkai (Tsinghua University); He, Yan Bing (Tsinghua University); Wang, Chao (Tsinghua University); Wang, Shuan (Tsinghua University); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); Li, Baohua (Tsinghua University); Yang, Quan Hong (Tsinghua University); Kang, Feiyu (Tsinghua University)","","2017","Nanosized Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) materials enabling high rate performance suffer from a large specific surface area and low tap density lowering the cycle life and practical energy density. Microsized LTO materials have high density which generally compromises their rate capability. Aiming at combining the favorable nano and micro size properties, a facile method to synthesize LTO microbars with micropores created by ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) as a template is presented. The compact LTO microbars are in situ grown by spinel LTO nanocrystals. The as-prepared LTO microbars have a very small specific surface area (6.11 m2 g−1) combined with a high ionic conductivity (5.53 × 10−12 cm−2 s−1) and large tap densities (1.20 g cm−3), responsible for their exceptionally stable long-term cyclic performance and superior rate properties. The specific capacity reaches 141.0 and 129.3 mAh g−1 at the current rate of 10 and 30 C, respectively. The capacity retention is as high as 94.0% and 83.3% after 500 and 1000 cycles at 10 C. This work demonstrates that, in situ creating micropores in microsized LTO using NH4HCO3 not only facilitates a high LTO tap density, to enhance the volumetric energy density, but also provides abundant Li-ion transportation channels enabling high rate performance.","high tap densities; Li-ion batteries; lithium titanate; microporous microbars; NHHCO templates","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy","","",""
"uuid:66553334-94e2-4b82-8a94-8286cc72cf09","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:66553334-94e2-4b82-8a94-8286cc72cf09","Making Better Batteries: Following Electrochemistry at the Nano Scale with Electron Microscopy","Basak, S. (TU Delft QN/Zandbergen Lab)","Zandbergen, H.W. (promotor); Delft University of Technology (degree granting institution)","2017","With the focus in automobile industry to switch from petroleum-based vehicles to all electric vehicles, the increasing demand on harvesting energy from renewable sources for a safer and greener future and the ever-increasing demand of the portable electronics systems, the need for better batteries is eminent. The ultimate aim of battery research is to develop a low cost, light and small battery that can deliver high-capacity and/or high power. Lithium and sodium batteries are the frontrunners in achieving this ultimate battery. A macro battery is composed of thousands of millions of nanoparticles. Thus, to prepare a better battery we must determine the respective effects of electrode nanoparticle size, shape, structure, grain–grain boundary, defects and doping on the battery performance. To do so electrode nanoparticles need to be probed at the nano-scale to find out the correlation between their morphology, structure and chemical properties and their evolution due to the battery charging-discharging with battery performance. In this thesis we have utilized the unique capability of electron microscope to resolve the microstructural and chemical information at the (sub)nanometer scale to probe the electrode nanoparticles for making better batteries.","Li-ion battery; Li-O2 battery; electrochemistry; transmission electron microscopy; In-situ; MEMS","en","doctoral thesis","","978-90-8593-293-2","","","","Casimir PhD series, Delft-Leiden 2017-09","","2019-10-02","","","QN/Zandbergen Lab","","",""
"uuid:a1aca01f-3401-493d-a842-3da369e9a615","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a1aca01f-3401-493d-a842-3da369e9a615","Improving the performance of si-based li-ion battery anodes by utilizing phosphorene encapsulation","Peng, B. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage; Renmin University of China); Xu, Y. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage); Mulder, F.M. (TU Delft ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)","","2017","Si-based anode materials in Li-ion batteries (LIBs) suffer from severe volume expansion/contraction during repetitive discharge/charge, which results in the pulverization of active materials, continuous growth of solid electrolyte interface (SE!) layers, loss of electrical conduction, and, eventually, battery failure. Herein, we present unprecedented low-content phosphorene (single-layer black phosphorus) encapsulation of silicon particles as an effective method for improving the electrochemical performance of Si-based LIB anodes. The incorporation of low phosphorene amounts (1%, mass fraction) into Si anodes effectively suppresses the detrimental effects of volume expansion and SE! growth, preserving the structural integrity of the electrode during cycling and achieving enhanced Coulombic efficiency, capacity retention, and cycling stability for Li-ion storage. Thus, the developed method can also be applied to other battery materials with high energy density exhibiting substantial volume changes.","Anode materials; Li ion battery; Phosphorene; Silicon","en","journal article","","","","","","","","2018-05-24","","","ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage","","",""
"uuid:bf860dae-fa47-4b6d-9b43-d2f1da02e4d1","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:bf860dae-fa47-4b6d-9b43-d2f1da02e4d1","Physical Integration of a Photovoltaic-Battery System: A Thermal Analysis","Vega Garita, V.E. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2017","Solar-battery systems are still expensive, bulky, and space consuming. To tackle these issues, we propose a novel device that combines all the components of a solar-battery system in one device. This device might help reduce installation cost compared to the current solar-battery systems as well as provide a plug-and-play solution. However, this physical integration means higher temperatures for the components. Therefore, this paper presents a thermal analysis of the physical integration concept to evaluate its feasibility, focusing on the batteries, the most delicate components. The thermal analysis was conducted using a Finite Element Method model and validated with experimental results on a prototype. According to the model, the temperature of the components (battery and converters) reduced drastically by adding an air gap of 5–7 cm between the solar panel and the components. Even under severe conditions, maximum battery temperature never surpassed the highest temperature of operation defined by the manufacturer. Moreover, the maximum battery temperature decreases even further by applying a phase change material as a passive cooling method, reducing it by 5 °C. As a result, the battery pack operates in a safe range when combined with a 265 Wp solar panel, demonstrating the potential of this concept for future solar-battery applications.","Solar-battery integration, thermal analisys, thermal management, phase change materials.; Thermal analysis; Thermal management; Phase change materials; Finite element method","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:9380738d-afcf-413e-87ef-3ea9c20b0ce1","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:9380738d-afcf-413e-87ef-3ea9c20b0ce1","The Fine Line between a Two-Phase and Solid-Solution Phase Transformation and Highly Mobile Phase Interfaces in Spinel Li4+ xTi5O12","Ganapathy, S. (TU Delft RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy); Vasileiadis, A. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); Heringa, J.R. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy)","","2017","Phase transitions play a crucial role in Li-ion battery electrodes being decisive for both the power density and cycle life. The kinetic properties of phase transitions are relatively unexplored and the nature of the phase transition in defective spinel Li4+ xTi5O12 introduces a controversy as the very constant (dis)charge potential, associated with a first-order phase transition, appears to contradict the exceptionally high rate performance associated with a solid-solution reaction. With the present density functional theory study, a microscopic mechanism is put forward that provides deeper insight in this intriguing and technologically relevant material. The local substitution of Ti with Li in the spinel Li4+ xTi5O12 lattice stabilizes the phase boundaries that are introduced upon Li-ion insertion. This facilitates a subnanometer phase coexistence in equilibrium, which although very similar to a solid solution should be considered a true first-order phase transition. The resulting interfaces are predicted to be very mobile due to the high mobility of the Li ions located at the interfaces. This highly mobile, almost liquid-like, subnanometer phase morphology is able to respond very fast to nonequilibrium conditions during battery operation, explaining the excellent rate performance in combination with a first-order phase transition.","Interface kinetics; Li-ion batteries; Phase separation; Solid solution; Spinel LiTiO","en","journal article","","","","","","Accepted Author Manuscript","","2018-05-10","","","RST/Storage of Electrochemical Energy","","",""
"uuid:71615cd8-8954-431f-8b3c-b145029efcd1","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:71615cd8-8954-431f-8b3c-b145029efcd1","A Facile Surface Reconstruction Mechanism toward Better Electrochemical Performance of Li4Ti5O12 in Lithium-Ion Battery","Qian, Kun (Tsinghua University); Tang, Linkai (Tsinghua University); Wagemaker, M. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); He, Yan Bing (Tsinghua University); Liu, Dongqing (Tsinghua University); Li, Hai (Tsinghua University); Shi, Ruiying (Tsinghua University); Li, Baohua (Tsinghua University); Kang, Feiyu (Tsinghua University)","","2017","Through a facile sodium sulfide (Na2S)-assisted hydrothermal treatment, clean and nondefective surfaces are constructed on micrometer-sized Li4Ti5O12 particles. The remarkable improvement of surface quality shows a higher first cycle Coulombic efficiency (≈95%), a significantly enhanced cycling performance, and a better rate capability in electrochemical measurements. A combined study of Raman spectroscopy and inductive coupled plasma emission spectroscopy reveals that the evolution of Li4Ti5O12 surface in a water-based hydrothermal environment is a hydrolysis–recrystallization process, which can introduce a new phase of anatase-TiO2. While, with a small amount of Na2S (0.004 mol L−1 at least), the spinel-Li4Ti5O12 phase is maintained without a second phase. During this process, the alkaline environment created by Na2S and the surface adsorption of the sulfur-containing group (HS− or S2−) can suppress the recrystallization of anatase-TiO2 and renew the particle surfaces. This finding gives a better understanding of the surface–property relationship on Li4Ti5O12 and guidance on preparation and modification of electrode material other than coating or doping.","hydrothermal method; LiTiO; lithium-ion batteries; NaS; surface modifications","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy","","",""
"uuid:b4cce9d1-1cdb-49bb-950b-6627e2a18680","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b4cce9d1-1cdb-49bb-950b-6627e2a18680","Relating the 3D electrode morphology to Li-ion battery performance; a case for LiFePO4","Liu, Zhao (Northwestern University); Verhallen, T.W. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); Singh, D.P. (TU Delft RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy); Wang, Hongqian (Northwestern University); Wagemaker, M. (Northwestern University); Barnett, Scott (Northwestern University)","","2016","One of the main goals in lithium ion battery electrode design is to increase the power density. This requires insight in the relation between the complex heterogeneous microstructure existing of active material, conductive additive and electrolyte providing the required electronic and Li-ion transport. FIB-SEM is used to determine the three phase 3D morphology, and Li-ion concentration profiles obtained with Neutron Depth Profiling (NDP) are compared for two cases, conventional LiFePO4 electrodes and better performing carbonate templated LiFePO4 electrodes. This provides detailed understanding of the impact of key parameters such as the tortuosity for electron and Li-ion transport though the electrodes. The created hierarchical pore network of the templated electrodes, containing micron sized pores, appears to be effective only at high rate charge where electrolyte depletion is hindering fast discharge. Surprisingly the carbonate templating method results in a better electronic conductive CB network, enhancing the activity of LiFePO4 near the electrolyte-electrode interface as directly observed with NDP, which in a large part is responsible for the improved rate performance both during charge and discharge. The results demonstrate that standard electrodes have a far from optimal charge transport network and that significantly improved electrode performance should be possible by engineering the microstructure.","3D imaging; Charge transport; Electrode morphology; FIB-SEM; Li-ion batteries; LiFePO; Neutron depth profiling","en","journal article","","","","","","Accepted Author Manuscript","","2018-05-30","","","RST/Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy","","",""
"uuid:e670bd1e-bee2-4d3e-8a97-72d192343edc","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e670bd1e-bee2-4d3e-8a97-72d192343edc","Computational modeling of Li-ion batteries","Grazioli, D. (TU Delft Applied Mechanics; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile; Università di Brescia); Magri, M. (Università di Brescia); Salvadori, A. (University of Notre Dame)","","2016","This review focuses on energy storage materials modeling, with particular emphasis on Li-ion batteries. Theoretical and computational analyses not only provide a better understanding of the intimate behavior of actual batteries under operational and extreme conditions, but they may tailor new materials and shape new architectures in a complementary way to experimental approaches. Modeling can therefore play a very valuable role in the design and lifetime prediction of energy storage materials and devices. Batteries are inherently multi-scale, in space and time. The macro-structural characteristic lengths (the thickness of a single cell, for instance) are order of magnitudes larger than the particles that form the microstructure of the porous electrodes, which in turn are scale-separated from interface layers at which atomistic intercalations occur. Multi-physics modeling concepts, methodologies, and simulations at different scales, as well as scale transition strategies proposed in the recent literature are here revised. Finally, computational challenges toward the next generation of Li-ion batteries are discussed.","Computational modeling; Energy storage materials; Li-ion batteries","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Applied Mechanics","","",""
"uuid:986461ea-efa5-423e-890d-7b2e528f3f4e","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:986461ea-efa5-423e-890d-7b2e528f3f4e","System design for a solar powered electric vehicle charging station for workplaces","Chandra Mouli, G.R. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Zeman, M. (TU Delft Electrical Sustainable Energy)","","2016","This paper investigates the possibility of charging battery electric vehicles at workplace in Netherlands using solar energy. Data from the Dutch Meteorological Institute is used to determine the optimal orientation of PV panels for maximum energy yield in the Netherlands. The seasonal and diurnal variation in solar insolation is analyzed to determine the energy availability for EV charging and the necessity for grid connection. Due to relatively low solar insolation in Netherlands, it has been determined that the power
rating of the PV array can be oversized by 30% with respect to power rating of the converter. Various dynamic EV charging profiles are compared with an aim to minimize the grid dependency and to maximize the usage of solar power to directly charge the EV. Two scenarios are considered – one where the EVs have to be charged only on weekdays and the second case where EV have to be charged all 7 days/week. A priority mechanism is proposed to facilitate the charging of multiple EV from a single EV–PV charger. The feasibility of integrating a local storage to the EV–PV charger to make it grid independent is evaluated. The optimal storage size that reduces the grid dependency by 25% is evaluated.","Batteries; Electric vehicles; Energy storage; Photovoltaic systems; Solar energy","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","Electrical Sustainable Energy","DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage","","",""
"uuid:6f15adbe-c656-4b1e-af21-1e685e70531b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6f15adbe-c656-4b1e-af21-1e685e70531b","Review of residential PV-storage architectures","Vega Garita, V.E. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Ramirez Elizondo, L.M. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Chandra Mouli, G.R. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage); Bauer, P. (TU Delft DC systems, Energy conversion & Storage)","","2016","This paper focuses on the most common PV-storage architectures that are designed for residential applications and that incorporate storage devices like batteries, hydrogen systems, supercapacitors, and flywheels. The main motivations and a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the architectures are presented. Moreover, some common approaches to performing intelligent power management are introduced.
of 40 ms, while drawing only 3.5 μA current from a 1.8 V supply. This corresponds to a state-of-the-art figure-of-merit (FoM) of 182.7 dB. The 0.35 mm² chip was fabricated in a standard 0.16 μm CMOS process.","A/D conversion; and dynamic error correction techniques; battery-powered sensors; delta-sigma ADC; incremental ADC; inverter-based integrator; low power circuits; SAR ADC; zoom ADC","en","journal article","","","","","","Accepted Author Manuscript","","","","","Electronic Instrumentation","","",""
"uuid:a1c9b391-3ac3-4165-a95b-537c9803d380","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a1c9b391-3ac3-4165-a95b-537c9803d380","A comparison of design features of 80 pv-powered products","Apostolou, G.; Reinders, A.H.M.E.","","2012","In this paper 80 commercially available PV products have been analysed. The data set comprises 46 low power PV products in the range of 0 to 17 Wp and 34 PV products with a power of 17 Wp up to 27 kWp. The goal of our study is to investigate and evaluate features of PV products that are available on the market now and to present features that are important for manufacturers, industrial designers and users. Finally this survey is meant to identify topics relevant for research on products with integrated PV systems. In our study we analysed (1) the energy technologies applied in this set of products, (2) financial aspects and (3) several human factors. The data have been collected with a questionnaire by about 100 master students. Various features of these PV products were analysed and compared such as PV technology of the products, battery type and capacity, operational voltage, costs and number of simultaneous users. Because of the limited number of PV products analysed we cannot have a spherical picture of PV products’ design features. However through this study, valuable information about several features of products has been collected.","batteries, design, photovoltaic, PV market, PV system","en","conference paper","WIP","","","","","","","","Industrial Design Engineering","Design Engineering","","","",""
"uuid:04e2693b-5c1e-4fbc-b80a-27e6a9524ff6","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:04e2693b-5c1e-4fbc-b80a-27e6a9524ff6","Diffusion of solar energy use in the urban built environment supported by new design","Van Geenhuizen, M.S.; Schoonman, J.; Reinders, A.H.M.E.","","2012","Places of large potentials of sustainable energy production and places of energy consumption are often very different and separated by large distances across the globe. This paper first discusses potentials of solar technology in terms of global availability using PV technology and actual energy production. Solar energy is widely under-used and one way to reduce this is to improve production in low-energy places with high demand: large cities. According to this option, about 40% of the electricity consumption in the built environment could be produced by solar PV systems. To reach this goal we need appropriate solar PV energy conversion devices and energy storage systems. This paper discusses conditions in the built environment and functional and design qualities enabling an increased diffusion of the technologies. In a comparative analysis of PV technologies, the criteria taken into account encompass efficiency of the type of solar cell and commercial availability. Special attention is paid to the design features of different PV systems, like flexibility, colour and transparency that might help in their utilization as integrated in building material and ornaments in modern architecture. The same procedure is followed for electricity storage devices. The preliminary conclusion is that at present the freedom of design is largest for a combination of crystalline silicon PV cells and Li-ion batteries.","solar PV energy systems, battery storage systems, design qualities for the built environment","en","conference paper","Regional Science Association","","","","","","","","Industrial Design Engineering","Design Engineering","","","",""
"uuid:1f022094-6c7d-49c5-8d67-ae864d5f5f5f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:1f022094-6c7d-49c5-8d67-ae864d5f5f5f","Diffusion of solar energy use in the urban built environment supported by new design","Van Geenhuizen, M.S.; Schoonman, J.; Reinders, A.H.M.E.","","2012","Places of large potentials of sustainable energy production and places of energy consumption are often very different and separated by large distances across the globe. This paper first discusses potentials of solar technology in terms of global availability using PV technology and actual energy production. Solar energy is widely under-used and one way to reduce this is to improve production in low-energy places with high demand: large cities. According to this option, about 40% of the electricity consumption in the built environment could be produced by solar PV systems. To reach this goal appropriate solar PV energy conversion devices and energy storage systems are needed. This paper discusses conditions in the built environment and functional and design qualities enabling an increased diffusion of the technologies. In a comparative analysis of PV technologies, the criteria taken into account encompass efficiency of the type of solar cell and commercial availability. Special attention is paid to the design features of different PV systems, like flexibility, colour and transparency that might help in their utilization as integrated in building material and ornaments in modern architecture. The same procedure is followed for electricity storage devices. The preliminary conclusion is that at present the freedom of design is largest for a combination of crystalline silicon PV cells and Li-ion batteries. Implications for urban policy will be discussed.","solar PV systems; battery storage systems; design qualities; built environment; cities","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","Technology, Policy and Management","Innovation Systems","","","",""
"uuid:d96d2cfa-a8ff-4c41-a1e4-1ea424949b5e","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d96d2cfa-a8ff-4c41-a1e4-1ea424949b5e","Interaction between High-Voltage Cathode Materials and Ionic Liquids for Novel Li-Ion Batteries","Locati, C.","Schoonman, J. (promotor); Picken, S.J. (promotor)","2012","The fast-growing market on electronic portable devices is possibly due to the development of Li-ion batteries. Besides, such batteries are the most promising candidates as energy storage media in (hybrid) electric vehicles, in the near future. However, improvements on electrochemical performances and on safety need to be achieved. With respect to energy density, positive electrodes with a high voltage vs. Li/Li+ are favourable, provided they are stable against the rest of the battery materials, thereby reflecting safety issues. Regarding this safety, misuse of a Li-ion battery often leads to promoting side reactions between the electrodes and the electrolyte. This then results in gas formation, packaging breaking and fire evolution due to exposure to air by reaction of highly reactive materials with oxygen. Therefore, novel electrolytes, such as ionic liquids are proposed, which may significantly reduce these parasitic reactions with the electrodes, and further allows the battery to operate at higher voltages due to its high voltage stability window. In this respect, the presented work concerns the research on a high voltage positive electrode material in combination with ionic liquids as electrolyte solvents. In Chapter 1, a brief history about the Li-ions intercalation concept, which is at the basis of Li-ion batteries, is introduced. Afterwards, the most important components of a Li-ion battery are discussed. Examples of negative and positive electrodes are shown, emphasizing the reasons why nano structures are to preferred in the beginning. Besides, ionic liquids are introduced and explained, as possible candidates as electrolytes or electrolyte additives. In Chapter 2, the synthesis of magnesium-doped nickel-based high-voltage positive electrode materials (LiMg0.05Ni0.45Mn1.5O4) via four different synthesis routes is shown: a solid-state method; a sol-gel method; a xerogel route and an auto-ignition method. A preliminary structural analysis is performed with XRD and SEM, showing the crystallinity and the agglomerations of the powders, respectively. Furthermore, TEM analysis on the powders showed agglomerated nanoparticles ranging from 10 nm to 200 nm. Finally, electrodes made with the synthesized materials are tested with a charge-discharge galvanostatic technique, showing the existence of impurity - mainly LiMn2O4, increasing from sol-gel, xerogel, to auto-ignition. It also gives promising results in terms of capacity retention at high charge-discharge rates. In Chapter 3, the powders made via the auto-ignition method, which showed the most promising result in the previous chapter, were further studied with an in situ charge-discharge galvanostatic technique coupled with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), which proved the presence of manganese ions in LiMg0.05Ni0.45Mn1.5O4 being reduced and oxidized, explained by the presence of manganese-rich nanodomains within the particles. Chapter 4 concerns certain safety issues of Li-ion batteries. Here, ionic liquids as possible novel electrolyte additives are studied as possible candidates to contribute to safer batteries. In this respect, the CO2-adsorption ability of the ionic liquid N-buthyl-N-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIm][BF4]) is tested with a Cailletet apparatus. The interaction between ionic liquids and CO2 has been analyzed from a thermodynamical point of view. The most common theories to study the gas and gas-liquid mixtures were introduced, together with a novel approach based on the Langmuir adsorption theory. In contrast to most models, the Langmuir isotherm has a very general approach: the solvent is seen as a storage medium, in which the number of available sites depends on the number of available solvent species which adsorb gas molecules. The Langmuir model can be used in a wide concentration range and the dissolution energies, together with the entropy values, can be calculated. In the case of the presence of a lithium salt, the Langmuir model could easily be extended to the Langmuir-Hinselwood model, so as to take the adsorption/association of lithium ions to the solvent sites into account. In the [BMIm][BF4] + CO2 system studied, both the Langmuir and Langmuir-Hinselwood models could be very well used to explain the results. The obtained solubility energy and entropy do not differ so much from the evaporation energy and entropy of pure CO2, showing small solvent-CO2 interaction. When to the mixture [BMIm][BF4] + CO2 a lithium salt, i.e., LiBF4 is added, a Langmuir-Hinselwood isotherm describes the obtained data very well. However, addition of the salt reduces the amount of CO2 that can be dissolved. Actually, the results of applying this model show that the lithium ions rather stay at the anion, preventing dissociation of the salt in this IL. Consequently, it can be argued that the lithium salt, even if undissociated provides sites which can be exploited by either the lithium ions or by the CO2 molecules, as they contribute to the equilibrium equations. In Chapter 5, the electrochemical behavior of PYR14TFSI + LiTFSI is studied in relation to electrodes made from LiMg0.05Ni0.45Mn1.5O4 (LMNMO). In this respect, cyclic voltammetry (from 3.5 to 4.9 V) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have been used. For further comparison, also batteries made with a commercially available electrolyte has been exploited. The cyclic voltammetry showed slower redox processes regarding the cell with the ionic liquid. Another cell with the ionic liquid has been tested at a lower cycle scan rate up to 5.2 V, proving that the current is significantly hampered by kinetics in this ionic liquid. However, it showed the stability of the system a higher voltages compared to the battery with the commercial electrolyte. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements of the system with the ionic liquid showed a process which was not present in the cell with the commercial electrolyte, possibly introduced by the slow kinetics. However, in symmetrical cells with metallic lithium at both sides, it was possible to ascribe the EIS features of the cell with the commercial electrolyte to the lithium-electrolyte interface. On the other hand, EIS measurements of the battery with the ionic liquid reveals the presence of a layer also at the LMNMO-electrolyte side, which continuously grows upon cycling. In summary, while the positive electrode materials can be employed in novel Li-ion batteries, provided they have a higher purity, the use of ionic liquids as electrolytes is still hampered by their poor electrochemical performances. Nevertheless, they are still promising, due to their electrochemical stability at high voltages . Besides, thanks to their high gas-adsorption ability, ionic liquids can be taken into consideration as electrolyte additives, for safety purposes.","Li-ion batteries; ionic liquids; electrochemistry; nanoparticles; SEM; TEM; Langmuir; CV; EIS; galvanostatic; cathode materials","en","doctoral thesis","","","","","","","","","Applied Sciences","DelftChemTech","","","",""
"uuid:0801c05c-b9d7-4925-add1-7db00a5b9d0e","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0801c05c-b9d7-4925-add1-7db00a5b9d0e","Electrospray-assisted synthesis methods of nanostructured materials for Li-ion batteries","Valvo, M.","Picken, S.J. (promotor)","2010","This PhD thesis focuses on the synthesis of nanostructured materials via an aerosol-assisted route based on electrospraying of liquid precursors. Electrospraying is a powerful technique for the production of nearly-monodispersed, highly-charged droplets. The possibility of tailoring the droplet size, as well as coupling the process to different chemical reactions makes this technique attractive for the production of a wide variety of nanostructured functional materials in a simple, direct and cost-effective way. The materials investigated in this work are directly related to applications in advanced Li-ion battery negative electrodes. The electrospray process has been implemented in two novel approaches for the production of different materials. The first one consists in the production of nanoparticles via an alternative method that combines charged aerosols with red-ox reactions in liquids, while the second one develops a single-step process for complete synthesis and assembly of nanocomposite coated electrodes by pyrolysis and/or deposition of precursor solutions and suspensions. In this way advanced negative electrodes containing active nanoparticles dispersed in polymer binders have been directly fabricated in one step at relatively low temperature without any further processing. The resulting materials show enhanced electrochemical performances and could replace graphite in commercial electrodes, due to their high capacities. It should be stressed that this approach is extremely general and it has the potential to be implemented in a roll-to-roll process for the continuous production of nanocomposite coatings for various purposes, not necessarily restricted to Li-ion batteries.","electrospray; nanostructured materials; li-ion batteries","en","doctoral thesis","","","","","","","","","Applied Sciences","Chem E","","","",""
"uuid:36edf5fe-f81e-4670-b30f-5d5b208db1fa","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:36edf5fe-f81e-4670-b30f-5d5b208db1fa","Lithium insertion in nanostructured titanates","Borghols, W.J.H.","Mulder, F.M. (promotor)","2010","Upon nano-sizing of insertion compounds several significant changes in Li-insertion behavior have been observed for sizes below approximately 50 nm. Although the origins of the phenomena are interrelated, the changes can be divided in three main observations. (1) The formation of new phases, leading to enhanced reactivity and extended capacities, which is most likely due to the lesser role of kinetic restrictions, and easier accommodation of strain in nanoscale compounds. (2) Thermodynamic changes due to the relatively increased impact of both surface and interface energy, and (3), the excess Li-storage on the surface of the particles in the form of Li2O. These three phenomena have a positive effect on the performance of the electrode material in a Li-ion battery application. The higher Li-capacities provide the electrode material with a higher energy density. Furthermore, the enhanced extend of the solid solution regime observed at lower Li-capacities, due to changes in the particle’s thermodynamics, supports better ionic mobility in the absence of a rate-limiting phase boundary. However, the relatively increase op the surface also enhances the negative effects, such as the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI). Also, a Li-rich surface layer inherently shows poor Li-ion mobility, and effectively acts as a block for further intercalation of the bulk of the particle. The detailed insight in the nano-size related surface storage mechanisms discussed in this thesis forms an important basis for understanding the properties of nano-sized insertion materials. This knowledge supports future design of nano-sized electrode materials for Li-ion batteries and H-storage devices, potentially paving the way for the manufacturing of environmentally clean and highly efficient full-electrical cars.","Li-ion; nano; battery; TiO2; electrode","en","doctoral thesis","","","","","","","","","Applied Sciences","Radiation, Radionuclides & Reactors","","","",""
"uuid:6e209248-7741-4743-bf7c-b59d1e1323d8","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6e209248-7741-4743-bf7c-b59d1e1323d8","Charging Stations for Urban Settings the design of a product platform for electric vehicle infrastructure in Dutch cities","Hatton, C.E.; Beella, S.K.; Brezet, J.C.; Wijnia, Y.C.","","2009","This paper reflects the essential role of supportive infrastructure in the mass implementation of electric drive vehicle technology. A focus is placed on the development of comprehensive systems that provide efficient and diverse recharging solutions for vehicle drivers. Mass adoption of electric mobility will reflect advances in the vehicles themselves, their infrastructural networks, and their position in the automotive market. Progress in these areas is highly related, and mandates coordinated design efforts. This paper discusses current problem areas, ongoing developments, and future trends in the design and development of charging systems for battery electric vehicles. The application of infrastructures that are simple, familiar, and context-sensitive is essential to promote consumer confidence and thereby enable successful market penetration. Specific requirements and conditions for the design of infrastructure systems for electric mobility are presented.","battery charge; conductive charger; electric vehicle; fast charge,; infrastructure","en","conference paper","European Association of Electric Road Vehicles","","","","","","","","Industrial Design Engineering","Design Engineering","","","",""
"uuid:535e455d-f2b8-48fc-9f74-ed7026404a39","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:535e455d-f2b8-48fc-9f74-ed7026404a39","Synthesis and characterisation of tin and antimony nano-compounds for lithium battery applications","Simonin, L.","Schoonman, J. (promotor)","2009","The growing interest during the past decades for mobile devices, like laptops, cellular phones, MP3 players, etc., is impressive. moreover, the concerns about climate changes have increased the worldwide interest for electrical and hybrid vehicles and intermittent sustainable energies, like solar and wind energy. These development have stimulated the research in electrical energy storage. With regard to the current state-of-the-art of advanced rechrgeable bateries, it is essential to develop better systems with larger energy densities, longer cycle life, improved safety, and lower costs. To date, Li-ion batteries are known as one of the best candidates to provide energy storage for these applications. However, electrical and hybrid vehicle requirements are not yet reached in terms of energy and power density and many improvements have to be achieved.","lithium ion battery; nanostructured materials; tin antimony; electrochemistry; spark discharge generation","en","doctoral thesis","","","","","","","","","Applied Sciences","DelftChemTech","","","",""
"uuid:44451e6a-fc1f-4eeb-8183-cc25af951919","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:44451e6a-fc1f-4eeb-8183-cc25af951919","Size Effects in Li4+xTi5O12 Spinel","Borghols, W.J.H.; Wagemaker, M.; Lafont, U.; Kelder, E.M.; Mulder, F.M.","","2009","","Li-ion battery; neutron diffraction; nanosizing","en","journal article","The Electrochemical Society","","","","","","","","Applied Sciences","RRR/Radiation, Radionuclides and Reactors","","","",""
"uuid:77ba4a76-6336-4651-93cd-4deba068c9be","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:77ba4a76-6336-4651-93cd-4deba068c9be","Energy Storage and Power Management for Typical 4Q-Load","Baalbergen, F.; Bauer, P.; Ferreira, J.A.","","2009","Diesel generators in small electricity grids are mostly not used in a very efficient way. The reason for this is twofold. First of all, the efficiency of a diesel generator is dependent on the ratio determined by the average power divided by the peak power of the generator. The smaller this ratio is, the lower the efficiency. Furthermore, some loads can regenerate energy. In small grids, this energy is mostly not needed elsewhere and should be dissipated. A solution solving both problems previously mentioned is using an energy storage device in the system. This storage can be used for peak shaving and storing regenerated energy. This paper focuses on a generator-set with energy storage. Six different power management strategies are discussed. Calculation of the costs shows that adding an energy storage device lowers the cost for all methods. Verification with simulation and experiments has been carried out.","costs; diesel-driven generators; energy conservation; energy storage; lithium-ion battery; power electronics; supercapacitor","en","journal article","IEEE","","","","","","","","Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science","","","","",""
"uuid:49e7ddb3-43de-41c8-abbf-5d612a9e6afa","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:49e7ddb3-43de-41c8-abbf-5d612a9e6afa","Characterization of Li4Ti5O12 and LiMn2O4 spinel materials treated with aqueous acidic solutions","Simon, D.R.","Schoonman, J. (promotor)","2007","In this thesis an investigation of two spinel materials, Li4Ti5O12 and LiMn2O4 used for Li-ion battery applications is performed interms of formation and reactivity towards acidic solutions. Subsequent characterizations such as structural, magnetic, chemical, and electrochemical characterizations are performed and discussed.","lithium titanium oxide; lithium manganese oxide; li-ion battery; acidic solutions; spinel materials; electrochemistry","en","doctoral thesis","","","","","","","","","Applied Sciences","","","","",""
"uuid:9c5fafed-13a6-4bc6-b99b-88450b9d8db0","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:9c5fafed-13a6-4bc6-b99b-88450b9d8db0","Energy matching: Key towards the design of sustainable photovoltaic powered products","Kan, S.Y.","Brezet, J.C. (promotor); Sinke, W.C. (promotor)","2006","The starting point of this dissertation is the observation that today a vast amount of 'PV powered' products are already on the market. However, in these PV powered products quite often the choice of PV cells seems random and PV cells function mostly as add-on units to give the product a 'green' energy image. Because of this 'add-on' approach, the PV cells remain foreign bodies which are not well-integrated into the total product design. As a result in today's PV powered products often a sub-optimal matching between the PV cell characteristics, energy storage and the product user contexts. Therefore, the keyword to obtain a mature and sustainably designed PV powered product will be matching. As a result the research question is formulated as: What systematic matching can be achieved between the elements and interfaces of the energy chain of photovoltaic powered mobile/wireless products? The emphasis of this dissertation will be on the optimal matching in the energy chain of PV powered products. For this purpose, an Energy Matching Model of the energy chain is developed. This dissertation will present how, why and under what circumstances a novel Energy Matching Model and associated Figure of Matching algorithm can support industrial designers in developing sustainable photovoltaic powered products. This PhD research project is executed within the framework of the SYN-Energy program which explores the feasibility of a transition towards the use of photovoltaic (PV) cells in consumer and professional products. This program is a part of the 'Energy Research Stimulation Program' of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO).","photovoltaics; batteries; energy chain","en","doctoral thesis","","","","","","","","","Industrial Design Engineering","","","","",""
"uuid:daed9be9-be39-484f-b038-3f474f8cd17f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:daed9be9-be39-484f-b038-3f474f8cd17f","Modeling and simulation of the heat transfer in a thermal battery","Freitas, G.C.S.; Peixoto, F.C.; Vianna, A.S.","","2006","Thermal batteries are primary disposable systems specially designed to develop a high energy density in during a short period. Differently from the classical electrochemical systems, the electrolyte of such batteries is solid at room temperature, which make them inert until they are heated to high temperatures (around 500ºC), when the electrolyte melts and begins to exhibit enough ionic mobility to establish electric current. The present work was devoted to developing a transient model of the heat generation and propagation within a second generation thermal battery, aiming the creation of a tool suitable for the research and development of such systems. The commercial CFD software Phoenics® was used and, through a typical finite volume approach, the related 2-D transport equations were solved, giving the time-dependent temperature profiles. The results show that the temperature of pseudo equilibrium state of these studied batteries are in accordance with the temperature related in the literature, and the fusion of electrolytes is a process virtually instantaneous when compared with the time to reach that state, allowing in this way to advance that the generation of electrical current occurs immediately after the termites actuation.","thermal batteries; Phoenics; thermite; CFD; modeling","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:b76abcdd-1361-43c1-bcb4-9841e08c27ff","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b76abcdd-1361-43c1-bcb4-9841e08c27ff","Synthesis and characterization of inverse spinels, intercalation materials for Li-ion batteries","Van Landschoot, N.","Schoonman, J. (promotor)","2006","Chapter 2 describes the solid-state synthesis of LiNiVO4 and LiCoVO4. The materials are prepared at 800C and are phase pure, as shown by X-ray diffraction and have the inverse spinel structure. Due to the solid-state synthesis the particle size is quite large and the particle size distribution is large, between 0.1mm and 10 mm, even after ball-milling. The electrochemical results show that Li+ can electrochemically be extracted and inserted into these inverse spinel materials. Both LiNiVO4 and LiCoVO4 exhibit a low initial charge capacity, which drops significantly after the first cycle. The electrochemical behaviour of these materials is different as observed from the in-situ XRD measurements. The results clearly show that the lattice parameter of LiNiVO4 decreases from 8.215to 8.185during Li-extraction and increases to 8.205during Li-insertion. During the following cycles, the initial lattice parameter is not reached. The intensity of the diffraction peaks does not change during cycling, indicating a stable host structure, i.e., no cracking or internal stresses occur as a result of the Li-ion extraction or insertion processes. The in-situ measurements of LiCoVO4 reveal that two phases are formed during Li-extraction. This phase transformation takes place during the first cycle. This new phase has a lattice parameter of 8.261and its lattice parameter increases to 8.276 during Li-insertion. Furthermore, the in-situ results show that the lattice parameter of this new phase shifts during insertion and extraction of the Li-ions and that the lattice parameter of the initial phase does not shift. This is explained by a surface layer of shell formation, attributed to the low diffusion coefficient of the Li+ ions. This then accounts for the partial Li-ion extraction and, thus, limits the utilization of LiCoVO4, because a relatively large amount of Li-ions will remain in the bulk. The rather low electronic conductivity of these inverse spinels is the main reason for the low electrochemical performance. To enhance the electrochemical performance, the influence of dopants (Cr, Cu, Fe) on the structure and electrochemical properties on these inverse spinels was studied and presented in chapter 3. From the X-ray diffraction patterns, it was concluded that for doping concentrations of 10 mol% a single-phase material could be obtained via solid-state reaction. A dopant concentration exceeding 10 mol% resulted in a multi-phase system. The dopants are located at the tetrahedral and octahedral sites replacing either the Ni2+ or the Co2+ ions. The cyclic voltammograms of doped LiNiVO4 powders show the appearance of new reduction and oxidation peaks at different voltages. The peaks are attributed to different Ni2+ coordinations in the inverse spinel structure. The cyclic voltammograms of the doped LiCoVO4 materials, however, show one broad peak which is significantly higher than the redox peaks exhibited by undoped LiCoVO4. These materials exhibit an increased capacity, discharge voltage plateau, and better cyclability compared to undoped LiCoVO4. The dopants result in an increased stability and electrical conductivity. In the case of LiCoVO4 the dopants are located on octahedral sites thus forming a conductive pathway via the octahedral positions according to the site percolation theory. However, this theory cannot be applied to LiMxNi1-xVO4, since the dopants are located on the tetrahedral sites and, therefore, pushing the V5+ ions towards the octahedral sites. To reduce the particle size of the materials, the citric acid-assisted complex synthesis method was observed to be very effective to prepare sub-micron particles of doped LiCoVO4. TGA revealed that the crystallization was complete at 500C and from the high-temperature XRD (HT-XRD) diffraction patterns it was concluded that the initial crystallization of LiCoVO4 occurred between 250C and 300C. The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed a single phase material for the Cr- and Cu-doped LiCoVO4 and a second phase, i.e., Fe2O3 was found for the 8 and 10 mol% Fe-doped LiCoVO4. The lattice parameter of Cu-doped LiCoVO4 increased from 8.281 to 8.286 for 10 mol%. The lattice parameter for both the Fe- and Cr-doped LiCoVO4 decreased to 8.279 and 8.273 respectively. The assumption that the dopant replaces the Co2+ ions in the octahedral sites is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy results, which showed no new phases upon substitution. The spectrum was resolved and the band located at 475 cm-1 is attributed to the vibration of the Li-O-M bond. For the Fe3+ dopant this band shifts from 475 cm-1 to 485 cm-1 for the 6 mol% dopant concentration, while for the Cu2+ dopant the band shifts to 482 cm-1 for the 10 mol% concentration, and to 485 cm-1 for the 10 mol% Cr3+ dopant. A smaller shift is observed for the two broad bands located at 786 cm-1 and 810 cm-1, which are attributed to the stretching vibrations of the VO4 tetrahedron. The shift for the 6 mol% Fe3+ dopant is from 786 cm-1 to 789 cm-1, while for the 10mol% Cu2+ dopant the band shifts to 790 cm-1. For the Cr3+ dopant the band shifts to 788 cm-1. For the powders with a dopant concentration beyond 2 mol% the cyclic voltammograms exhibit two oxidation peaks in the first scan. The second oxidation peak is attributed to the oxidation of Co2+ to Co3+, which migrates from the octahedral site into the tetrahedral site. The use of a dopant, which enhances the electronic conductivity and the use of sub-micron based particles have substantially increased the electrochemical performance of the material. The enhanced charge capacity leads to an unstable system at low Li+ concentration, which results in the diffusion of V-ions within the structure. With in-situ Raman spectroscopy it was found that the cations dissolve in the electrolyte. The dissolution of 3d-metals during charging in a lithium-ion cell is a dominant fading mechanism of intercalation materials. A structural investigation to influence on the electronic and structural properties of the 6 mol%-doped LiCoVO4 was conducted and described in chapter 5. The results showed that for both Fe and Cr dopants the oxidation state was 3+ and that the oxidation state of Cu was 2+. The oxidation state of Co2+ did not change with the different dopants and it was assumed that V5+ partly changed to V4+ for charge compensation in case of the Fe and Cr dopants. The Fe- and Cr-doped inverse spinels showed and increase in the electrical conductivity from 10E-8 S/cm to 10E-7 S/cm at 50C. The Cu2+ substitution also led to an increase in the electrical conductivity but smaller. Rietveld refinement analyses of the inverse spinel led to the conclusion that no large structural reorientation occurred for the different doped LiCoVO4. This implies that the enhanced electronic conductivity is due to dopants located on the octahedral sites. In chapter 6 the influence of an Al2O3-coating on the electrochemical properties was conducted. LiCo0.94Fe0.06VO4 powders were coated with Al2O3 using a wet chemical method to prevent 3d metal dissolution. The morphology and structure of the coating have been characterized with SEM, HR-TEM, and XPS. It was found that the Al2O3 coating was amorphous and that the particles were not completely coated, approximately 30-40 % of the surface was covered. The Al2O3 coating had an average thickness of 10 nm. Cyclic Voltammetry measurements vs. Li/Li+ showed that the Al2O3-coated LiCo0.94Fe0.06VO4 sintered at 600C showed the best capacity retention and the cycle tests revealed that the materials still posses a discharge capacity of 76 mAh/g, even after 80 cycles. The improved cycling performance is attributed to the ability of the Al2O3 layer to neutralize the formed HF component in the liquid electrolyte.","li-ion batteries; inverse spinel; solid-state chemistry; electrochemistry","en","doctoral thesis","Universal Press","","","","","","","","Applied Sciences","","","","",""
"uuid:1245ef50-2a1c-4195-a9c8-2f8759ae60c6","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:1245ef50-2a1c-4195-a9c8-2f8759ae60c6","Structure and Dynamics of Lithium in Anastase TiO2","Wagemaker, M.","Kearley, G.J. (promotor); Van Well, A.A. (promotor)","2003","","Li-ion batteries; neutron scattering; NMR","en","doctoral thesis","Delft University Press","","","","","","","","Applied Sciences","","","","",""
"uuid:a0709165-08f6-466a-8bb4-9cd52269bd0b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a0709165-08f6-466a-8bb4-9cd52269bd0b","A fundamental study on materials for Li-ion batteries","Verhoeven, V.W.J.","De Schepper, I.M. (promotor); Schoonman, J. (promotor)","2001","In April 1997 the program ""Decentralized Production and Storage for Large-Scale Application of Renewable Energy"" of the Delft Interfaculty Research Centre (DIOC) was launched. In this program various groups from several Faculties of the Delft University of Technology studied the feasibility of large scale application of renewable energy. Energy produced by a renewable source will not only be produced at moments that it is needed (as is the case with the conventionally produced energy) but also at moments that it is barely needed. Therefore one will have to store this energy to make it available at all times. Energy can be stored in many ways, e.g. converting water into hydrogen and oxygen and back again when the energy is needed. One of the most convenient and easiest ways is to store electrical energy in rechargeable batteries, e.g. lithium-ion batteries. Favourable characteristics of lithium-ion batteries include a high energy density, a high voltage and a low weight. In the study presented here we focussed on two materials for an all solid-state lithium-ion battery, the ceramic electrolyte BPO4 + z% Li2O and the cathode LiMn2O4. By using several techniques, i.e. Neutron Diffraction, Quasi Elastic Neutron Scattering, 1-dimensional NMR and 2-dimensional NMR, the crystal structure and Li-dynamics of these materials have been studied. The results will be shown and discussed.","li-on batteries; neutron scattering; NMR","en","doctoral thesis","Delft University Press","","","","","","","","Applied Sciences","","","","",""
"uuid:8dc2020f-dcd6-4c7b-a0de-e8344895a614","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8dc2020f-dcd6-4c7b-a0de-e8344895a614","Thin film solid electrolytes and electrodes for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries","Schoonman, J.; Kelder, E.M.","","1997","","chemical vapour deposition electrostatic spray deposition thin film deposition lithium-ion batteries electrostatic spray deposition; electrolyte","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:3dacc0bb-494b-492d-ab66-80071ea03234","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3dacc0bb-494b-492d-ab66-80071ea03234","Electrode and solid electrolyte thin films for secondary lithium-ion batteries","Chen, C.H.; Kelder, E.M.; Schoonman, J.","","1997","","lithium manganese oxide lithium boron phosphate electrostatic spray deposition thin film lithium batteries electrostatic spray deposition","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:db25be50-18d0-475f-9117-7b18c21ca0cc","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:db25be50-18d0-475f-9117-7b18c21ca0cc","Quality control of Li1+dMn2-dO4 spinels with their impurity phases by Jaeger and Vetter titration","Kelder, E.M.; Jak, M.J.G.; Schoonman, J.; Hardgrave, M.T.; de-Andersen, S.Y.","","1997","","Secondary batteries Lithium ion Batterie accumulateur electrochimique Lithium ion Litio ion Electrical power engineering Electrical engineering Applied sciences Electroenergetique Electrotechnique Sciences appliquees Electroenergetica Electrotecnica Cienc","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:17dc2d69-07c1-49fd-8405-7138b3194b8d","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:17dc2d69-07c1-49fd-8405-7138b3194b8d","Electrostatic spray deposition of thin layers of cathode materials for lithium battery.","Chen, C.H.; Kelder, E.M.; Jak, M.J.G.; Schoonman, J.; Chowdari, B.V.R.","","1996","","Battery Secondary cell Lithium Electrostatic spraying Electrostatic deposition Thin film Electrode material Production process Solid electrolyte storage battery Lithium oxide Cobalt oxide Diffusion coefficient Chemical diffusion Diffraction pattern X ray","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:e770541c-17c8-4f74-ad94-1c95391283d9","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e770541c-17c8-4f74-ad94-1c95391283d9","Dynamically compacted rechargeable ceramic lithium batteries. Solid state ionics - 95. Part II","Jak, M.J.G.; Kelder, E.M.; Stuivinga, M.; Schoonman, J.; Chowdari, B.V.R.","","1996","","Secondary cell Solid electrolyte storage battery Battery Lithium Manganese Oxides Energy density Dynamic compaction Ceramic materials Equivalent circuit Electrical impedance Frequency characteristic Temperature effect Electrical conductivity Boron Phospha","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:e88ddac7-8781-4790-841c-3775eed3aabe","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e88ddac7-8781-4790-841c-3775eed3aabe","Thin-film components for lithium-ion batteries","Chen, C.H.; Kelder, E.M.; Van der Put, P.J.J.M.; Schoonman, J.","","1996","","electrolyte; review lithium ion thin film battery","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:c06ade52-29f1-4ecf-9b22-2e531d1e5704","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:c06ade52-29f1-4ecf-9b22-2e531d1e5704","Octahedral site occupation of lithium in LixMn2O4","Kelder, E.M.; Schoonman, J.; Berg, H.; Thomas, J.O.","","1996","","battery cathode lithium manganese oxide","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:26050d3a-88e4-4159-8ea0-89c66eea96f0","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:26050d3a-88e4-4159-8ea0-89c66eea96f0","A new ceramic lithium solid electrolyte for rechargeable swing type batteries","Kelder, E.M.; Jak, M.J.G.; deLange, F.; Schoonman, J.","","1996","","electrolyte; solid electrolytes ion conductivity lithium ion batteries ion conductivity","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:ae4b73ed-9c7c-4f48-a820-b3c3016b86d4","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ae4b73ed-9c7c-4f48-a820-b3c3016b86d4","Diffusion enhancement in LixMn2O4","Chen, L.; Huang, X.; Kelder, E.; Schoonman, J.","","1995","","Intercalation compound Ternary compound Chemical diffusion Lithium Ions (ENT) Manganese Oxides (ENT) Spinels Battery Electrical impedance Cyclic voltammetry Electrochemical properties Compose insertion Compose ternaire Diffusion chimique Lithium Ion (ENT)","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:a869a9c9-e4db-411d-a9f9-3b600233981f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a869a9c9-e4db-411d-a9f9-3b600233981f","Fabrication of LiCoO2 thin film cathodes for rechargeable lithium battery by electrostatic spray pyrolysis","Chen, C.H.; Buysman, A.A.J.; Kelder, E.M.; Schoonman, J.","","1995","","Experimental study Electrode production Pyrolysis Spraying Thin layer electrode Lithium Oxides (ACT) Cobalt Oxides (ACT) Ternary compound Battery Surface structure Scanning electron microscopy Morphology Diffusion coefficient Lithium Ions Organic solvent; pyrolysis","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:94779773-d182-4cd1-9e18-1e4153ac0749","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:94779773-d182-4cd1-9e18-1e4153ac0749","Amorphous MnO2 thin film cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries","Chen, L.; Van Zomeren, A.; Schoonman, J.","","1994","","Secondary cell; Battery; Lithium; Electrode material; Manganese; Oxides; Thin film; Energetic capacity; Electrochemical characteristic; Accumulateur electrochimique","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:08494492-334d-4731-9984-9ef6302b42d5","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:08494492-334d-4731-9984-9ef6302b42d5","High Tc Ceramic Superconductors in Chemical Devices","Huang, X.","Schoonman, J. (promotor); Chen, L.Q. (promotor)","1993","","superconductor; battery; gas sensor","en","doctoral thesis","","","","","","","","","Applied Sciences","","","","",""
"uuid:403656a9-9b4c-4929-b2a2-094900515f05","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:403656a9-9b4c-4929-b2a2-094900515f05","Chemical vapor deposition techniques for thin films of solid electrolytes and electrodes","Van Dieten, V.E.J.; Dekker, J.P.; Van Zomeren, A.A.; Schoonman, J.","","1993","","electrochem vapor deposition yttria stabilized zirconia CVD electrochem titanium silicide lithium battery","en","book chapter","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:dac65709-95d6-412e-8886-4b62b85e080f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:dac65709-95d6-412e-8886-4b62b85e080f","Manganese oxide (MnO) thin film cathode for rechargeable microbatteries","Chen, L.; Schoonman, J.","","1993","","battery manganese oxide cathode film manganese oxide cathode film formation characterization","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""