Numerical evaluation of stability methods for rubble mound breakwater toes

Since 1977 dedicated studies are made to the stability of rubble mound break-water toes under wave attack. A large number of stability methods is available, but prediction accuracy is low and validity ranges are too small for use in prac-tice. In this research the decoupled model approach is used to evaluate predic-tion capacity of existing toe...

New developments in toe berm design for breakwaters

In the ROCK MANUAL (2007) some guidance is given for the design of toes for breakwaters. However, for very shallow toes, as well as for very wide toes (or berms) this guidance is only marginally. Recently a number of shallow berms and toes have been constructed, partly with the intention to lower the height of the breakwater. These works showed...

Stability of toe and scour protection

Local scour can occur at a breakwater constructed on a sandy seabed and may endanger the overall stability due to sliding of the main armour layer if the toe and scour protection is failing. The scouring pattern is a function of the water depth, wave conditions, sediment characteristics, and breakwater configuration and reflection...

Sizing of a toe berm armor stone on rubble-mound breakwater and jetty trunks designed for depth-limited breaking waves

This memorandum provides design guidance for sizing toe berm armor on breakwater and jetty trunks exposed to depth limited breaking waves whose crests approach at or near parallel to the structure