Bi-Level Optimal Control Algorithm for Climate Optimized Cruise Trajector: With En-route Step Climb and Descent Flight Modes

In the year 2050, global anthropogenic radiative forcing from aircraft emissions are projected to increase significantly. Recent studies have considered climate optimized flight trajectories to be a promising measure to mitigate non-CO2 emissions’ environmental impact, which is highly sensitive to locus and time of emissions. Estimating the...