Managing discolouration in drinking water distribution systems by integrating understanding of material behaviour

Discoloured drinking water, caused by elevated concentrations of organic and inorganic particles, is unacceptable. It occurs due to accumulation and subsequent mobilisation of material from within drinking water distribution infrastructure. Discolouration is currently partially explained by either the theories of cohesive layers or...

Degradation of optical materials in solid-state lighting systems

In this paper, degradation mechanisms of optical materials, used in the light emitting diode (LED)-based products, are reviewed. The LED lighting is one of the fastest technology shifts in human history. Lighting accounts for almost 20% of the global electrical energy use, inferring that replacement of traditional lighting sources with LEDs...

Discolouration loose deposits in distribution systems: Composition, behaviour and practical aspects

The main objective of the thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the possible origins and development processes underlying tap water discolouration. With that purpose, qualitative and practical approaches were used for collecting loose deposits samples from distribution networks, i.e., methodologies that may be used together with...

Monitoring water supply systems for anomaly detection and response

Water supply systems are vulnerable to damage caused by unintended or intended human actions, or due to aging of the system. In order to minimize the damages and the inconvenience for the customers, a software tool was developed to detect anomalies at an early stage, and to support the responsible staff in taking the right decisions to restore...

Discolouration in drinking water systems: A particular approach

The quality of drinking water in the Netherlands meets high standards as is annually reported by the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM)(Versteegh and Dik, 2006). Also the water companies themselves report in the voluntary Benchmark that water quality is one of the least discriminating factors as all the companies ...