A 2.5-μW Beyond-the-Rails Current Sensor With a Tunable Voltage Reference and ±0.6% Gain Error From −40 ◦C to +85 ◦C

This letter presents a low-power, fully integrated current sensor for Coulomb-counting. It employs a hybrid delta–sigma modulator ( ΔΣM ) with an FIR-DAC to digitize the voltage drop across a shunt. The modulator’s first stage consists of a capacitively coupled chopper amplifier, which enables a beyond-the-rails (−0.3 to 5 V) input common...

A 200 μA Duty-Cycled PLL for Wireless Sensor Nodes in 65 nm CMOS

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