“Game over” for autonomous shuttles in mixed traffic? Results from field surveys among pedestrians and cyclists on how they interact with autonomous shuttles in real-life traffic in Norway

Do cyclists need HMIs in future automated traffic?: An interview study

Cyclists are expected to interact with automated vehicles (AVs) in future traffic, yet we know little about the nature of this interaction and the safety implications of AVs on cyclists. On-bike human–machine interfaces (HMIs) and connecting cyclists to AVs and the road infrastructure may have the potential to enhance the safety of cyclists....

Interact or counteract? Behavioural observation of interactions between vulnerable road users and automated shuttles in Oslo, Norway

The current paper presents the results of behavioural observations in a field experiment with automated shuttles in Oslo, Norway. Video observations were conducted at five fixed locations along a challenging 1.2 km automated shuttle line with varying traffic conditions. Observed interactions between vulnerable road users and automated shuttles...

Cyclists’ crossing intentions when interacting with automated vehicles: A virtual reality study

Most of cyclists’ fatalities originate from collisions with motorized vehicles. It is expected that automated vehicles (AV) will be safer than human-driven vehicles, but this depends on the nature of interactions between non-automated road users, among them cyclists. Little research on the interactions between cyclists and AVs exists. This...

Automated bus systems in Europe: A systematic review of passenger experience and road user interaction

Automated driving systems promise a tremendous amount of benefits. Especially when applied in the domain of public transport, economic and passenger advantages are thought to be manifold. As technology rapidly advances, and projects involving automated buses appear throughout the world, investigating how its users and surrounding road traffic...

Emergency braking at intersections: A motion-base motorcycle simulator study

Powered two-wheeler riders are frequently involved in crashes at intersections because an approaching car driver fails to give right of way. This simulator study aimed to investigate how riders perform an emergency braking maneuver in response to an oncoming car and, second, whether longitudinal motion cues provided by a motion platform...

Studying pedestrians’ crossing behavior when interacting with automated vehicles using virtual reality

Partially and fully automated vehicles (AVs) are being developed and tested in different countries. These vehicles are being designed to reduce and ultimately eliminate the role of human drivers in the future. However, other road users, such as pedestrians and cyclists will still be present and would need to interact with these automated...

What will the car driver do? A video-based questionnaire study on cyclists' anticipation during safety-critical situations

Introduction: Many bicycle–car crashes are caused by the fact that the driver fails to give right of way to the cyclist. Although the car driver is to blame, the cyclist may have been able to prevent the crash by anticipating the safety-critical event and slowing-down. This study aimed to understand how accurate cyclists are in predicting a...

Interactions between cyclists and automated vehicles: Results of a photo experiment*

Cyclists may have incorrect expectations of the behaviour of automated vehicles in interactions with them, which could bring extra risks in traffic. This study investigated whether expectations and behavioural intentions of cyclists when interacting with automated cars differed from those with manually driven cars. A photo experiment was...

Cyclists’ eye movements and crossing judgments at uncontrolled intersections: An eye-tracking study using animated video clips

Research indicates that crashes between a cyclist and a car often occur even when the cyclist must have seen the approaching car, suggesting the importance of hazard anticipation skills. This study aimed to analyze cyclists’ eye movements and crossing judgments while approaching an intersection at different speeds. Thirty-six participants...

WEpod WElly in Delft: Pedestrians’ crossing behavior when interacting with automated vehicles using Virtual Reality

Automated vehicles could have many impacts on society [1]. Taking the control of vehicles from human drivers, who by their nature make mistakes, and giving it to automated vehicles (AVs), which are believed to be accurate and reliable, could, in theory, increase safety. However, how non-automated road users will react and interact with...

Interactions between vulnerable road users and automated vehicles: A synthesis of literature and framework for future research

Partially and fully automated vehicles (AVs) are being developed and tested in different countries. These vehicles are being designed to reduce and ultimately eliminate the role of human drivers in the future. Most fatal accidents of vulnerable road users (VRUs), pedestrians, cyclists and mopeds, involve a motorized vehicle. In addition, most of...

Cyclists’ predictions of what a car driver will do next at intersections

In the Netherlands, 30% of fatal crashes between 2010 and 2015 involved a cyclist [1], with a large portion of these crashes occurring at intersections in urban areas. Contributing factors to driver-cyclist collisions at intersections are not only inadequate visual search, but also incorrect expectations about the other’s intentions [2]....