"uuid","repository link","title","author","contributor","publication year","abstract","subject topic","language","publication type","publisher","isbn","issn","patent","patent status","bibliographic note","access restriction","embargo date","faculty","department","research group","programme","project","coordinates" "uuid:ffd10390-e207-4109-8745-f86224e7abff","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ffd10390-e207-4109-8745-f86224e7abff","Design of the new structure and capabilities of LADM edition II including 3D aspects","Kara, A. (TU Delft Digital Technologies); Lemmen, Christiaan (University of Twente); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft Digital Technologies); Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft Digital Technologies); Alattas, Abdullah (King Abdulaziz University); Indrajit, Agung (Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Agency of the Republic of Indonesia)","","2024","The decision to refine the existing content and to extend the scope of Edition I of the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is a response to requests from the international Land Administration (LA) community. This response has to be formally organised in accordance with ISO guidelines. This begins with gathering feedback from ISO/TC 211 Member States on the need for updated and enhanced capabilities of the LADM. In addition, several proposals have been made to extend the scope of the LADM Edition I. After analysing the feedback received, it was proposed to develop the LADM Edition II as a multi-part standard: Part 1 — Generic conceptual model, Part 2 — Land registration, Part 3 — Marine georegulation, Part 4 — Valuation information, Part 5 — Spatial plan information and Part 6 — Implementation aspects. In other words, Edition I focuses on land tenure, while the design and development of Edition II is based on the inclusion of rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) concerning marine georegulation, valuation information, spatial plan information as well as LADM implementation. 3D representations are relevant for all parts.
This paper focuses on the design of the new structure of the second edition of the LADM and on the (operational) capabilities of this new edition in relation to the LA issues in Parts (standards addressing a specific part of the scope) and Packages (groups of conceptually close classes), with a particular attention to the requirements and design related decisions taken in the revision process. The parts 1, 2, 4 and 5 are the parts in which the authors are currently involved. Part 1 will be a high-level umbrella standard; Part 2 is largely based on LADM Edition I and focuses on land registration, with an enhanced support on the surveying functionality, including new subclasses of spatial unit, and extended 3D spatial profiles. Part 3 harmonises the description of RRRs and aligns land concepts with marine aspects from the marine domain based on the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) S121 Maritime Limits and Boundaries Product Specification. Part 4 deals with valuation information used and produced in the context of land administration, while Part 5 deals with spatial planning information and includes the planned use of the land (zoning), resulting in RRRs. Lastly, Part 6 is planned to be about implementation of the LADM and will be developed in close collaboration with the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).","3D representation; Cadastre; LADM; LADM edition II; LADM revision; Land administration; Land administration domain model; Land registry; Social tenure domain model; Standards; STDM","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Digital Technologies","","",""
"uuid:25a4b40e-a832-4acf-b180-552db6eab78e","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:25a4b40e-a832-4acf-b180-552db6eab78e","BIM-LADM Amalgamation - A Review","Zamzuri, A. (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia); Abdul Rahman, A. (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia); Hassan, M.I. (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft Digital Technologies)","","2024","This paper discussed two International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards, namely, ISO 19152 – Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) and ISO 16739 – Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), to identify three-dimensional (3D) multi-floor building rights. These days, it is challenging to characterize all multifunctional structures due to the increase in complex buildings. High-rise building land and property information management is recommended through building information modeling (BIM). Countries like the Netherlands, Australia, and Turkey have considered adopting BIM for their land administration. A land administration standard, such as LADM, offers better legal and physical representation in identifying the rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRRs) of the spatial units and stakeholders. However, LADM falls short in representing all building elements, such as semantic information and invisible functional spaces. Hence, this paper reviews incorporating additional information from BIM to create a comprehensive three-dimensional building representation including legal information from LADM. Issues and challenges also being highlighted with some recommendations for possible future works.","LADM; BIM/IFC; land administration; multi-floor building; RRRs","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Digital Technologies","","",""
"uuid:ddddd8d4-ea74-4c70-9407-1b6c3953208e","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ddddd8d4-ea74-4c70-9407-1b6c3953208e","Refining the survey model of the LADM ISO 19152–2: Land registration","Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft Digital Technologies); Dimopoulou, Efi (National Technical University of Athens); Gruler, Hans-Christoph (Leica Geosystems); Stubkjær, Erik (Aalborg University); Morales, Javier (International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC)); Lemmen, Christiaan (International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC)); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft Digital Technologies)","","2024","Cadastral surveying involves the delineation of property boundaries and the extent and documentation of easements and restrictions (imposed by private or public law), forming the foundation for Land Administration (LA). Survey models and processes constitute vital parts of Cadastres and Land Administration Systems (LASs). However, these models are often inadequately documented and lack standardization in practice. To address the global diversity and complexity of legal and administrative challenges in LA, standardization efforts have yielded the ISO 19152:2012 (ISO, 2012) Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), the Global Land Tool Network's (GLTN) Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM), and the OGC LandInfra/InfraGML standard. The current edition of the LADM focuses on standardised conceptual modelling of LA-related information, including a dedicated sub-package for Spatial and Surveying representation. As part of the ongoing LADM revision, a refined survey model is being developed to support a broad range of surveying and data acquisition approaches and levels of accuracy. Recognizing that surveying technology is not bound by national practices and regulations, this paper focuses specifically on the surveying aspect of LADM. It illustrates that the proposed refined survey model is applicable not only to conventional real property formation but also to participatory land rights recordation processes. The approach adopted in this research is technology-neutral, accommodating the ongoing evolution of surveying technology. It offers support for a broad range of surveying and data acquisition approaches, with varying levels of accuracy. As the demand for high-precision positioning has been persistent within the land mapping and surveying community, particularly since the initial adoption of GPS, aiming to achieve centimetre-level accuracies (initially confined to local services), the paper addresses the fundamental principles of the High Accuracy Service (HAS) concept within the proposed model. The main results presented in this paper are the conceptual model of the refined survey model of LADM Edition II (ISO19152–2), as well as an abstract, reference, cadastral surveying workflow following the principles of the proposed model.","Cadastral surveying workflow; Interoperability; LADM; Land administration; Standards; Survey model","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Digital Technologies","","",""
"uuid:b02e4370-e0d9-40dd-90d1-bbbd647505f1","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b02e4370-e0d9-40dd-90d1-bbbd647505f1","Analysing 3D Land Administration developments and plans from 2010 to 2026","Thompson, Rod; Kalogianni, Eftychia; van Oosterom, Peter","","2023","Administration questionnaires. The last FIG questionnaire 2022-2026 was just analysed and the FIG working week 2023 (Kalogianni et al. 2023, and in that paper the creation or update, organization and initial analysis of the results from the 4th FIG 3D Land Administration Questionnaire, as an activity of the FIG Working Group 3D Land Administration 2022-2026 was presented. By sharing this information among the countries/ jurisdictions, a comprehensive inventory will be created. It is expected that cooperation will improve, by learning from the different countries and jurisdictions, to support future developments in the field of 3D land administration. It is noted that, as LADM is finding increasing recognition (Kalogianni et al., 2021), it has been further incorporated into the various sections of the questionnaire. The completed questionnaires, per country are fully available via the participants’ page of the 3D Land Administration Working Group website. The responses have been analyzed and reported in various publications (van Oosterom et al. 2011, van Oosterom et al. 2014 and Shnaidman et al., 2019), while the initial analysis of the 4th Questionnaire has been recently presented by Kalogianni et al. (2023). This paper aims to provide an overview of the developments and plans from the initial questionnaire in 2010, till the future plans for 2026, based on the analyses that have been previously carried out (van Oosterom et al. 2011, van Oosterom et al. 2014 and Shnaidman et al., 2019) and highlighting the results of the analysis from the latest questionnaire. The initial results from the latest questionnaire have been presented by Kalogianni et al. (2023), providing the main outcome from the current status (December 2022), while highlighting the priority axes till 2026 related to the developments of 3D LAS. What is more, an assessment rubric is developed by the team that prepares and analyses the questionnaires, that is actually a scoring of the responses in the various sections of the four (4) questionnaires This assessment process is the first time that is being carried out and it is executed for eight (8) countries and presented in this paper.","LADM; ISO19152; Questionnaire; Land Administration; 3D Cadastre trends; assessment rubric","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:b617293f-e902-4c08-ba93-b72aff2ee30d","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b617293f-e902-4c08-ba93-b72aff2ee30d","3D Land Administration System for Wilayah Sarawak based on LADM Edition II -Preliminary Works","Zamzuri, Ainn; Abdul Rahman, Alias; Hassan, Muhammad Imzan; van Oosterom, Peter","","2023","The numerous country profiles developed in compliance with ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) in different jurisdictions worldwide reflect the standard's growing significance and acceptance. A country profile may outline the current situation in the land administration (LA) domain and adapt the existing land administration system (LAS) into the LADM concepts, or it may indicate the requirement or desired outcome for a possible future scenario in a specific country. Previous studies show that many countries, such as Brazil, China, Croatia, Netherlands, etc., have developed their country profiles based on LADM. In the meantime, the Malaysian LADM country profile also has been developed. However, it only applied to Peninsular Malaysia (Sabah and Wilayah Sarawak are omitted) since different LA is being practiced. Currently, the Wilayah Sarawak has an integrated organization, Department of Land and Survey Sarawak, applied in the LA domain where all the departments (e.g., Land Registry, Planning, Valuation, Title Registration, Survey and Cadastral Mapping, etc.) contribute the information accordingly in that system. The Sarawak country profile is based on LADM edition II (under development), and is the first country profile reported using all parts (of the new multi-parts LADM edition II), arriving at truly integrated LA. The experience may shall be used on input to the final version of LADM edition II. The new functionality modelled, such in the 3D representation, provide path to Sarawak future. It is the aim of this paper to describe the Wilayah Sarawak country profile development based on LADM Edition II. Relevant 2D and 3D spatial and non-spatial objects of LA, including Native Customary Rights (NCR) data, are the focused of the development of the Wilayah Sarawak LADM Country Profile classes. The country profile model is developed to establish a much broader system related to the land administration of the state.","3D LAS; ISO 19152:2012 LADM; Land Administration; Country Profile; Registration System","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:37d1577b-d65e-499d-b5d8-8a4a8147f831","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:37d1577b-d65e-499d-b5d8-8a4a8147f831","Modeling data dissemination processes as part of the future LADM development","Križanović, Josip; Roić, Miodrag; Pivac, Doris","","2023","Land administration (LA) is dynamic, and it cannot be understood, built or improved unless the processes associated with it are understood. One of the core standards in the domain of LA, namely ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) provides conceptual data models for land administration systems (LASs). However, it does not cover all LA functions in its current edition and is currently under revision to include more LA-related parts such as land registration, marine georegulation, land valuation, spatial planning and implementation. Implementation aspects are expected to include technical models and processes with active participation of Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). Notably, no official progress was yet made regarding the Part 6: Implementation, therefore this paper aims to present viability of the proposed methodology for modeling LA data dissemination processes on one of the most common use cases in Croatian LAS. The utilized methodology includes steps such as identifying use case, formalization of current state of the process, process breakdown and lastly optimization and formalization of improved state of the process. During the process breakdown step of the said methodology, process elements were grouped into three groups namely, actors, activities and resources. Furthermore, it was determined that actors and resources can be modeled with existing LADM classes, whereas activities could not. Moreover, two solutions for extending LADM with process-related classes were identified in journal articles, but since OGC participation is announced for the development of Part 6, it was expected to examine OGC process related standard, namely API-Processes-Part 1: Core. Classes which relate to process activities were compared in terms of attribute analysis. Differences and similarities were determined, and it was discussed that process-related extension should include class for activities, whereas attributes might vary depending on the system requirements and process tasks.","OGC; land administration; dissemination; data; processes; modeling; LADM","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:7fa02863-a430-4417-91fa-cc9b654a1195","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7fa02863-a430-4417-91fa-cc9b654a1195","Is more always better? Perceptions of property data visualization in 2D and 3D, in the context of Smart Communities and Smart Governance development","Grzelka, Kornelia; Bydłosz, Jarosław; Bieda, Agnieszka","","2023","Throughout history, the cadastre has played roles such as ensuring citizen privileges and protecting the rights of landowners. It has evolved over time to include fiscal functions. The land administration system (LAS) has played a significant role in the management of land and property relations. Modern land administration systems aim to support sustainable decision-making and smart urban development. Due to the complexity of existing and emerging buildings inadequately accounted for by traditional 2D cadastres, the need for a 3D cadastre has arisen. Additionally, global population growth and urbanisation have only accelerated the need for this concept. In contrast, the 'City 5.0' paradigm focuses on citizen-centred urban planning, emphasising barrier-free access to public goods and services. Important aspects of a smart city include stability, healthcare, employment, housing and culture/education. 3D cadastres can play a key role in the realisation of smart cities by providing accurate and unambiguous data for urban planning. Additionally, they will improve the economy and society through the efficient use of both above- and below-ground space. The aim of the study conducted by the authors was to find out how people from different backgrounds deal with the graphical representation of property data. A survey method called Computer Aided Web Interview (CAWI) was used to conduct the study. The questionnaire presented respondents with 2D and 3D cadastral visualisations in order to assess their perception. The analysis of the results obtained was based on the division of respondents according to their education (primary, lower secondary, basic vocational, secondary, higher or university education) and gender.","3D cadastre; 3D land administration; property data visualization; Smart Cities","","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:27b0ab60-cc6b-4748-905b-af1777c29742","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:27b0ab60-cc6b-4748-905b-af1777c29742","Digital Transformation of Land Administration Systems - the Next Step toward 3D Land Administration","Vučić, Nikola; Griffith-Charles, Charisse; Sutherland, Michael","","2023","Introducing interoperability among spatial datasets and registers is one of the key drivers for optimizing public administration, starting from the simple automation of existing processes, to the overall transformation of the system, and the construction of modern user-oriented services. An additional incentive for such a transformation, in the European context, was the foreseeable need for interoperability between the national systems of registers and the European Union (EU) registers, and potentially in the future with other registers worldwide. A key prerequisite for the realization of interoperability is digitalization. Digitalization is the most important step towards the development of an effective 3D Land administration. LADM country profiles integrate the legal and institutional context governing Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRRs) with the desired Land Administration Systems’ (LASs) advancements. A significant number of countries have developed LADM-based country profiles. Experiences from these developments are in the direction of integrated Land Administration, which the LADM data standard provides, with a vision for the future and can serve as good practice for the countries. This paper compares the digital transformation of the land administration in two vastly different case studies, in one EU country (Croatia) and in one Caribbean country (Trinidad and Tobago). A Comparison of these two land administration systems and their different tracks toward the development of a 3D land administration system that would address their differing social and economic needs within their individual resource and skill capacities was investigated in this paper. It was found, after comparison, that the step by step process to further and develop from the existing status to a 3D cadastre that is LADM compliant is differentiated according to the needs, capacities, and resources available in each of the countries. Countries would do well to decide on their individual social and economic needs and capacities prior to embarking on a step by step process toward 3D land administration.","3D cadastre; digital transformation; 3D Land Administration; LADM","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:4be47536-2979-4642-bb71-d61599fe687f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4be47536-2979-4642-bb71-d61599fe687f","Leveraging BIM for the LADM Part 4 - Valuation Information Model: the case study of Cyprus","Demetriades, Pavlos; Kalogianni, Eftychia; Dimopoulou, Efi","","2023","Building Information Model (BIM) is a powerful tool for managing and utilizing data throughout the lifecycle of buildings and infrastructure. This paper explores the options, and considerations, of using BIM data for the Land Administration (LA) domain. The ISO19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), as a widely recognized international standard for Land Administration domain, is currently undergoing revision. The new Edition will be multipart, with 6 Parts, including Part 4 (ISO19152-4) about Valuation Information, specifying the characteristics and semantics of valuation registries maintained by public authorities. This valuation part may include incorporating advancements in the representation and management of property-related information, as well as aligning with the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. BIM has a significant impact on the AEC industry, since its adoption transforms traditional processes, enhancing among others, visualization, lifecycle management and facility operation. By integrating information from BIM models into the LADM Part 4, several benefits can be achieved, such as: more accurate 3D property representation, dynamic and realistic assessment of property value, automation of valuation processes and compliance with industry regulations. Therefore, this paper investigates how to integrate BIM data with the LADM, particularly in the context of Cyprus. The mapping between the existing Valuation Model of Cyprus and the basic concepts of LADM Part 4 takes place and a proposed valuation information model for Cyprus based on LADM Part 4 is designed. This model is further enriched by the integration of data derived from a real-world mixed-use buildings. Additionally, we presented the primary objective of this paper along with its significance within the context of the Cyprus Land Registry system, with particular focus on its relevance to the Valuation Department.","Building Information Model (BIM); Land Administration Systems (LAS); Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); Valuation Information Model; data interoperability; data circularity; property valuation","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:aa432673-6150-4665-aae9-eb708cfc8a86","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:aa432673-6150-4665-aae9-eb708cfc8a86","SDG Land Administration Indicators based on ISO 19152 LADM","Chen, Mengying; van Oosterom, Peter; Kalogianni, Eftychia; Dijkstra, Paula","","2023","The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), comprising of 17 Global Goals, serve as a global framework for addressing various facets of sustainable development. Several of these goals emphasize the crucial role of land management and equitable land distribution in achieving sustainable development objectives. ISO 19152, known as the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), plays a pivotal role in land administration systems globally. It provides a standardized framework for land management, including land tenure, marine georegulation, valuation, and spatial plan information. This paper explores the integration of land administration indicators within the ISO 19152 standard, aligning them with the United Nations Agenda 2030 SDGs. The process involves a systematic approach to selecting and developing these indicators. In the indicator selection phase, firstly, we establish the foundational lexicon linked to LADM then extract lexemes from SDGs indicators, analyze their semantic relationships, and evaluate their alignment with LADM; secondly, we meticulously evaluated chosen indicators by analyzing their SDG indicator metadata, focusing on the “Method of Computation"" section to align these indicators with LADM's basic classes; thirdly, categorizing them based on their association with LADM. This categorization ranges from indicators with no direct correlation to those with full computational interdependence, specifically, they are: Non-Association (Category 0), Full Computational Association (Category 1), Partial Computational Association (Category 2), Indirect Association (Category 3), Association with Other International Standards (Category 4). Following indicator selection, our approach to indicator development is summarized. This entails expressing information from UN SDG ""Method of Computation"" documents in UML class diagrams, adding operation names and parameters to the most relevant class, and specifying implementation methods for each operation. An in-depth analysis of SDG Indicator 1.4.2 demonstrates the feasibility of deriving indicators entirely from LADM data. Finally, the paper discusses potential future work, including the integration of semantic networks and ontologies for keyword extraction, further exploration of Category 1 Indicators, and practical implementation through case studies, data collection, indicator testing, validation, and reflection.","ISO 19152 LADM; SDGs; Land administration indicators","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:13014d5c-a1d3-4ca2-bdda-4503790a8a12","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:13014d5c-a1d3-4ca2-bdda-4503790a8a12","Evolution of UML application schemes in the Polish cadastral system in the context of legal changes","Bydlosz, Jarosław","","2023","After the Second World War, the Polish authorities were faced with the task of creating a land and building cadastre for a country whose territories had previously been covered by different legal systems. This task began with the issuing of relevant legal acts and regulations. They were all in textual form. Graphical notation appeared in Polish legal regulations in 2001 as an OMT diagram showing the main relationships between cadastral objects. This diagram is too general to construct a cadastral database on its basis. In 2013, a UML application schema describing the mutual relationships between cadastral objects appeared for the first time in the cadastral regulations. On the basis of the schema and detailed definitions of individual classes, it was possible to build a cadastral database. Since then, UML application schemes of the cadastre model have been included in Polish legal regulations. After 2010, many studies were conducted in Poland to develop the cadastre model, primarily proposing the introduction of 3D cadastre objects. These studies have not been significantly used in the preparation of new legal regulations. Since 2012, the subject has been running through the Polish parliament, considered as the issue of stratified ownership. Work on this topic has intensified since 2021 and is being conducted under the auspices of the De Republica Institute. At the time of writing this article, it had not been completed with the enactment of a new piece of legislation.","3D cadastre; 3D land administration; UML; Polish cadastral model","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:368629d3-34bb-4fcb-abdb-7abf4b3ec002","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:368629d3-34bb-4fcb-abdb-7abf4b3ec002","Modelling the legal spaces of 3D underground objects in 3D land administration systems","Ramlakhan, Rohit; Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft Digital Technologies); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft Digital Technologies); Atazadeh, Behnam (University of Melbourne)","","2023","One of the significant challenges in current 2D Land Administration Systems (LAS) is defining and registering the Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRRs) attached to the underground objects. A 3D LAS can facilitate a better understanding, as well as a more efficient registration and clear visualisation of the RRRs than a 2D LAS, through 3D digital modelling of the legal ownership of underground objects below the surface. To register the objects below the surface in a 3D LAS, 3D physical data as well as 3D legal data shall either be registered and integrated into one model, or the physical and legal models shall be linked effectively. In the context of this paper, the IFC (ISO 16739:2018) is used to register the 3D physical data, while the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM, ISO 19152:2012) is used to structure the legal data. To achieve the link of the respective legal and physical data, the classes of the LADM are mapped to the elements of the IFC. A standardised workflow is presented in this paper where the inclusion of the legal, organisational and technical aspects of modelling the legal ownership results in a comprehensive approach to solve the challenges that currently prevent the registration of the RRRs of 3D objects below the surface in LASs. This paper also provides a general method for mapping the LADM classes to the IFC entities. Two case studies were conducted to assess the technical aspect of the workflow, where the RRRs of objects below the surface and the parcels above the surface were registered and visualised on the 3D geospatial visualisation platform CesiumJS.","3D land administration systems; IFC; LADM; legal spaces; RRRs; underground objects","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-08-02","","","Digital Technologies","","",""
"uuid:d07c975c-969e-4c46-be9a-4239a56dad38","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d07c975c-969e-4c46-be9a-4239a56dad38","SDG Land Administration Indicators based on ISO 19152 LADM","Chen, Mengying (Student TU Delft); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft Digital Technologies); Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft Digital Technologies); Dijkstra, Paula (Kadaster)","van Oosterom, Peter (editor); Paasch, Jesper M. (editor)","2023","The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), comprising of 17 Global Goals, serve as a global framework for addressing various facets of sustainable development. Several of these goals emphasize the crucial role of land management and equitable land distribution in achieving sustainable development objectives. ISO 19152, known as the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), plays a pivotal role in land administration systems globally. It provides a standardized framework for land management, including land tenure, marine georegulation, valuation, and spatial plan information. This paper explores the integration of land administration indicators within the ISO 19152 standard, aligning them with the United Nations Agenda 2030 SDGs. The process involves a systematic approach to selecting and developing these indicators. In the indicator selection phase, firstly, we establish the foundational lexicon linked to LADM then extract lexemes from SDGs indicators, analyze their semantic relationships, and evaluate their alignment with LADM; secondly, we meticulously evaluated chosen indicators by analyzing their SDG indicator metadata, focusing on the “Method of Computation"" section to align these indicators with LADM's basic classes; thirdly, categorizing them based on their association with LADM. This categorization ranges from indicators with no direct correlation to those with full computational interdependence, specifically, they are: Non-Association (Category 0), Full Computational Association (Category 1), Partial Computational Association (Category 2), Indirect Association (Category 3), Association with Other International Standards (Category 4). Following indicator selection, our approach to indicator development is summarized. This entails expressing information from UN SDG ""Method of Computation"" documents in UML class diagrams, adding operation names and parameters to the most relevant class, and specifying implementation methods for each operation. An in-depth analysis of SDG Indicator 1.4.2 demonstrates the feasibility of deriving indicators entirely from LADM data. Finally, the paper discusses potential future work, including the integration of semantic networks and ontologies for keyword extraction, further exploration of Category 1 Indicators, and practical implementation through case studies, data collection, indicator testing, validation, and reflection.","ISO 19152 LADM; SDGs; Land administration indicators","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","Digital Technologies","","",""
"uuid:be6c4491-febb-4a20-8c04-b12cc2638c4a","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:be6c4491-febb-4a20-8c04-b12cc2638c4a","3D Land Administration System for Wilayah Sarawak based on LADM Edition II -Preliminary Works","Zamzuri, Ainn (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia); Abdul Rahman, Alias (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia); Hassan, Muhammad Imzan (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft Digital Technologies)","van Oosterom, Peter (editor); Paasch, Jesper M. (editor)","2023","The numerous country profiles developed in compliance with ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) in different jurisdictions worldwide reflect the standard's growing significance and acceptance. A country profile may outline the current situation in the land administration (LA) domain and adapt the existing land administration system (LAS) into the LADM concepts, or it may indicate the requirement or desired outcome for a possible future scenario in a specific country. Previous studies show that many countries, such as Brazil, China, Croatia, Netherlands, etc., have developed their country profiles based on LADM. In the meantime, the Malaysian LADM country profile also has been developed. However, it only applied to Peninsular Malaysia (Sabah and Wilayah Sarawak are omitted) since different LA is being practiced. Currently, the Wilayah Sarawak has an integrated organization, Department of Land and Survey Sarawak, applied in the LA domain where all the departments (e.g., Land Registry, Planning, Valuation, Title Registration, Survey and Cadastral Mapping, etc.) contribute the information accordingly in that system. The Sarawak country profile is based on LADM edition II (under development), and is the first country profile reported using all parts (of the new multi-parts LADM edition II), arriving at truly integrated LA. The experience may shall be used on input to the final version of LADM edition II. The new functionality modelled, such in the 3D representation, provide path to Sarawak future. It is the aim of this paper to describe the Wilayah Sarawak country profile development based on LADM Edition II. Relevant 2D and 3D spatial and non-spatial objects of LA, including Native Customary Rights (NCR) data, are the focused of the development of the Wilayah Sarawak LADM Country Profile classes. The country profile model is developed to establish a much broader system related to the land administration of the state.","3D LAS; ISO 19152:2012 LADM; Land Administration; Country Profile; Registration System","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","Digital Technologies","","",""
"uuid:0b9677d5-fa9f-42fd-b3c1-9390aaf71a31","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0b9677d5-fa9f-42fd-b3c1-9390aaf71a31","Analysing 3D Land Administration developments and plans from 2010 to 2026","Thompson, Rodney; Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft Digital Technologies); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft Digital Technologies)","van Oosterom, Peter (editor); Paasch, Jesper M. (editor)","2023","Administration questionnaires. The last FIG questionnaire 2022-2026 was just analysed and the FIG working week 2023 (Kalogianni et al. 2023, and in that paper the creation or update, organization and initial analysis of the results from the 4th FIG 3D Land Administration Questionnaire, as an activity of the FIG Working Group 3D Land Administration 2022-2026 was presented. By sharing this information among the countries/ jurisdictions, a comprehensive inventory will be created. It is expected that cooperation will improve, by learning from the different countries and jurisdictions, to support future developments in the field of 3D land administration. It is noted that, as LADM is finding increasing recognition (Kalogianni et al., 2021), it has been further incorporated into the various sections of the questionnaire. The completed questionnaires, per country are fully available via the participants’ page of the 3D Land Administration Working Group website. The responses have been analyzed and reported in various publications (van Oosterom et al. 2011, van Oosterom et al. 2014 and Shnaidman et al., 2019), while the initial analysis of the 4th Questionnaire has been recently presented by Kalogianni et al. (2023). This paper aims to provide an overview of the developments and plans from the initial questionnaire in 2010, till the future plans for 2026, based on the analyses that have been previously carried out (van Oosterom et al. 2011, van Oosterom et al. 2014 and Shnaidman et al., 2019) and highlighting the results of the analysis from the latest questionnaire. The initial results from the latest questionnaire have been presented by Kalogianni et al. (2023), providing the main outcome from the current status (December 2022), while highlighting the priority axes till 2026 related to the developments of 3D LAS. What is more, an assessment rubric is developed by the team that prepares and analyses the questionnaires, that is actually a scoring of the responses in the various sections of the four (4) questionnaires This assessment process is the first time that is being carried out and it is executed for eight (8) countries and presented in this paper.","LADM; ISO19152; Questionnaire; Land Administration; 3D Cadastre trends; assessment rubric","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","Digital Technologies","","",""
"uuid:5dc3e7fe-b0fb-4177-ac9c-e368d510276f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5dc3e7fe-b0fb-4177-ac9c-e368d510276f","Visualisation and dissemination of 3D valuation units and groups – An LADM valuation information compliant prototype","Kara, A. (TU Delft Digital Technologies); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft Digital Technologies); Kathmann, Ruud (The Netherlands Council for Real Estate Assessment); Lemmen, Christiaan (University of Twente)","","2023","The timely and effective dissemination of property values is an essential part of a transparent and efficient property valuation system. Over the last decade, web-based data-sharing systems have been increasingly used for the dissemination of assessed property values. 3D valuation units (e.g., condominium) and groups (aggregation of valuation units, e.g., a building floor in a multi-occupied building, a multi-occupied building, street, district or valuation zone) may be required to better communicate with users and to support a more effective and efficient dissemination. However, none of these systems share valuation information associated with 3D representation of the valuation units and groups. In this paper, a prototype of a web-based system is developed utilising the proposed Valuation Information part of the Edition II of the ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model compliant dataset for not only disseminating the spatial, physical, thematic and temporal characteristics of 3D valuation units, but also for sharing the valuation statistics at each designated level and with level-specific attributes. It is expected that the outcomes of this work may contribute to the development of local or national valuation systems and systems for geo-based data visualisation for effective and efficient sharing of valuation information. As such, it is anticipated that the study's outcomes will not only increase the level of communication with the public, but also support politicians and planners in their decision-making processes and help them to better analyse and understand the property market. With the proposed system, confidence in valuation results can be further increased due to the high level of transparency.","3D visualisation; Dissemination; ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); LADM Part 4; Price index; Property valuation; Valuation information","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Digital Technologies","","",""
"uuid:0bcaa237-1014-4390-a849-904a1d43e28f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0bcaa237-1014-4390-a849-904a1d43e28f","3D Land Administration: Current Status (2022) and Expectation for the Near Future (2026) – Initial Analysis","Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft Digital Technologies); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft Digital Technologies); Lemmen, Christiaan (University of Twente); Ploeger, H.D. (TU Delft Urban Data Science); Thompson, Rodney; Karki, Sudarshan (Queensland Government); Shnaidman, Anna (The Survey of Israel); Abdul Rahman, Alias (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia)","","2023","This paper refers to the creation or update, organisation and initial analysis of the results from the 4th FIG 3D Land Administration Questionnaire, as an activity of the FIG Working Group 3D Land Administration 2022-2026.
The questionnaire on 3D Land Administration is conducted as a successor of the previous questionnaire on 3D Cadastres, which has been conducted three times till today, by the Working Group in 2010, 2014 and 2018. The first, documented the status in 2010 and expectations back then for 2014. This was followed by the second questionnaire (status 2014 and expectations 2018) and the third one (status of 2018 and plans for 2022).
All members/ countries the Working Group have been requested to provide information about the current the status of 3D Land Administration Systems/ Cadastres (at the end of 2022) and the expectations/plans for 2026. The purpose of the survey that is has been conducted and reported in this paper, is to make an inventory of the status of 3D Land Administration at the end of 2022 and the plans/ expectations for the near future (2026) from countries all over the world.
The completed questionnaires, per country are fully available via the participants’ page of the 3D Land Administration Working Group website. The responses have been analysed and reported in various publications (van Oosterom et al. 2011, van Oosterom et al. 2014 and Shnaidman et al., 2019). In total, thirty-seven (37) countries have completed the questionnaire and have been received by time of conducting the initial analysis as described in this paper. Similar to the previous questionnaires, it is likely that there will be some completed questionnaires that will be sent by the countries later.","land administration; 3D cadastres; LADM; worldwide survey","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","Digital Technologies","","",""
"uuid:9ec17409-1e47-4152-8819-03fc056ee0a9","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:9ec17409-1e47-4152-8819-03fc056ee0a9","Toward a Croatian utility registration implementation model based on LADM","Dželalija, Grgo; Roić, Miodrag","","2022","This paper reviews approaches to utility registration and analyzes the Croatian utility cadaster and utility registration regulations. In Croatia, utility networks are registered in the national utility cadaster administered by State Geodetic Administration, with private companies obliged to send reports on all changes to the utility networks that they manage. The Croatian utility cadaster, besides data about managers and geometry of utility networks, registers various technical data about physical utilities. This paper then analyzes the land administration domain model (LADM) and LandInfra standards and their abilities to model both legal and physical features of utility networks that need to be registered in the Croatian utility cadaster. As some jurisdictions look on utility networks as separate legal objects that can be owned or leased, possibilities to model all attributes needed in the Croatian utility cadaster with an LADM-based model was further investigated. Finally, the paper proposes a utility registration implementation model based on LADM that can describe both physical and legal features of utility networks.","Conceptual modelling; Utility registration; Utility cadaster; Land Administration Domain Model","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:1dcccbbd-bcc3-42df-9a55-b29817b0665e","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:1dcccbbd-bcc3-42df-9a55-b29817b0665e","Refining legal Land Administration-related aspects in LADM","Kalogianni, Eftychia; Kara, Abdullah; Beck, Anthony; Paasch, Jesper M.; Zevenbergen, Jaap; Dimopoulou, Efi; Kitsakis, Dimitrios; van Oosterom, Peter; Lemmen, Christiaan","","2022","Among the topics that are introduced and/ or being refined in the context of the revision of the LADM 19152:2012, the legal Land Administration-related aspects are being investigated. With the knowledge and the experience from the developments of the LADM so far, and the ongoing discussion between the parties involved in the standardisation process, the need to clarify certain legal land-related aspects and to examine the alternatives for further refinement is highlighted. Therefore, this paper presents prior work on LADM-related legal aspects since the vote of LADM as ISO standard (2012), till the time of the preparation of this paper (2021) to report the necessary background for this research. This concerns the developments related to the various legal refinements that have been proposed during this time period and specifically the refinement of the legal profiles, the LADM functional support to representation of both statutory and customary tenure and the work regarding the explicit definition of restrictions that arise from Public Law. Moreover, this paper focuses on documenting the proposals on a refined legal model for the LADM Edition II. These include the following: (a) more detailed classification of RRRs, based on the two major types of interests in land: privately agreed interests as well as regulations imposed by a public agency and Public Law restrictions. The paper also includes (b) a discussion on the extent that LADM Edition I provides efficient support for the title and deed registration systems (as others e.g. in socialist environment), as well as (c) a discussion on how restrictions and responsibilities can be modelled as rights’ relationships between an owning and a benefitting Party.","Code lists; Land administration; LADM; ISO 19152; Land rights; Restrictions; Titles; Deeds","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:d745bc28-1031-4f3b-b2a3-d7da69b7aaf1","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d745bc28-1031-4f3b-b2a3-d7da69b7aaf1","Development of an LADM-based conceptual data model for 3D underground land administration in Victoria","Saeidian, Bahram; Rajabifard, Abbas; Atazadeh, Behnam; Kalantari, Mohsen","","2022","Currently, many cities around the world use underground space for different applications such as tunnels, utility networks, parking, walkways, and shopping malls. Due to the increasing use of underground areas, management of this space is very important for decision-makers and stakeholders. A 3D Underground Land Administration (ULA) data model has an underpinning role in the management of spatial and semantic information of underground physical structures (physical aspects) as well as the ownership attributes and the extent of legal spaces in underground (legal aspects). Current data models focus on either physical or legal aspects and are mostly based on 2D approaches. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), as an ISO standard (ISO 19152), is a prominent legal 3D model adopted for land administration. Several studies and countries have used this data model for land administration purposes. However, LADM has not been fully implemented for modelling underground assets. In addition, it does not consider the physical aspects of underground objects. Physical structures have significant roles in defining the ownership extent of underground assets in some jurisdictions such as Victoria, Australia. On the other hand, LADM-based data models developed by different studies are based on the current requirements and legislative of different jurisdictions. Although these solutions can be helpful, a comprehensive underground data model customised for Victoria is needed. This research aims to develop an LADM-based conceptual data model for 3D ULA to enable integrated management of underground assets by interlinking legal and physical aspects. It is based on the requirements and legislative of Victoria jurisdiction. These requirements include underground legal objects and boundaries and underground physical objects. The data model developed in this study is one of the first and crucial steps to enable 3D digital management of underground rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) in Victoria.","Victoria; Underground land administration; 3D cadastral data model; LADM; Underground space management","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:606f4a8f-88c5-456a-b709-7f8262a59271","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:606f4a8f-88c5-456a-b709-7f8262a59271","LADM Valuation Information Model Compliant Prototype for Visualisation and Dissemination of 3D Valuation Units and Groups","Kara, Abdullah; van Oosterom, Peter; Kathmann, Ruud; Ilgar, Azer; Lemmen, Christiaan","","2022","The interest in using 3D data in property valuation has been increasing during the last decade. The usage of 3D data models in valuation can be basically grouped in two main categories: (a) supporting mathematical models with variables produced through 3D analyses (e.g. view) in order to better estimate the values of properties and (b) consuming 3D data models to visualise valuation units in 3D and disseminate values of properties associated with the visualised units (legal or physical space). The current paper focuses on the latter category in particular. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a prototype system utilising the proposed Valuation Information Model extension of ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM_VM) compliant dataset in order to create web-based, thematic valuation maps for 3D valuation units (e.g. condominium) and groups (e.g. multi-occupied building). In the first part of the paper, it is attempted to justify why an extension to the core LADM is required to represent valuation information. It is noted that LADM_VM enables to record 3D spaces of valuation units, and input and output data of 3D analyses. Therefore, LADM_VM can be used as basis for developing 3D visualisation and dissemination prototype. In the second part of the paper, special attention will be given to the 3D visualisation and dissemination of spatial, thematic and temporal characteristics of valuation information and a prototype is developed using the open datasets of the Netherlands. It is expected that the outputs of this paper will contribute to the development of local or national prototype systems for sharing valuation information effectively and efficiently. Therefore, it may be considered that the outputs of the paper not supports in increasing the communication level with public, but also supports politicians and planners in decision-making processes and helping them to understand the property market better. With the proposed system (prototype) the trust in the valuation is expected to further increase due to the high level of transparency.","3D visualization, Dissemination; Property valuation; ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); Valuation Information Model","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:29352b26-eec9-4973-b919-be568c74ccde","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:29352b26-eec9-4973-b919-be568c74ccde","Revision of Croatian LADM profile according to the new regulations in surveying profession","Vučić, Nikola; Vranić, Saša; Roić, Miodrag; Matijević, Hrvoje","","2022","The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) provides a conceptual model for modelling of Land Administration Systems (LAS). Since its publication in 2012, a wide range of scientists and practitioners have shown interest to work on it and use it. These activities by many stakeholders resulted in recognized need for the revision of LADM. LADM Edition II has wider scope and includes additional domains such as land valuation, marine spaces and spatial plan information and introduces the modular structure in order to make it simpler and not to mix different domains in the same model. Since the first version of Croatian LADM profile in 2013 many changes occurred in the Croatian LAS. In this paper we describe these changes and provide a proposal of revised Croatian LADM profile. While creating the revised model we focused on the Fundamental and Land Registration parts of LADM Edition II.","ISO 19152; Croatia; Land Administration System; 3D cadastre; LADM","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:46dcc79d-0d21-4a3f-b38f-ce5097396a16","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:46dcc79d-0d21-4a3f-b38f-ce5097396a16","Public Law Restrictions in the Context of 3D Land Administration—Review on Legal and Technical Approaches","Kitsakis, Dimitrios (National Technical University of Athens); Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Dimopoulou, Efi (National Technical University of Athens)","","2022","Intense exploitation of land implies the development of multi-level, multi-purpose, overlap-ping and interlocking structures on 3D space, thus resulting in complex, stratified, 3D real property rights between individual owners, as well as restrictions. Legislation regulates the ownership status and use of land by imposing restrictions known as Public Law Restrictions (PLRs). PLRs extend to various fields and various legislative frameworks, such as the protection of archaeological sites, protection and maintenance of underground infrastructures and utilities, environmental protection, flying of unmanned air vehicles, etc. PLRs are usually investigated in the context of property rights and restrictions in the various Land Administration Systems worldwide, and do not often gain specific attention. However, it is noticed that the restrictions that arise from Public Law need to be investigated and classified, so that they can be better utilised in the property status of land ownership. This review paper investigates the legal statutes on PLRs within the context of 3D land administration and the stipulations used to provide unambiguous modelling of PLRs, as provided by the relative literature. Moreover, the PLRs applied in the 3D space, to clearly depict rights, restrictions and responsibilities on the relevant spatial unit (land, air, marine parcel, mine, utility network, etc.), are particularly examined. Therefore, this work is to critically review and assess the aforementioned approaches on PLRs’ registration, modelling and organisation, as provided by a literature survey, and provides an overall view of the requirements and challenges within the development of 3D Land Administration Systems also considering standardisation developments.","3D cadastre; 3D land administration; Public law restrictions; RRRs; Standardisation","en","review","","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:577ab415-c712-47aa-a0fa-b605b4c5b0d6","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:577ab415-c712-47aa-a0fa-b605b4c5b0d6","LADM Valuation Information Model Compliant Prototype for Visualisation and Dissemination of 3D Valuation Units and Groups","Kara, A. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Kathmann, Ruud; Ilgar, Azer; Lemmen, Christiaan (Netherlands Cadastre)","","2022","The interest in using 3D data in property valuation has been increasing during the last decade. The usage of 3D data models in valuation can be basically grouped in two main categories: (a) supporting mathematical models with variables produced through 3D analyses (e.g. view) in order to better estimate the values of properties and (b) consuming 3D data models to visualise valuation units in 3D and disseminate values of properties associated with the visualised units (legal or physical space). The current paper focuses on the latter category in particular.
The main purpose of this paper is to develop a prototype system utilising the proposed Valuation Information Model extension of ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM_VM) compliant dataset in order to create web-based, thematic valuation maps for 3D valuation units (e.g. condominium) and groups (e.g. multi-occupied building). In the first part of the paper, it is attempted to justify why an extension to the core LADM is required to represent valuation information. It is noted that LADM_VM enables to record 3D spaces of valuation units, and input and output data of 3D analyses. Therefore, LADM_VM can be used as basis for developing 3D visualisation and dissemination prototype. In the second part of the paper, special attention will be given to the 3D visualisation and dissemination of spatial, thematic and temporal characteristics of valuation information and a prototype is developed using the open datasets of the Netherlands.
It is expected that the outputs of this paper will contribute to the development of local or national prototype systems for sharing valuation information effectively and efficiently. Therefore, it may be considered that the outputs of the paper not supports in increasing the communication level with public, but also supports politicians and planners in decision-making processes and helping them to understand the property market better. With the proposed system (prototype) the trust in the valuation is expected to further increase due to the high level of transparency.","Property valuation; ISO 19152; Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); Valuation Information Model; 3D visualization, Dissemination","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:8a440a06-d972-4d0a-9100-5ebb662d1d55","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8a440a06-d972-4d0a-9100-5ebb662d1d55","Refining the Legal Land Administration-related Aspects in LADM","Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Kara, A. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Beck, Anthony; Paasch, Jesper M. (Aalborg University); Zevenbergen, Jaap; Dimopoulou, Efi (National Technical University of Athens); Kitsakis, Dimitrios (National Technical University of Athens); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Lemmen, Christiaan (Netherlands Cadastre)","","2022","Among the topics that are introduced and/ or being refined in the context of the revision of the LADM 19152:2012, the legal Land Administration-related aspects are being investigated. With the knowledge and the experience from the developments of the LADM so far, and the ongoing discussion between the parties involved in the standardisation process, the need to clarify certain legal land-related aspects and to examine the alternatives for further refinement is highlighted.
Therefore, this paper presents prior work on LADM-related legal aspects since the vote of LADM as ISO standard (2012), till the time of the preparation of this paper (2021) to report the necessary background for this research. This concerns the developments related to the various legal refinements that have been proposed during this time period and specifically the refinement of the legal profiles, the LADM functional support to representation of both statutory and customary tenure and the work regarding the explicit definition of restrictions that arise from Public Law.
Moreover, this paper focuses on documenting the proposals on a refined legal model for the LADM Edition II. These include the following: (a) more detailed classification of RRRs, based on the two major types of interests in land: privately agreed interests as well as regulations imposed by a public agency and Public Law restrictions. The paper also includes (b) a discussion on the extent that LADM Edition I provides efficient support for the title and deed registration systems (as others e.g. in socialist environment), as well as (c) a discussion on how restrictions and responsibilities can be modelled as rights’ relationships between an owning and a benefitting Party.","Land administration; LADM; ISO 19152; Land rights; Restrictions; Titles; Deeds; Code lists","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:0146c9ef-fd37-4f57-8b59-06d763bbc47c","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0146c9ef-fd37-4f57-8b59-06d763bbc47c","3D Registration of Apartment Rights Using BIM/IFC: Comparing the Cases of the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey","Guler, Dogus (Istanbul Technical University); Alattas, A.F.M. (King Abdulaziz University); Broekhuizen, Marjan (Student TU Delft); Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft Digital Technologies); Kara, A. (TU Delft Digital Technologies); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft Digital Technologies)","","2022","Τhe built environment has a vast and ever-growing number of complex and multi-layered buildings and other structures. The number of those is growing because of the increasing pressure on the limited space in cities. It is important to note that different professional sectors are involved in the realization of a new building. These sectors are mainly the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Owner Operator (AECOO), and land administration, which covers the cadastral registration, spatial or zoning plans, as well as property valuation. Noteworthy to mention at this point is, that today the subdivision plans regarding apartment rights in buildings are to be provided on the floor plans as submitted with the building/construction permit request. These plans show the apartment boundaries as twodimensional (2D) representations, which are insufficient to clearly and completely describe the ownership rights in multi-storey buildings. What is more, the building parts obtained from 2D representations are also inadequate to estimate the valuation of these apartments in both taxation and selling/buying processes. Considering that digitalization and consequently digital data are becoming more and more the norm in the AECOO industry, including the building permit requests, there is an opportunity to exploit Building Information Model (BIM), specifically Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), in the registration of apartment rights in three-dimensional (3D) representations. To investigate the opportunity, this study will further analyze the cases of the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey by revealing the similarities and discrepancies with respect to the registration of apartment rights in terms of legislative basis and current practice and extrapolating the current 2D practices into fully 3D representations. In earlier work, ISO19152 LADM-based models for the 3D building legal spaces have been developed and are related to BIM/IFC. The main objective of the study is to highlight the possibility of providing an internationally standardized modeling specification for 3D registration of legal rights within buildings, based on the earlier detected information model overlaps. What is more, it is expected to increase the awareness in other sectors than land administration with regards to legal spaces in the buildings. Finally, this study endeavors to provide concrete guidelines for the other sectors, most specifically the Architects, regarding the type of information that BIM/IFC models should have, in order to facilitate the 3D registration of apartment rights.","3D Land Administration; LADM; BIM; IFC; Apartment Rights","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","Digital Technologies","","",""
"uuid:5b545abe-1664-4a9d-bec2-324a8f3008ee","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5b545abe-1664-4a9d-bec2-324a8f3008ee","How to exploit BIM/IFC for 3D registration of ownership rights in multi-storey buildings: an evidence from Turkey","Guler, Dogus (Istanbul Technical University); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Yomralioglu, Tahsin (Istanbul Technical University)","","2022","The condominium rights, which is a special ownership type that can only exist in the buildings that have an occupancy permit, are needed to be examined and depicted as three-dimensional (3D) in order to prevent misinterpretations and disputes regarding Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs). This paper, therefore, aims to provide the model that extends the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) schema by referencing Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) in the sense of reusing the Building Information Modeling (BIM)/IFC model of the building for 3D registration of condominium rights in Turkey. The results of the study show that there is a solid potential to benefit from BIM/IFC model in order for both 3D representation of the ownership rights in the multi-storey buildings and obtaining the semantics of the condominiums in terms of wide ranges of attributes such as area, volume, land share, and RRRs.","3D land administration; Building Information Modeling (BIM); Condominium rights; Industry Foundation Classes (IFC); Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2023-07-01","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:647df0e0-613c-4c2d-ac6f-d167f28bab27","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:647df0e0-613c-4c2d-ac6f-d167f28bab27","Utilities Data in Land Administration Systems","Dželalija, Grgo (Ericsson Nikola Tesla); Roić, Miodrag (University of Zagreb)","","2021","With growing urbanization and population, management of space and land has become vital part for sustainable growth and development. Additional to urbanization and population growth, industrialization is another factor for rising need for various utilities such as sewage network, water supply, electricity etc. In such conditions, knowing where one can install new underground or overground infrastructure, without destroying existing lines, becomes more and more of a challenge. The need to connect new suburbs to existing infrastructure requires knowledge of availability. Legal issues in relation to utilities are also becoming increasingly important. Different countries and societies will have various approach to solving certain challenge, same goes for challenge of utility network registration. Some countries register utilities as separate objects with unique cadastral numbers in land administration while others register only easements. Some countries have centralized approach with high government regulations while in other utilities are registered on municipal level or even administered only by private companies. In this paper different approaches to utility network data management are analyzed. In all countries, utilities data is maintained by their managers sometimes with the help of very sophisticated applications.","3D Cadastre; 3D Land Administration System; utility network registration; authoritative data","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:a116493a-2cb6-4781-b2c4-3f2c94611ad8","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a116493a-2cb6-4781-b2c4-3f2c94611ad8","Modelling 3D legal spaces of Public Law Restrictions within the context of LADM revision","Kitsakis, Dimitrios (National Technical University of Athens); Kalogianni, Eftychia (Delft University of Technology); Dimopoulou, Efi (National Technical University of Athens); Zevenbergen, Jaap (University of Twente); van Oosterom, Peter (Delft University of Technology)","","2021","Intense exploitation of land in the vertical direction has brought up complex legal relations between different types of spatial units with various characteristics (e.g., land, marine, air, underground parcels, and infrastructure objects). Therefore, the use of 3D models is required to clearly represent real property and associated Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRRs), deriving both from Private and Public Law. The latter are either not registered to cadastral systems (i.e., in The Netherlands very few have been registered like the private natural beauty areas, as they came with tax benefits), or are recorded to individual, thematic registries. Public Law Restrictions (PLRs) impose significant impact on ownership rights and land management, thus requiring to be systematically organized and registered. This brings out issues of identifying which types of PLRs need to be registered (based on land administration policies that apply in each country/ jurisdiction), selecting and “spatializing” them (in 2D/3D/nD). Within the field of land administration, the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) plays predominant role in standardizing legal relations between parties (people) and spatial units (land). LADM is currently under revision with its second edition widening its scope as a multipart standard comprising 6 Parts. The revision of LADM stimulates discussion on new concepts that could be included at the Edition II, and possibilities of refining the existing ones. In this context, the paper investigates the option to model PLRs into the multipart standard and investigates how to optimally categorize them based on the LADM Edition II Parts. The paper builds on previous work by the authors and aims to propose a flexible framework to model PLRs at conceptual level in the context of LADM Edition II. To validate the modelling proposal, two case studies of PLRs are studied. The first one relates to the restrictions imposed on land parcels crossed by the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) in Northern Greece, and they refer to the establishment of protection zones, where construction and agricultural restrictions apply. The second case study refers to land use restrictions in the vicinity of an archaeological site in the municipality of Patras, in southern Greece. Those use cases were selected because of their generic character that may apply to other countries/ jurisdictions, regardless of legal framework differences.","Land Administration Systems; LADM; ISO 19152; Public Law Restrictions; 3D","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:ec641882-0040-456d-a101-f641aa5c70d9","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ec641882-0040-456d-a101-f641aa5c70d9","3D Zoning: A Missing Piece to Link Planning Regulations with 3D Cadastre","Emamgholian, Saeid (Université Laval); Pouliot, Jacynthe (Université Laval); Shojaei, Davood (University of Melbourne)","","2021","Interpreting planning regulations could be a challenging task for land surveyors when defining new ownership boundaries and for responsible authorities (e.g., city council) when assessing proposed developments. They need to be aware of the impacts of planning regulations on land parcels and vice versa since these regulations contain legally binding rules for all parties including government and citizens. There is a strong link between planning and cadastral regulations. For example, 3D zoning, with the capability of representing planning regulations in 3D, has a great potential to enable representing restricted and usable spaces for 3D cadastral purposes in a more visual way. This paper aims to offer a discussion about the advantages of enriching 3D zoning with the spatial representation of planning regulations in order to be integrated into a larger land-use information system called multipurpose cadastre to find better compliance between land use, urban planning, and citizen welfare. To this purpose, three groups of planning regulations (i.e., proposed design needed, 3D city model needed, and 3D zoning groups) are proposed in which 3D zoning group seems to be the most valuable one to achieve the overall objective. To support our discussion regarding mapping planning regulations for cadastral purposes, the paper results in a showcase for five planning regulations in the 3D zoning group including height limits, noise impacts, side and rear setbacks, street setbacks (side and front), and flooding limits. Victoria, Australia, was selected as a case study to illustrate some aspects of the discussion.","3D Land administration; Planning regulation; Spatial representation; 3D zoning; 3D Cadastre","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:884b0c33-0d8e-40fd-bb88-669b21798a65","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:884b0c33-0d8e-40fd-bb88-669b21798a65","Practical verification of Polish 3D cadastral model","Bydłosz, Jarosław (AGH University of Science and Technology); Warchoł, Artur (The Bronisław Markiewicz State University of Technology and Economics in Jarosław); Balawejder, Monika (The Bronisław Markiewicz State University of Technology and Economics in Jarosław); Bieda, Agnieszka (AGH University of Science and Technology)","","2021","The 3D cadastre model in Poland has been developed for several years. The summation of these works is the proposal of the model of the Polish cadastre developed using the UML language on the basis of the existing legal regulations, presented in detail in the work (Bydłosz and Bieda, 2020). The aim of the current research was practical verification of this model. This work was performed on the example of a semi-detached building located near Cracow in a housing estate of family houses. The modelling of relationships between already existing elements (parcel, building) and proposed 3D cadastre objects was performed in UML language. Problems encountered in proposing 3D cadastre objects resulted mainly from a complicated legal situation. The twin building is located on a parcel of land that is jointly owned by the building owners. The paper proposes to solve such a problem by dividing the cadastral parcel so that the building owners have separate properties. The corresponding UML diagrams are presented here. The second part of the research concerned the application of laser scanning for practical verification of the 3D cadastre model. For this purpose, the building was measured using laser scanning. This measurement was made outside and partly inside the building. During this research, however, it was not possible to fully apply scanning for the verification of this model. According to the authors, this topic requires further research.","UML; 3D cadastre; 3D land administration; Polish cadastral model; Terrestrial Laser Scanning – TLS","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:2926040b-19a0-4633-816b-c605d9da4146","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:2926040b-19a0-4633-816b-c605d9da4146","Temporal Perspective Towards the Design of Cadastral Database in Taiwan","Ho, Sin-Yi (National Cheng Kung University - National Cheng Kung University); Hong, Jung-Hong (National Cheng Kung University)","","2021","Regardless of whether explicitly recorded, every geographic data has various aspects about time. Especially for integrated applications, the temporal aspects of geographic data from different stakeholders play an extremely critical role. Ignorance of the temporal difference or valid time of the datasets may easily lead to unexpected and even unpredictable mistakes. It is hence the responsibility for data designers to cautiously consider the demanded temporal information during schema design and correctly convey unambiguous meanings of the temporal information to users. It is also the responsibility of users to correctly interpret the temporal information before making any decision. Cadastre is governments’ system developed to facilitate the management of lands and buildings, so as to protect citizens’ property and drive the growth of economy. The massive volume of real estate transactions makes the management of cadaster systems a big challenge that involves both spatial and temporal aspects. From the interoperable application perspective, the ultimate goal of the cadastre system is to ensure every piece of information is based on the precise and coherent spatio-temporal modeling results, such that every decision can be made without ambiguity. It is therefore necessary to have a thorough examination on the spatio-temporal characteristics of the various types of cadastral data, as well as their relationships with the cadastre operations. This research mainly focuses on the temporal modelling issue, especially in the valid time and semantics of temporal information. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) from ISO/TC211 (International Organization for Standardization/ Technical Committee 211) is chosen as the reference model in this study because it offers a whole package of standardized classes specifically designed for land administration purpose. As LADM is endorsed by international organizations like FIG and already adopted by many countries for developing national profiles for their cadastre systems, we believe the research results are not only beneficial to the digital cadastre systems of Taiwan, but also contribute to the guidelines for designing temporal information for domain data. Thie preliminary result shows the feasibility of introducing LADM to model the various temporal characteristics for the current cadastral data in Taiwan, but additional guidelines for designing temporal information with semantics to fulfill the needs required by related laws are also necessary. It would be even advantageous such standardized vocabularies can be unambiguously defined and extensively used in cross-domain integrated applications to improve the interoperability of temporal information.","LADM; land administration; ISO 19152; 3D Cadastre; time perspective","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:4a499efb-f348-456b-9965-65c47519337a","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4a499efb-f348-456b-9965-65c47519337a","Modelling 3D underground legal spaces in 3D Land Administration Systems","Ramlakhan, Rohit (Delft University of Technology); Kalogianni, Eftychia (Delft University of Technology); van Oosterom, Peter (Delft University of Technology)","","2021","Two dimensional (2D) Land Administration Systems (LASs) do not adequately represent 3D underground objects. It is not easy to identify the owners of these objects and the relations between objects below and above the surface are not explicitly provided. A 3D LAS can however facilitate a better understanding, as well as a more efficient registration and clear visualisation of the Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRRs) of the 3D underground objects. To represent 3D underground objects, BIM/IFC (ISO 16739:2018) models can be used from design. The LADM (ISO 19152:2012) standard should be used to provide a formal language to register spatial and non-spatial information in LASs. In this paper a literature review is performed to develop a standardised workflow to model the legal spaces of BIM/IFC models of 3D underground objects according to the LADM in 3D LASs. With this workflow the user is provided with a general framework, where adherence to the BIM/IFC and LADM standards enhances interoperability, increases efficiency and reduces costs. More research needs to be done on validating the workflow with use cases.","3D Land Administration Systems; underground objects; LADM; BIM; IFC","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:4017e461-8ad3-44eb-9cd4-b4cc4f3e4e77","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4017e461-8ad3-44eb-9cd4-b4cc4f3e4e77","New Trends in 3D Cadastre Research - a Literature Survey","Paasch, Jesper M. (Aalborg University); Paulsson, Jenny (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","","2021","During the last decade, several literature surveys on trends in 3D property research have been published. The latest publication is Paasch and Paulsson (2021), examining 530 research related publications from 2012 to 2020. It showed that 3D cadastre publications mainly have focused on technical and registration issues, even if there is an increase in research concerning legal and organizational topics compared with a similar survey from 2013. The Paasch and Paulsson (2021) survey identified some 3D cadastre topics that have gained increased focus during the investigated period but were not analysed in detail in the study. These research topics are investigated further in this paper. The topics are analysed in the same manner as in the 2012 and 2021 surveys, i.e. classifying them into Legal, Technical, Registration and Organizational classes. The publications are part of the 2021 study but are analysed more in detail in this paper in relation to some of the topics. This paper is an addition to this study where we have identified areas that we think should be of interest for further research, but not yet investigated in detail. These areas are BIM (Building Information Modelling), 4D cadastre, marine and water applications, and valuation. Out of the 530 publications in the Paasch and Paulsson study, 22 publications were identified as BIM related, 11 as 4D cadastre related, 11 related to marine and water applications, while 8 publications dealt with valuation topics. The paper shows that there seems to be an increased interest for the presented themes, but it is too early to say whether they all are part of trends in 3D cadastre research or whether they are only expressing temporary interests as such for the 3D cadastre community.","4D cadastre; 3D cadastre; 3D land administration; literature survey; marine space; valuation; BIM","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:5e240a06-5fdf-4354-9e6d-09c675f1cd8b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5e240a06-5fdf-4354-9e6d-09c675f1cd8b","BIM Models as Input for 3D Land Administration Systems for Apartment Registration","Broekhuizen, Marjan (Delft University of Technology); Kalogianni, Eftychia (Delft University of Technology); van Oosterom, Peter (Delft University of Technology)","","2021","The growth of cities and the pressure on land worldwide leads to more complex and multilevel structures with different space interrelations. For the registration of complex spaces mostly 2D Land Administration Systems (LAS) are used, while a representation of space in 3D could provide a clearer insight. Concurrently, technological advancements rapidly improve methods to collect, create, visualise, register, store and disseminate 3D data. In this context, much research is now being carried out at the sources and data used as input in 3D LAS and the various methods for their collection. In this scene, the approach to reuse data from the design phase is gaining ground. Specifically existing Building Information Models (BIMs), usually encoded in the non-proprietary Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) format (EN ISO 16739:2018) are considered a promising source for 3D LAS. Previous research has shown promising results using BIMs as input for 3D LAS. However, the use of BIM/IFC-models from practice has not yet been tested adequately. This paper investigates the technical issues that are encountered when using real-world BIM/IFC-models as input for the registration of apartment rights in a 3D LAS and how that process can be improved. In the context of this paper, BIM/IFC-models are iteratively being validating against technical requirements. Five real-world BIM/IFC-models are collected. They are tested on the existence of IfcSpace, geometric validity, overlap and the ability to georeference the BIM/IFC-models. The results of these validation show that the collected BIM/IFC-models lack the ability to be georeferenced. Additionally most BIM/IFC-models did not contain IFCSpace, or reference to essential attributes for identifying legal units in the Dutch 3D LAS. Recommendations and guidelines are formulated to address these issues. The BIM/IFC-models are placed in a 3D LAS at conceptual level, in which the legal spaces are enriched with information of the Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRR’s) to those spaces in line with the LADM.","Restrictions and Responsibilities; 3D Land Administration System; Building Information Model; Industry Foundation Classes; Land Administration Domain Model; Rights","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:ca9ba121-eb8d-4f2a-99c8-212a9f919385","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ca9ba121-eb8d-4f2a-99c8-212a9f919385","Developing the refined survey model for the LADM revision supporting interoperability with LandInfra","Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Dimopoulou, Efi (National Technical University of Athens); Stubkjaer, Erik (Aalborg University); Gruler, Hans Christoph (Leica Geosystems); Lemmen, Christiaan (Kadaster; University of Twente); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie)","","2021","The origin of surveying has a close connection with the designation of land boundaries, while cadastral surveying is a means of defining the limits of properties, thus forming the basis for land administration, serving as an important tool to gather, assess, and update geographical spatial data. Accurate description and record of land are the fundamentals to their rational use and conservation and form the core of wellestablished Land Admini stration Systems (LASs). Although surveying models and approaches are important for Cadastres and LASs, they are not always documented in detail, while with the rapid advances in technology and geoinformation they need to be revised quite often. The ISO 1 9152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), which focuses on standardised modelling of information at the conceptual level, has a dedicated sub package for Spatial and Surveying representation. The first edition of the standard provides multiple spa tial representations, and the ongoing LADM revision shall support a broad range in surveying and data acquisition approaches and accuracies, considering the evolution of technology and the encodings used in practice. A conceptual model of the refined surve y model is expected to be included in Part 2 of the new edition of the standard, while its technical implementation(s) covering both 2D and 3D boundaries in Part 6. This paper aims to present the fundamentals of the refined Survey Model of LADM Edition I considering the need to support the interconnection with the everI, evolving surveying methods and acquisition techniques in a standardised way, including among others the Galileo High Accuracy Services requirements and the alignment with other standards, as well as participatory methods. One of the standards which synergy with LADM is investigated in this paper is the OGC LandInfra, and specifically Part 6 “Survey”, that provides a framework for information about observations, processes and their results collected during survey. The development of the proposed model was informed by two case studies using survey plans according to Danish practice and cadastral data from the Hellenic Cadastre.","LADM; LandInfra; Survey Model; Land Administration; Inoperability","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:ac95f95b-b666-4963-a04e-6526ca6b8374","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ac95f95b-b666-4963-a04e-6526ca6b8374","Methodology for the development of LADM country profiles","Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Janečka, Karel (University of West Bohemia); Kalantari, Mohsen (University of Melbourne); Dimopoulou, Efi (National Technical University of Athens); Bydłosz, Jarosław (AGH University of Science and Technology); Radulović, Aleksandra (University of Novi Sad); Vučić, Nikola (State Geodetic Administration); Sladić, Dubravka (University of Novi Sad); Govedarica, Miro (University of Novi Sad); Lemmen, Christiaan (Netherlands Cadastre); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie)","","2021","The growing recognition and influence of the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), is revealed by the multiple country profiles that have been developed based on the standard in various jurisdictions across the world. The ongoing revision of the LADM Edition I, initiates discussions related to the development of country profiles, as well as considerations regarding their maintenance. Till today, various approaches for creating LADM-based country profiles have been followed. This resulted in the creation of an interesting mosaic of country profiles’ developing methods, with parts to be exploited and an outline of the basic steps of the development provided. Based on this knowledge, the aim of this paper is to design a methodology for the development of LADM country profiles, expected to become part of future version of the ISO 19152 LADM, the Edition II. Collective experience from good practices in the development of profiles based on LADM Edition I reported in the literature have been reviewed and used as basis for a qualitative comparative analysis. For this purpose, a set of six characteristics/criteria was developed based on key publications selected through experts’ consultation. The characteristics are generic and can be applied to all the country profiles, as well as they refer to the lifecycle of the development and implementation of a country profile, taking into account legal, institutional and technical issues. Characteristics regarding the scope of country profiles are also considered. Given this context, the design of the methodology to develop LADM-based country profiles is presented, structured in three phases: scope definition, profile creation and profile testing.","ISO 19152; LADM; LADM country profile; Land administration; Land Administration Domain Model","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:8b032673-61c5-43d8-9e18-ba19bb7321a4","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8b032673-61c5-43d8-9e18-ba19bb7321a4","Modelling 3D legal spaces of Public Law Restrictions within the context of LADM revision","Kitsakis, Dimitrios (National Technical University of Athens); Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Dimopoulou, Efi (National Technical University of Athens); Zevenbergen, Jaap (University of Twente); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie)","Kalogianni, Eftychia (editor); Abdul-Rahman, Alias (editor); van Oosterom, Peter (editor)","2021","Intense exploitation of land in the vertical direction has brought up complex legal relations between different types of spatial units with various characteristics (e.g., land, marine, air, underground parcels, and infrastructure objects). Therefore, the use of 3D models is required to clearly represent real property and associated Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRRs), deriving both from Private and Public Law. The latter are either not registered to cadastral systems (i.e., in The Netherlands very few have been registered like the private natural beauty areas, as they came with tax benefits), or are recorded to individual, thematic registries. Public Law Restrictions (PLRs) impose significant impact on ownership rights and land management, thus requiring to be systematically organized and registered. This brings out issues of identifying which types of PLRs need to be registered (based on land administration policies that apply in each country/ jurisdiction), selecting and “spatializing” them (in 2D/3D/nD). Within the field of land administration, the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) plays predominant role in standardizing legal relations between parties (people) and spatial units (land). LADM is currently under revision with its second edition widening its scope as a multipart standard comprising 6 Parts. The revision of LADM stimulates discussion on new concepts that could be included at the Edition II, and possibilities of refining the existing ones. In this context, the paper investigates the option to model PLRs into the multipart standard and investigates how to optimally categorize them based on the LADM Edition II Parts. The paper builds on previous work by the authors and aims to propose a flexible framework to model PLRs at conceptual level in the context of LADM Edition II. To validate the modelling proposal, two case studies of PLRs are studied. The first one relates to the restrictions imposed on land parcels crossed by the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) in Northern Greece, and they refer to the establishment of protection zones, where construction and agricultural restrictions apply. The second case study refers to land use restrictions in the vicinity of an archaeological site in the municipality of Patras, in southern Greece. Those use cases were selected because of their generic character that may apply to other countries/ jurisdictions, regardless of legal framework differences.","LADM; ISO 19152; Public Law Restrictions; 3D; Land Administration Systems","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:6874eecd-4c99-4ee7-8a4c-87236e84df4c","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6874eecd-4c99-4ee7-8a4c-87236e84df4c","BIM Models as Input for 3D Land Administration Systems for Apartment Registration","van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Broekhuizen, Marjan (Student TU Delft); Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft GIS Technologie)","Kalogianni, Eftychia (editor); Abdul-Rahman, Alias (editor); van Oosterom, Peter (editor)","2021","The growth of cities and the pressure on land worldwide leads to more complex and multilevel structures with different space interrelations. For the registration of complex spaces mostly 2D Land Administration Systems (LAS) are used, while a representation of space in 3D could provide a clearer insight. Concurrently, technological advancements rapidly improve methods to collect, create, visualise, register, store and disseminate 3D data. In this context, much research is now being carried out at the sources and data used as input in 3D LAS and the various methods for their collection. In this scene, the approach to reuse data from the design phase is gaining ground. Specifically existing Building Information Models (BIMs), usually encoded in the non-proprietary Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) format (EN ISO 16739:2018) are considered a promising source for 3D LAS. Previous research has shown promising results using BIMs as input for 3D LAS. However, the use of BIM/IFC-models from practice has not yet been tested adequately. This paper investigates the technical issues that are encountered when using real-world BIM/IFC-models as input for the registration of apartment rights in a 3D LAS and how that process can be improved. In the context of this paper, BIM/IFC-models are iteratively being validating against technical requirements. Five real-world BIM/IFC-models are collected. They are tested on the existence of IfcSpace, geometric validity, overlap and the ability to georeference the BIM/IFC-models. The results of these validation show that the collected BIM/IFC-models lack the ability to be georeferenced. Additionally most BIM/IFC-models did not contain IFCSpace, or reference to essential attributes for identifying legal units in the Dutch 3D LAS. Recommendations and guidelines are formulated to address these issues. The BIM/IFC-models are placed in a 3D LAS at conceptual level, in which the legal spaces are enriched with information of the Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRR’s) to those spaces in line with the LADM.","Restrictions and Responsibilities; 3D Land Administration System; Building Information Model; Industry Foundation Classes; Land Administration Domain Model; Rights","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:46f1e652-7fbb-4f07-9e50-5a8d306e257d","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:46f1e652-7fbb-4f07-9e50-5a8d306e257d","Requirements and Opportunities for Web-Based 3D Visualization and Dissemination of Property Valuation Information","Kara, A. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Kathmann, Ruud (The Netherlands Council for Real Estate Assessment); Lemmen, Christiaan (University of Twente)","Kalogianni, Eftychia (editor); Abdul-Rahman, Alias (editor); van Oosterom, Peter (editor)","2021","The timely and effective dissemination of property values is an essential part of a transparent and efficient property valuation system as property values are required in several land administration processes, such as land acquisition, taxation, transaction, consolidation, readjustment and transformation. In the last decade, a web-based data-sharing system has been increasingly used for dissemination of property values. The 3D visualization of valuation units may be required in order to better communicate with users and provide more effective and efficient dissemination, however, none of those systems share valuation information associated with 3D representation (legal or physical) of property (valuation) units. The objective of this paper is to reveal the requirements, opportunities and challenges for web-based 3D visualization and dissemination of property valuation information. To deliver this objective, the requirements for U(ser), D(ata), and V(isualization) are investigated. The general public/property owners and professionals are determined as main user groups in this research. For each of the groups specific data and 3D visualization requirements are discussed and a number of suggestions are provided for developing an effective dissemination of property valuation information. These requirements includes the visualization of multi-part properties (e.g. condominium unit, storage unit, car parking), thematic mapping of valuation information, and aggregation of valuation units into valuation units groups. Furthermore, the capabilities of the LADM Valuation Information Model as a schema for storage, and the features and functionalities of 3D visualization platforms (geoweb viewers) in terms of better value dissemination (e.g. altering visual variables, solution for occlusion, visualizing below surface properties) are briefly investigated. Lastly, an initial prototype is developed and presented.","Property valuation; ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); Valuation Information Model; 3D visualization; Dissemination","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:633b6bed-fbcb-4774-b96e-30c84ff59734","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:633b6bed-fbcb-4774-b96e-30c84ff59734","Modelling 3D underground legal spaces in 3D Land Administration Systems","Ramlakhan, R.J.K. (Student TU Delft); Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie)","Kalogianni, Eftychia (editor); Abdul-Rahman, Alias (editor); van Oosterom, Peter (editor)","2021","Two dimensional (2D) Land Administration Systems (LASs) do not adequately represent 3D underground objects. It is not easy to identify the owners of these objects and the relations between objects below and above the surface are not explicitly provided. A 3D LAS can however facilitate a better understanding, as well as a more efficient registration and clear visualisation of the Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRRs) of the 3D underground objects. To represent 3D underground objects, BIM/IFC (ISO 16739:2018) models can be used from design. The LADM (ISO 19152:2012) standard should be used to provide a formal language to register spatial and non-spatial information in LASs. In this paper a literature review is performed to develop a standardised workflow to model the legal spaces of BIM/IFC models of 3D underground objects according to the LADM in 3D LASs. With this workflow the user is provided with a general framework, where adherence to the BIM/IFC and LADM standards enhances interoperability, increases efficiency and reduces costs. More research needs to be done on validating the workflow with use cases.","3D Land Administration Systems; underground objects; LADM; BIM; IFC","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:0c8325fd-e10f-414f-ad3c-3724d38e8bd8","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0c8325fd-e10f-414f-ad3c-3724d38e8bd8","The LADM Valuation Information Model and its application to the Turkey case","Kara, A. (TU Delft GIS Technologie; Yıldız Technical University); Çağdaş, Volkan (Yıldız Technical University); Isikdag, Umit (Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Lemmen, Christiaan (University of Twente; Netherlands Cadastre); Stubkjaer, Erik (Aalborg University)","","2021","Spatial data in a Land Administration (LA) establish a fundamental geospatial data theme (see UN GGIM, 2018) and the integrated geospatial information framework for any Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). Domain-specific standards, an integral component of the SDI, play an essential role to represent the semantics of domains, specify links between distributed registries and databases, and stimulate the development and implementation for Land Administration Systems (LAS). As an international descriptive standard providing an abstract conceptual schema, the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) has been used and is being used as a reference for the implementation of LAS. Various approaches have been used for the LADM implementation that includes elaborating (via a country profile) and realizing a technical model suitable for the implementation (van Oosterom and Lemmen, 2015). LADM focuses on a specific function of LA that is interested in Rights, Responsibilities and Restrictions (RRR) affecting land, and the geometrical components thereof. The land value function of LA is considered outside the scope in the first edition. Recently, for extending the flexible and modular basis of the LADM, a valuation information model is developed for the specification of valuation information maintained by public authorities. It identifies the links between property valuation and the other LA registries and databases (e.g., cadastre, land registry, building and dwelling registries) that may enable interoperability across systems. The conceptual schema of the model provides a common basis to direct the development of local and national valuation databases and information technology products and services, following an approach similar to the LADM implementation. The proposed LADM Valuation Information Model is on the agenda of the development of the second edition of LADM within ISO/TC211. The operability of the newly proposed conceptual model needs to be evaluated through technical implementation. This paper describes the development of a prototype for the implementation of the LADM Valuation Information Model and assesses its operability through a case study for Turkey. The primary aim of the paper is to test the capabilities of the LADM Valuation Information Model using the required and produced data in recurrent valuation processes, but not to build a specific information management system for Turkey. As the implementation of a LADM compliant prototype initially requires the development of a country profile at conceptual level, methodologies applied for LADM profile development are examined and then a Turkish LADM Valuation Information Model country profile is proposed using the Conceptual Schema Languages (CSL) of the Unified Modelling Language (UML) and INTERLIS. INTERLIS is a formal language as well as a set of software tools that support LADM implementations. Subsequently, approaches and tools used in the LADM implementation are investigated and utilized for the automated transformations from the country profile to several technical models. In this context, the article presents the experiences gained during the implementations. Moreover, strategies for implementing and managing property valuation information more efficiently (e.g. bi-temporal aspects of valuation information management) are also studied and applied to the implementation. The generated technical models are then populated with sample datasets related to recurrent property valuation including the geometries of valuation units, as well as valuation information covering several years. The developed prototype is then tested through a number of queries to assess whether the LADM Valuation Information Model fulfils information management needs of recurrent valuations. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a holistic approach on how to develop an LADM conformant prototype for managing property valuation information.","ISO 19152; LADM; LADM implementation; LADM Valuation Information Model; Land Administration Domain Model; Property valuation","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:da15bd90-8a2d-4643-bf50-c06197a872bd","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:da15bd90-8a2d-4643-bf50-c06197a872bd","Bi-temporal foundation for LADM v2: Fusing event and state based modelling of Land administration data 2D and 3D","Thompson, R.J. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie)","","2021","The prime purpose of Cadastral data – whether in the form of maps, survey plans or notes, or a digital database is the definitive demarcation of the extent of properties – and can be seen primarily as a decision support facility (“Can a structure be built here?”, “Where can I build a fence?”, “Should I buy this property”?). There are, however many additional uses for which this information has been applied – such as a base for the recording of assets such as light poles, underground cables, etc. and as a history of the pattern of land use and subdivision. Although secondary, these uses are important, and should be adequately supported including the historic information. It is a fact that the determination of cadastral boundaries can only be carried out to a certain accuracy, and that that accuracy has been improving over time. Older surveys had been carried out with limited positional control, and using equipment with a low intrinsic accuracy by modern standards, although they correctly represent the topology between properties. As a result, later surveys provide an opportunity to improve the positioning of existing boundaries data without disturbing the topology of the existing data. In addition, engineering works such as road building, can provide a source of high accuracy position data that can be applied to improve low accuracy existing data. This argues that the accuracy of boundaries should be improved in the historic record of the cadastre – after all we would like to see our historic parcels in the position we now know them to have been, so that they are comparable with current boundaries. Likewise, we need to correct inaccuracies in the attributes of the spatial objects and the topology between them (e.g. which spatial units are adjacent to or near a given object). On the other hand, we must not lose sight of the decision-making side of the requirements – so that a past decision can be reviewed in relation to the data as it existed then. If the current knowledge in the database of today is used to review old decisions, they may seem irrational. Data custodians are well aware of this issue, using terms like “update” to indicate a “real-world” change, while using “upgrade” to indicate an improvement of the database representation not accompanied with a change “on the ground”; however database software has not carried this knowledge through – resulting in its loss. This argues for a database with bi-temporal history – where our current best knowledge of the history of the cadastre is recorded, and that history is corrected and maintained, while our past knowledge of the data also recorded as an audit trail (so that we can ask questions like “what did we in 2017 think the definition of this property was in 1994?”). This is realized via two types of time: database (or system) time and real world (or valid) time. The different historic records, combined with changes of datum, can lead to confusion in terminology – where words such as “point”, “position”, “boundary” become overloaded. This paper is intended to provoke discussion of terminology to clear up this confusion, and potentially to assist with an extension of the temporal model as input for the revision of LADM to accommodate bi-temporality.","3D cadastre; 3D geoinformation; Bi_temporal; Land administration; Temporal","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:2007adfd-7064-4fb1-801e-fb611e615635","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:2007adfd-7064-4fb1-801e-fb611e615635","3 Dimensional data research for property valuation in the context of the LADM Valuation Information Model","Kara, A. (TU Delft GIS Technologie; Yıldız Technical University); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Çağdaş, Volkan (Yıldız Technical University); Işıkdağ, Ümit (Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University); Lemmen, Christiaan (Netherlands Cadastre; University of Twente)","","2020","Property valuation is a process that promotes sustainable development as it supports and forms several land management activities. Access to information on the legal, geometric, physical, locational and environmental characteristics of property units together with the economic indicators are required for an effective property valuation system. Traditional cadastral systems generally provide only two-dimensional (2D) legal and geometric information about property units, however, today's valuation practices would benefit significantly from three-dimensional (3D) information in order better to estimate and explain values of property units. The purpose of this paper is to examine how 3D spatial datasets and spatial analyses have been used in property valuation, and to develop 3D valuation unit profile(s) in line with the examination results for the recently proposed Valuation Information Model that extends the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) from the valuation point of view. The study focuses more on 3D locational and environmental characteristics of property units; particularly visibility and especially viewshed analysis in terms of property valuation. By using open topography, building and height datasets of the Netherlands, a number of viewshed analyses are conducted to show how it can be utilized using different 3D data sources. The main contribution of the article is to present how 3D datasets and spatial analyses could be used to support property valuation activities and to investigate to what extent it is possible and meaningful to include derived 3D characteristics of property units in valuation registries.","3D GIS, Viewshed analysis; ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); LADM Valuation Information Model; Property valuation","en","journal article","","","","","","Accepted Author Manuscript","","2023-09-15","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:6881adb3-82db-4bc2-bd24-6a66a0ebf54e","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6881adb3-82db-4bc2-bd24-6a66a0ebf54e","BIM/IFC files for 3D real property registration: an initial analysis","Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Dimopoulou, Efi (National Technical University of Athens); Lemmen, Christiaan (University of Twente; Netherlands Cadastre); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie)","","2020","Land Administration is a quite inter-disciplinary field involving experts and knowledge regarding legal aspects, institutional support to establish relationships between involved parties and technical support to realize it. Today, land administrators and development organizations are challenged by an unprecedented demand to utilise space above and below earth’s surface, which mandates the use of 3D information. At the same time, the current societal demand for sustainability, is driving the need to integrate independent systems with standalone databases with different aspects of buildings in their lifecycle phases.
In parallel, the evolution and applications of Building Information Modelling (BIM) towards integrated sustainable design and dissemination of information is gaining ground at international level. The requirements for more circular design thinking and digitalisation through technologies such as BIM can pave the ways for incremental step changes to achieve collaboration within building’s lifecycle and strategic design for decision-making.
The impact of BIM on land administration domain is recognized, and it is being seen from governmental perspective as a digital reform and transition that will bring together technology, process improvements and digital information, to radically improve project outcomes and asset operations. One of the strong characteristics of BIM is that it is considered as a strategic enabler for improving decision-making and delivery for both buildings and public infrastructure assets across their whole lifecycle.
In this scene, taking into consideration the continuing increase of BIM/ IFC files, recent research focuses on the potential role of BIM in the context of circular economy and circular design, and the reuse of BIM/ IFC files in buildings’ lifecycle. This paper presents an initial analysis on a BIM-based approach to support the registration of 3D property information. The research introduces the concepts and significance of circularity thinking and lifecycle approach at an era where there is mass amount of information, that needs to be handled efficiently. To this end, an extensive literature review on standardization approaches regarding BIM at international and national level is presented, followed by a state-of-art in the field of BIM exploitation as input for land administration purposes.","BIM (Building Information Modelling); LADM; 3D Land Administration; Standardization; information reuse","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:26a2ce5c-a3c4-420c-a599-c35e1c5213ea","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:26a2ce5c-a3c4-420c-a599-c35e1c5213ea","Development of 3D spatial profiles to support the full lifecycle of 3D objects","Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft GIS Technologie; TU Delft Architectural Engineering +Technology); Dimopoulou, Efi (National Technical University of Athens); Thompson, R.J. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Lemmen, Christiaan (University of Twente); Ying, Shen (Wuhan University); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie)","","2020","","3D object lifecycle management; 3D spatial profiles; ISO 19152:2012; LADM; Land administration; Spatial modelling","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2020-07-22","","Architectural Engineering +Technology","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:38b95d14-b1ca-4ed5-8f01-9abe466b94b2","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:38b95d14-b1ca-4ed5-8f01-9abe466b94b2","3D land administration: A review and a future vision in the context of the spatial development lifecycle","Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Dimopoulou, Efi (National Technical University of Athens); Lemmen, CHJ (University of Twente; Netherlands Cadastre)","","2020","Land Administration practices worldwide rely mainly on 2D-based systems to define legal and other spatial boundaries related to land interests. However, the built environment is increasingly becoming spatially complex. Land administrators are challenged by an unprecedented demand to utilise space above and below earth's surface. The relationships between people and land in vertical space can no longer be unambiguously represented in 2D. In addition, the current societal demand for sustainability in a collaborative environment and a lifecycle-thinking, is driving the need to integrate independent systems with standalone databases and methodologies, associated with different aspects of the Spatial Development lifeCycle (SDC). Land Administration Systems (LASs) are an important component of the SDC. Today, a LAS is often mandated and managed as a domain in isolation. Interaction and data reuse with the other phases of the SDC is limited and far from optimal. It is expected that effective 3D data collaboration, sharing, and reuse across the sectors and disciplines in the lifecycle will enable new ways of data harmonisation and use in this complex environment; will improve efficiency of design and data acquisition, as well as data quality (in relation to specific regulations); and will minimise inconsistencies and data loss within information flows. Overall, a cross-sectoral approach is directed towards improving the current state of the Land Administration (LA) domain. This paper consists of two parts. In the first, a review of the current situation, with respect to LASs is presented, concluding the needs for improvement in terms of effectiveness and consistency. In the second part, the vision for the future of LASs is introduced in a wider context, and as an important phase in the SDC, with regards to legal, technical, and organisational aspects. In this part, the needs and considerations that result from the evolving environment and the emerging technological advances are addressed, with a view to discussing a cross-sector approach to collect, maintain, reuse, and share 3D data. In such a cross-sectoral approach, various interoperability issues appear, making it necessary to introduce and use standards. In this respect, the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) in its current Edition I, as well as in Edition II (expected in 2022) may serve as the standardised core structure of a 3D LAS, with respect to its role as further presented in this paper. In parallel, the evolution of the Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the design and construction industry, as well as the fact that BIM plays a central role in the life cycle of development projects, are well recognized. Emphasis is given on feasible reuse of BIM/IFC (Industry Foundation Class) data in a 3D LAS. Those considerations are addressed through a web-based system architecture for a future 3D LAS, thereby attempting to integrate heterogeneous systems in the SDC.","3D; Building Information Model (BIM); Interoperability; Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); Land Administration System (LAS); Spatial development lifecycle; Standardization","en","review","","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:83fa394b-3f10-4e89-860e-5b8b9fc473de","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:83fa394b-3f10-4e89-860e-5b8b9fc473de","Developing a spatial planning information package in ISO 19152 land administration domain model","Indrajit, A. (TU Delft GIS Technologie; Badan Informasi Geospasial); van Loenen, B. (TU Delft Geo Information); Ploeger, H.D. (TU Delft Geo Information); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie)","","2020","Cities establish and maintain Land Administration Systems (LAS) to manage information about the land and urban space. Recognizing the importance of the urban space for sustainable development, information from spatial planning will affect land administration and vice versa. Therefore, every aspect that influences land use, both from spatial planning and land administration should be identified, documented, and standardized as they contain legally binding rules for governments and citizens. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), ISO standard 19152:2012, offers guidelines to ensure interoperability in the representation of Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs). LADM is also capable of standardizing multi-dimensional representation, including the temporal capability for documenting and visualizing all legal aspects of land use or space. This paper discusses how to construct interoperable information between the spatial plan and land administration. We present the standardization of spatial planning information and land administration as subsets of land-related information. The paper proposes the development of a spatial planning package within the existing LADM standard.","3D spatial planning; Land Administration Domain Model; RRRs; Spatial Information Infrastructure; Spatial planning","en","journal article","","","","","","Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.","","2020-07-22","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:39072a6f-1ca8-4897-95bc-48f0f422ef38","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:39072a6f-1ca8-4897-95bc-48f0f422ef38","On the Design of a Modern and Generic Approach to Land Registration: The Colombia Experience","Morales, Javier; Lemmen, Christiaan; de By, Rolf; Molendijk, Mathilde; Oosterbroek, Ernst-Peter; Ortiz Davila, Alvaro Enrique","","2019","A significant number of undocumented people-to-land relationships exist in many countries; they constitute an important barrier to economic development, especially that of rural areas. Although countries often have established procedures to register these relationships, typically, procedures involve outdated, costly and time-consuming workflows, and in many cases, re-quire workflow resources that are simply unavailable. The vital, underlying technology and standards to collect and manage the required data are complex and sometimes inaccessible, or if available, tools do not comply with adopted (inter)national standards. If we continue down this path, the registration of undocumented people-to-land relationships will take significantly more time and money than governments are willing to afford and be held responsible for. While each issue mentioned above presents a substantial challenge, it is only by addressing them holistically that a significant impact can be obtained. Using the post-conflict Colombia as a pilot area and fit-for-purpose land administration as philosophy (FIG/World Bank, 2014; UN Habitat/GLTN/Kadaster, 2016), we have developed and tested a simplified, community-based, standards-compliant methodology and supporting technology, to register people-to-land relationships in a fast and economically viable way. A country cannot afford to be non-compliant with the ISO’s 19152 standard, which defines a reference land administration model (LADM). Its adoption, however, adds a whole level of complexity to existing procedures. We therefore developed a multi-level data model based on LADM, in which each level is optimized for the procedural step where it is used. These steps are: data collection, post-processing, validation and recording. At the end of the last step the data complies fully with the standard and, in the case of Colombia, with the corresponding country profile. The developers of this profile made relevant observations for the development of the second edition of LADM — commented in this paper. Conventionally, in countries with very traditional institutions like for example Colombia, land administration data collection is carried out by specialists who use sophisticated measuring equipment and high-detail forms following a multi-purpose cadastre philosophy. We propose a multi-layer approach in which the base data on people-to-land relationships is collected first, and then data associated with other land administration aspects is optionally added as part of normal government agencies operations. For the data collection, we worked with Esri and Trimble and developed technology that satisfies two intrinsic objectives. The first is to create the ability to collect data that meets the requirements of the data collection data model, and the second is to install the ability in landowners/rightholders and community members to col-lect the data themselves. Contrary to conventional point-based land surveys, our data model uses polygons as the basis of surveying. In addition, geometric and legal data are collected simultaneously, and this includes evidence documentation. All types of people-to-land rela-tionships are captured: formal, informal, customary, etc. Since the community is responsible for the data collection, several activities are organized to ensure data collection is carried out according to methodological requirements. A data collection plan is devised to allow multiple survey teams (five were used in the pilot tests) to work in parallel over a period of a week to cover a complete administrative area. Since every landowner surveys her/his own land, boundaries between neighbouring parcels are collected twice. In practice, during a survey either neighbour aims to approximate the boundary by staying on her/his own property and maximising land extent, which may lead to little intersection between the surveyed baoundaries. Also, points where multiple people-to-land relationships converge are surveyed multiple times. To generate the dataset that complies with the post-processing data model, we developed a customized library of functions that are used to transform surveyed data into topologically correct representations of real-world land parcels in a semi-automated way. Traditionally, the quality of the surveyed data is determined only by the accuracy of the ob-servations made. Since we do not follow such a classical approach, we included an additional validation step that is executed in a public forum to which the community is invited by the local authorities to corroborate the results of the post-processing. During this forum event, neighbour landowners or right-holders check and approve their shared boundary with a digital signature. This procedure uses a big screen so that results are openly presented for the whole community to witness and comment on, making the procedure fully transparent. Authorities also use this forum to check and validate identities, neighbouring relationships and supporting evidence. The last step in the process leads to the recording of different types of people-to-land relation-ship in the official government systems. This step includes the legal analysis of the evidence of rights provided by the citizens and the evidence existing in government information sys-tems to determine the official type of right for each recorded relationship. Some of the people-to-land relationships can be immediately formalized and lead to land titles. Others fall into different categories of rights that require some kind of follow-up procedure, but they can po-tentially lead to a title also.","Land Administration; Land Administration; Colombia; LADM","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:6057afe7-9417-4048-a654-106c39e7cd68","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6057afe7-9417-4048-a654-106c39e7cd68","Implementation of Spatial Planning Package for Construction of an LADM Country Profile: Reducing Asymmetric Access to Information of RRRs in Indonesia","Indrajit, Agung; Eresta Jaya, Virgo; van Loenen, Bastiaan; Snaidman, Anna; Ploeger, Hendrik; van Oosterom, Peter","","2019","Spatial plan (or urban plan) as an aggregate product of sectoral policies (i.e., environmental, disaster management, economy, forestry), will be imposed to all land parcels in the form of public law to achieve the vision of a city. This vision relies heavily on the interoperability of land-use, land tenure, land value, and land development. The inseparability between land administration and spatial planning is widely acknowledged by cadaster communities in achieving sustainable development and important for landowners and investors alike. In July 2017, the government of the Republic of Indonesia established action plans for adopting, implementing, monitoring and reporting achievement of Sustainable Development Goals in both national and local levels. Spatial (or urban) planning is the key elements in these plans, particularly in fostering integrated urban and regional plans and supporting collaborative efforts towards well-coordinated national strategies. However, many of collaborative approaches are hindered by asymmetric information from lack of interoperability of information caused by the separation of management of land administration and spatial planning processes and information systems that sourced from silos of information. This phenomenon leads us to incomplete RRRs (Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities) information and causing hidden information for all responsible parties. The hidden information then creates high-cost economy, stimulates unnecessary disputes and instigates moral hazards. Asymmetric information condition, parties (authorities, landowners and prospectus buyers) are often being forced to put unnecessary efforts to investigate RRRs situations of their land parcels or properties against existing or revision of public laws within narrow windows of opportunity. This article aims to promote spatial planning information package in the upcoming ISO LADM revision to better integrate RRRs information from land administration and spatial planning into the existing Land Administration System. By exercising the spatial planning information package, a city can minimize asymmetric access to RRRs information among government institutions and between government and landowners or prospectus investors.","Spatial Information Infrastructure; Land Administration Domain Model; LADM Country Profile; Land Administration; Spatial Planning; Interoperability; Asymmetric Information","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:c67f6fe9-370f-4034-9cb4-d1897c6bd6c1","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:c67f6fe9-370f-4034-9cb4-d1897c6bd6c1","LADM-based Israeli Country Profile: Toward Implementation of 3D Cadastre Registration","Shnaidman, Anna; van Oosterom, Peter; Barazani, Shimon; Marcovich, Anat; Avni Shoham, Shuli","","2019","Land is a valuable and finite resource, particularly in a small country such as Israel. A variety of drives, such as: urbanization and smart utilization of space, is prompting the stakeholders to promote new land policies. These policies should reflect the societal needs and demands as well as factor in and balance between numerous aspects. Furthermore, in recent years the ecological angle, forest and species preservation have become more and more acute, urging in turn for an even stricter land related actions. In most countries around the world - Israel being no exception - land administration system is a decentralized one, that is to say, multiple organizations and government departments are involved. In Israel the spatial component is under the authority of Survey of Israel, whereas the Land Registry Offices, with the Ministry of Justice, are in charge of the legal aspects of land administration. However, there are several more players to consider, such as: Israeli Land Authority which is responsible for the managing of approximately 93 percent of all land; the Planning Administration and Planning Commissions - on both national and local levels - which need up-to-date cadastral and land use information for spatial planning, urban and rural development and adequate allocation of land; and finally the entrepreneurs and private citizens, who too require access to the relevant land data. To ensure consistency in access to data, as well as sharing and exchange thereof, institutional interoperability is crucial. Informed decision making, effective and efficient management of land resources and ultimately economic development and sustainability of a country are dependent on it. In order to achieve this cross-organizational coherence a model-driven approach is required. Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) - ISO 19152 standard, a conceptual model which incorporates both legal and spatial components, offers a common language and provides a solid foundation for establishing a national Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). This paper describes the development of an LADM-based Israeli country profile, in light of the amendment to the Land Law of 1969 which allows the registration of 3D parcels and calls for new affiliated regulations and the utilization of new technologies. An overview of the existing land administration system key components and procedures as well as ongoing and planned enhancements are given.","Standard, Land Administration; LADM; Country Profile","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:8b09812e-5bf6-4d82-a972-41d9e6c71a43","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8b09812e-5bf6-4d82-a972-41d9e6c71a43","A LADM-based 3D Underground Utility Data Model: A Case Study of Singapore","Yan, Jingya; Soon, Kean Huat; Jaw, Siow Wei; Schrotter, Gerhard","","2019","Over the years, in order to meet the many and growing needs of urban development, a lot of underground spaces have been used for the public infrastructures, such as utility lines, rail lines and roads. Complex underground infrastructure and inaccurate underground information complicate the development of underground space, the ownership of underground objects is not clear for example; the interdependency of above ground and underground has not presented directly, another example. Having said that, some countries and institutions have implemented or at least conceptualized the 3D mapping of underground utility network and their management in relation to the cadastral system. The City of Zurich for instance has its own utility cadastre platform since 1999 and has set up a governance framework with the corresponding utility providers. Québec and Rotterdam begin to register underground objects for land administration as well. A reliable 3D digital map of utility networks is crucial for urban planners to understand the impactful aspects of the underground space. In order to provide the accurate information of underground utility, Singapore Land Authority (SLA) and the Singapore-ETH Centre started the Digital Underground project to developing a roadmap for a reliable map of subsurface utilities in Singapore since 2017. Through an in-depth studying and analysis about the current states of underground utility in the world and the requirement of Singapore, together with hands-on case studies using well-known data capturing technology (i.e. Ground Penetrating Radar) and research on the 3D modelling of subsurface utilities. It can be observed that the various pieces of information that would constitute the data model exist in the data management systems of different stakeholders in Singapore. Utility networks information is managed by utility owners, land administration information is managed by Singapore Land Authority (SLA). While survey and quality metadata are currently not managed and consistently provided by utility owners. Therefore, this work focuses on the design of 3D underground utility data model and how the data model is connected to land administration based on Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). This case study attempts to explore methods for the integration of newly collected 3D data using underground mapping technology, existing planning 2D utility data and 2D cadastre data. Based on this is a primary study of underground utility in land administration, the data model can be evaluated and improved to establish a national mapping of underground utilities in Singapore.","Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); Underground utility; 3D data model","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:a27c5325-1c57-4224-91ad-30b3c20bb9b8","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a27c5325-1c57-4224-91ad-30b3c20bb9b8","Code list management supported through a controlled domain vocabulary","Stubkjær, Erik; Gruler, Hans-Christoph; Simmons, Scott; Çağdaş, Volkan","","2019","Standards like the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) basically specifies classes and the relations among them. However, this methodology cannot catch the richness of variations of the domain, and therefore code lists are introduced as a supplement. In fact, the LADM mentions a number of code lists for each of the packages of the standard. The codes with name and description are not part of the standard; rather, examples are provided in an informative Annex J of the standard, while the specification of the code lists is left to ‘User communities [who] have to define and manage their own values when implementing this International [LADM] Standard’. As the mentioned user communities all belong to the domain of Land Administration, the specification of code lists would benefit from applying a shared or harmonized terminology. The alternative would lead to communication problems and costs. Within other domains, e.g. agriculture, economy, and environment, controlled vocabularies have been developed (AGROVOC; STW–Thesaurus for Economics; GEMET), each amounting to several thousand terms. The Cadastre and Land Administration Thesaurus (CaLAThe) was issued 2011, based on the then draft version of LADM. The present CaLAThe version 3 of 2019 was extended to about 200 terms, reflecting also the terms of the OGC Land and Infrastructure Conceptual Model Standard (LandInfra) of 2016. The paper explores the potential of applying CaLAThe for code list management, motivated among others by the decision by ISO/TC 211 to revise LADM in terms of a Stage 0-project. Semantic web tools are investigated in order to provide for more explicit semantics of code list values (cf. van Oosterom et al., 2019), in line with previous proposals (Paasch et al., 2015) and (Stubkjær et al., 2018). Moreover, suggestions for international cooperation are outlined.","Cadastre and Land Administration Thesaurus (CaLAThe); Code lists; Semantic Web; Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS); Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); ISO 19152; OGC Land and Infrastructure Conceptual Model Standard (LandInfra); OGC InfraGML","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:bf155fd1-ecb7-43d6-bc55-04cbf8c248c7","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:bf155fd1-ecb7-43d6-bc55-04cbf8c248c7","Design and Implementation of a 3D National Digital Cadastral Database based on Land Administration Domain Model: Lessons Learned from a 3D Cadaster Project in Malaysia","Rajabifard, Abbas; Atazadeh, Benham; Yip, Kit Meng; Kalantari, Mohsen; Rahimipour Anaraki, Mohsen; Olfat, Hamed; Badiee, Farshad; Shojaei, Davood; Lim, Chan Keat; Mohd Zain, Mohd Azua","","2019","With the growing dominance of urban infrastructures in Malaysia, 2D-based cadastral systems in this country are facing new challenges in recording, managing and visualizing the spatial extent of urban land parcels. In Malaysia, surveying and cadastral measurements are currently stored in the National Digital Cadastral Data Base (NDCDB), which is a 2D-based database in the form of planimetric coordinates (X, Y). However, cadastral parcels exist in three dimensional (3D), and 2D coordinates are not adequate to communicate these 3D objects. Therefore, the existing methods of data collection, calculation and adjustment of survey and processing data needs to be upgraded for the purposes of implementing 3D cadastral database and producing digitally certified 3D plans. The upgrade from 2D to 3D environments should be in line with a standardized approach. In this context, the international Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard provides a formal conceptual model for recording and managing cadastral data. It provides an extensible basis for the development and refinement of efficient and effective land administration systems, based on a Model Driven Architecture (MDA), and enables involved parties, both within one jurisdiction and across different countries, to communicate based on a shared vocabulary or ontology implied by the model. A good ontology underpins an interoperable sharing and exchange of cadastral data. The aim of this paper is to propose a new LADM-driven approach to develop and implement a 3D cadastral prototype system for Malaysia. The proposed approach comprises new changes in the current cadastral surveying practices and workflows, a new architecture to support 3D land parcels, and a new database for creating an LADM-based 3D cadastral system which is aligned with jurisdictional settings of Malaysia. In a simple term, moving from 2D-NDCDB to 3D-NDCDB consists of capturing, processing and management of height of survey points that define parcel boundaries. However, this will bring many changes to existing surveying practices in order to capture height components in land parcels, data modelling to be compliant with the LADM standard, application stack to utilize open source technologies and workflow to minimize the overall changes to 2D-NDCBD. This study demonstrated and confirmed that Malaysian cadastral infrastructure is ready for an upgrade to support 3D digital data. The integration of vertical data with existing horizontal data will require a careful consideration due to different degrees of uncertainty that would result from the various methods of data collection. Based on the outcomes of the pilot study, it is recommended that the Government of Malaysia lay the groundwork for a 3D cadastral system by: • Investigating legislative requirements for the introduction of 3D data collection into the current workflows • Investigating the legal significance of the cornerstone as opposed to the land parcel in the context of the current cadastral system • Trialing the current prototype system in selected land development and infrastructure projects • Conducting a pilot project to investigate the integration of strata development subdivisions into the current prototype system • Developing a roadmap for a fully operational 3D cadastre system in Malaysia considering developments in Spatially Enabled Government (SEG) including artificial intelligence for visual communications and analysis as well as integrating building information modelling (BIM) into land administration systems.","Malaysia; 3D cadaster; 3D-NDCDB; Land Administration Domain Model","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:5753e199-0478-45e3-a822-8d1cd64d40cc","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5753e199-0478-45e3-a822-8d1cd64d40cc","A Suggested Terminology for Point-Like Entities in a Bi-Temporal Representation of 2D and 3D Land Administration Data","Thompson, Rodney; van Oosterom, Peter","","2019","The prime purpose of Cadastral data – whether in the form of maps, survey plans or notes, or a digital database is the definitive demarcation of the extent of properties – and can be seen primarily as a decision support facility (“Can a structure be built here?”, “Where can I build a fence?”, “Should I buy this property”?). There are, however many additional uses for which this information has been applied – such as a base for the recording of assets such as light poles, underground cables, etc. and as a history of the pattern of land use and subdivision. Although secondary, these uses are important, and should be adequately supported. It is a fact that the determination of cadastral boundaries can only be carried out to a certain accuracy, and that that accuracy has been improving over time. Older surveys had been carried out with limited control, and using equipment with a low intrinsic accuracy by modern standards. As a result, later surveys provide an opportunity to improve the positioning of existing boundaries. In addition, engineering works such as road building, can provide a source of high accuracy position data that can be applied to low accuracy data. This argues that the accuracy of boundaries should be improved in the historic record of the cadastre – after all we would like to see our historic parcels in the position we now know them to have been – so that they are comparable with current boundaries. Likewise, we need to correct inaccuracies in the attributes of the spatial objects and the topology between them (e.g. which spatial units are adjacent to a given object). On the other hand, we must not lose sight of the decision-making side of the requirements – so that a past decision can be reviewed in relation to the data as it existed then. If the current knowledge in the database of today is used to review old decisions, they may seem irrational. Data custodians are well aware of this issue, using terms like “update” to indicate a “real-world” change, while using “upgrade” to indicate an improvement of the database representation not accompanied with a change “on the ground”; however the database software has not carried this knowledge through – resulting in its loss. This argues for a database with bi-temporal history – where our current best knowledge of the history of the cadastre is recorded (and that history is corrected and maintained), while our past knowledge of the data also recorded as an audit trail (so that we can ask questions like “what did we in 2017 think the definition of this property was in 1994?”). The different historic records, combined with changes of datum, can lead to confusion in terminology – where words such as “point”, “position”, “boundary” become rather overloaded. This paper is intended to provoke discussion of terminology to clear up this confusion, and potentially to assist with an extension of the temporal model in the LADM to accommodate bi-temporality.","Bi_Temporal; Cadastre; 3D Cadastre; 3D Geoinformation, Land Administration; Temporal","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:d1023d5c-83a8-419b-b221-e95789b8defd","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d1023d5c-83a8-419b-b221-e95789b8defd","LADM based models for sustainable development LA-DRM for disaster prone areas and communities (an example for SDG 1 and SDG 13)","Unger, Eva-Maria; Bennett, Rohan; Lemmen, Christiaan; Zevenbergen, Jaap; Dijkstra, Paula; de Zeeuw, Kees","","2019","The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its defined Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), together with other policies such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, or the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (VGGT) stimulate innovative and transformative approaches to secure land and property rights for all. In regard to SDG 13, the Sendai Framework specifically calls for investments in research and the development of a methodology and models for disaster risk management (DRM). Responsible land administration (LA) and DRM both focus on empowering vulnerable groups to become resilient communities. When LA is implemented responsibly, it underpins good land governance and ultimately supports sustainable LA by providing strategies and tools to document all people-to-land relationships. DRM and especially community-based DRM aims to evaluate and manage natural disaster risks at the local level – and highlight the role of communities when it comes to natural disasters. Disaster prevention, response and recovery require information about land tenure. Though, in many high-risk contexts, such records are non-existent or not up to date. A model, LA-DRM, linking the domains of LA and DRM – with the goal of supporting resilience against natural disasters and providing an approach for collecting data once and using it multiple times addresses this issue. A design approach was used to develop the model – with adaption of the international Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard, as published in (ISO, 2012) (Lemmen, 2012), (Hay, 2014), (Lemmen, et al., 2015), acting as a basis. Key features of the model include the support of interoperability through standardisation, the inclusion of all people-to-land relationships including those specific to disaster contexts, and the potential of the model to contribute to each of the disaster phases. The LADM model, and its aggregated models, such as the LA-DRM model, though is suggested to be highly applicable in any land related SDG context where no land tenure information exists, or the national mapping authority already uses a LA system compatible with LADM. Overall, the LA-DRM model is considered as a step towards an implementable strategy for applying responsible LA in e.g. the context of DRM and serves as an example of how to support other SDGs.","Responsible Land Administration; Disaster Risk Management; LADM; Data modelling; sustainable development goals","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:f49ebb07-d5ab-4b97-8ee9-d1c10dd05e46","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:f49ebb07-d5ab-4b97-8ee9-d1c10dd05e46","Exploring and assessing STDM and LADM for gender equitable land administration","Lemmen, Christiaan; Unger, Eva-Maria; Lengoiboni, Monica; Balas, Marisa; Saad, Kholoud; Bennett, Rohan; van Oosterom, Peter; Zevenbergen, Jaap; Vranken, Martinus","","2019","International laws and frameworks such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its defined Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), together with the Voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in the context of national food security (VGGTs) are key global cornerstones in the protection of women’s land rights and enabler for women to get land rights. Land rights for women is an issue that is linked to broader issues across geographical regions and cultural and religious differences. The SDGs specifically target women’s land and property rights in ending poverty (target 1.4), achieving food security (target 2.3) and ensuring gender equality (target 5a). To achieve these goals and to act according to these global policies, namely, to have equal land rights for women and men, land ownership and land use records need to include both genders. Though, in many countries, such records are non-existent or not up to date or do not show the reality on the ground. As a result, women are often passed over by the government during tenure recordation processes. Further overlapping or secondary land rights have been lost through formal land registration systems (women are often these ‘secondary land right holders’, where men are mostly the primary right holder). Consequently, the livelihoods of those relying on the secondary land rights, which are often overlapping use rights to property rights, have been negatively affected. Issues such as: polygamy, monogamy, divorce, inheritance, primary and secondary rights, shares in property and use rights, legal systems (statutory, customary) are directly related to women’s land rights. More specifically, the required supportive data models, forms and databases that could support women’s land rights are either not designed or used in a way that is gender equitable. Aimed at overcoming these issues, supporting and enhancing the protection of the land rights of women and underrepresented, fit-for-purpose land administration promotes alternative approaches to improve land tenure security. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) and the related Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) functionalities can be used for documenting primary and secondary land rights of women. The STDM concept promotes the recordation of a range of land rights including de-facto tenure rights, as well as capturing a variety or multiplicity of tenures that often overlap. In this paper, the contemporary and available options for modelling women’s land rights and use rights in land recording systems will be unpacked, opportunities identified, along with limitations, and work to overcome these suggested. Concepts of land administration are neutral to politics, and can accommodate any number of classifications.","STDM; Gender Equitable Land Administration; women's land rights; data modelling; SDGs; LADM","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:91a84c8a-9832-43a6-a855-e95f7bd51d4d","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:91a84c8a-9832-43a6-a855-e95f7bd51d4d","What would title registration bring to a deeds system with high quality land information?","Zevenbergen, J.A. (University of Twente); Ploeger, H.D. (TU Delft Geo Information)","","2019","An important part of a land administration system that is aimed at constantly reflecting the current right holders of the land and supporting the real estate market, is the system behind the registration of rights, restrictions and responsibilities. Over time the way land transactions have been evidenced, moved from oral agreements, via private conveyancing to registration of deeds, and ultimately registration of title (Larsson 1991). Although most literature sees each step in this development as providing a better system, there are countries with well operating land administration providing a high level of tenure security which legally still operate ‘only’ a deeds system (e.g. France, South-Africa and the Netherlands). In case of the Netherlands the administrative side of the cadastral records contains high quality information on the rights and right holders, derived from the registered deeds, and for many issues society relies on that information (and, ‘being a so called ‘key registration’ is even obligatory to be used by the public sector). The introduction of improved legislation in 1992 (both a revised Civil Code and the introduction of a specific Law on Cadastre and Public Registers) combined with the (early) digitalization of these administrative records, over time has further increased the quality of the information. Some (small) interventions over the years have added to this quality as well. A number of further (administrative) improvements are being considered. Although in general systems of land registration can be seen to be on a sliding scale from simple deeds to advanced title registration, in a recent study we found that there is a discontinuity somewhere on this sliding scale. Whereas it is getting harder and harder to further improve the quality of the information, the full benefits can only be reaped when the law at some point gives legal status to this information (i.c. see it as a title record). Depending on the specific context, incl. the problems experienced due to current weaknesses, power balance between stakeholders and more general e-government developments, such a jump may be warranted or not.","Land administration; land law; Land use","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","Geo Information","","",""
"uuid:99df1aeb-268b-4c44-806f-6b310af6ca1f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:99df1aeb-268b-4c44-806f-6b310af6ca1f","Implementation of Spatial Planning Package for Construction of an LADM Country Profile: Reducing Asymmetric Access to Information of RRRs in Indonesia","Indrajit, A. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Eresta Jaya, Virgo; van Loenen, B. (TU Delft Geo Information); Snaidman, Anna; Ploeger, H.D. (TU Delft Geo Information); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie)","van Oosterom, Peter (editor); Lemmen, Christiaan (editor); Rahman, Alias Abdul (editor)","2019","Spatial plan (or urban plan) as an aggregate product of sectoral policies (i.e., environmental, disaster management, economy, forestry), will be imposed to all land parcels in the form of public law to achieve the vision of a city. This vision relies heavily on the interoperability of land-use, land tenure, land value, and land development. The inseparability between land administration and spatial planning is widely acknowledged by cadaster communities in achieving sustainable development and important for landowners and investors alike. In July 2017, the government of the Republic of Indonesia established action plans for adopting, implementing, monitoring and reporting achievement of Sustainable Development Goals in both national and local levels. Spatial (or urban) planning is the key elements in these plans, particularly in fostering integrated urban and regional plans and supporting collaborative efforts towards well-coordinated national strategies. However, many of collaborative approaches are hindered by asymmetric information from lack of interoperability of information caused by the separation of management of land administration and spatial planning processes and information systems that sourced from silos of information. This phenomenon leads us to incomplete RRRs (Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities) information and causing hidden information for all responsible parties. The hidden information then creates high-cost economy, stimulates unnecessary disputes and instigates moral hazards. Asymmetric information condition, parties (authorities, landowners and prospectus buyers) are often being forced to put unnecessary efforts to investigate RRRs situations of their land parcels or properties against existing or revision of public laws within narrow windows of opportunity. This article aims to promote spatial planning information package in the upcoming ISO LADM revision to better integrate RRRs information from land administration and spatial planning into the existing Land Administration System. By exercising the spatial planning information package, a city can minimize asymmetric access to RRRs information among government institutions and between government and landowners or prospectus investors.
In most countries around the world - Israel being no exception - land administration system is a decentralized one, that is to say, multiple organizations and government departments are involved. In Israel the spatial component is under the authority of Survey of Israel, whereas the Land Registry Offices, with the Ministry of Justice, are in charge of the legal aspects of land administration. However, there are several more players to consider, such as: Israeli Land Authority which is responsible for the managing of approximately 93 percent of all land; the Planning Administration and Planning Commissions - on both national and local levels - which need up-to-date cadastral and land use information for spatial planning, urban and rural development and adequate allocation of land; and finally the entrepreneurs and private citizens, who too require access to the relevant land data. To ensure consistency in access to data, as well as sharing and exchange thereof, institutional interoperability is crucial. Informed decision making, effective and efficient management of land resources and ultimately economic development and sustainability of a country are dependent on it. In order to achieve this cross-organizational coherence a model-driven approach is required.
Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) - ISO 19152 standard, a conceptual model which incorporates both legal and spatial components, offers a common language and provides a solid foundation for establishing a national Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI).
This paper describes the development of an LADM-based Israeli country profile, in light of the amendment to the Land Law of 1969 which allows the registration of 3D parcels and calls for new affiliated regulations and the utilization of new technologies. An overview of the existing land administration system key components and procedures as well as ongoing and planned enhancements are given.","LADM; Country Profile; Standard; Land Administration","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:5bf1bacc-b413-4f08-9cbf-257399434629","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5bf1bacc-b413-4f08-9cbf-257399434629","Exploring and Assessing STDM and LADM for gender equitable land administration","Lemmen, Christiaan (University of Twente; Netherlands Cadastre); Unger, Eva-Maria (EXI Lda; Netherlands Cadastre); Lengoiboni, Monica (University of Twente); Balas, Marisa (EXI Lda); Saad, Kholoud (Netherlands Cadastre); Bennett, Rohan (Netherlands Cadastre); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Zevenbergen, Jaap (University of Twente); Vranken, Martinus (Netherlands Cadastre)","Oosterom, Peter van (editor); Lemmen, Christiaan (editor); Rahman, Alias Abdul (editor)","2019","International laws and frameworks such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its defined Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), together with the Voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in the context of national food security (VGGTs) are key global cornerstones in the protection of women’s land rights and enabler for women to get land rights. Land rights for women is an issue that is linked to broader issues across geographical regions and cultural and religious differences. The SDGs specifically target women’s land and property rights in ending poverty (target 1.4), achieving food security (target 2.3) and ensuring gender equality (target 5a). To achieve these goals and to act according to these global policies, namely, to have equal land rights for women and men, land ownership and land use records need to include both genders. Though, in many countries, such records are non-existent or not up to date or do not show the reality on the ground. As a result, women are often passed over by the government during tenure recordation processes.","Gender Equitable Land Administration; women's land rights; data modelling; SGDs; LADM; STDM","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:5657dd1c-030f-4fb8-9add-6fe117cc1343","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5657dd1c-030f-4fb8-9add-6fe117cc1343","Towards the Netherlands LADM Valuation Information Model Country Profile","Kara, A. (Yıldız Technical University); Kathmann, Ruud (Netherlands Council for Real Estate Assessment); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Lemmen, Christiaan (University of Twente; Netherlands Cadastre); Işıkdağ, Ümit (Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University)","","2019","In this paper, an overview of property valuation system and practices in the Netherlands are described within the context of LADM Valuation Information Model. The paper also includes the development of the Netherlands Country Profile of LADM Valuation Information Model.
A collaborative research initiative has proposed an international valuation information model that extends the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) for specifying semantics of valuation registries maintained by public authorities. The proposed model was created based on the specifications of international standards; literature survey and data acquired from questionnaires responded by the national delegates of FIG Commission 9 and FIG Commission 7. Recently, the model has been updated according to the outputs of the seventh LADM Workshop, information gained from personal communications, and the results of previous tests and assessments. It has been decided that the model should be evaluated with new country profiles and prototype systems.
This paper firstly examines the public property valuation system and practices in the Netherlands in terms of property valuation legislation, WOZ-value (the official assessed value), the usage areas of the WOZ-value, valuation approaches, revaluation, indexing and dissemination of the WOZ-values. Secondly, the required data sets for property valuation and their data sources are identified considering the related legislation and the System of Key Registers in the Netherlands. The obtained information is used to develop the Netherlands Country Profile of the LADM Valuation Information Model. It is noted that the country profile covers transaction prices used in valuation procedures, parties involved in valuation practices, and market analysis information. It is proved that LADM Valuation Information Model provides a decent basis to represent property valuation system in the Netherlands. The results of the study will be used to evaluate LADM Valuation Information Model and input will be provided to LADM v2.0 revision within ISO TC 211 and OGC.","LADM Valuation Information Model; ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); Immovable property valuation","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:1c65db49-404c-4b88-8b78-11dca1bc151b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:1c65db49-404c-4b88-8b78-11dca1bc151b","Analysis of the Third FIG 3D Cadastres Questionnaire: Status in 2018 and Expectations for 2022","Shnaidman, A. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft GIS Technologie); Lemmen, Chrit (University of Twente; Netherlands Cadastre); Ploeger, H.D. (TU Delft Geo Information); Karki, Sudarshan (Queensland Government); Rahman, Alias Abdul (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia)","","2019","The 3rd FIG 3D-Cadastres Questionnaire was conducted and distributed by the end of 2018, with an extended deadline of 15th of January 2019. The questionnaire survey is a part of the FIG working group 3D-Cadastres activities for the period of 2018-2022.
The purpose of this survey is to prepare a comprehensive inventory of the current (2018) state of 3D Cadastres worldwide, to explore the near future (2022) plans and expectations in the field and to evaluate the progress during the past four years. Sharing and dissemination of this information, enable to improve cooperation, to learn from each other and to support future developments as well as to encourage collaboration between various countries and jurisdictions.
As can be determined from the title, this is the third time that the questionnaire on 3D-Cadastres is being carried out. The first version was administered in 2010 in order to document the status of 2010 3D Cadastres and of the then upcoming 2014 expectations. This was followed by a second questionnaire in 2014 (with status of 2014 and ambitions for 2018). The previous responses (van Oosterom et al., 2011; van Oosterom et al., 2014) were analyzed and reported at earlier FIG events (Working Weeks and workshops).
The structure of the 3rd questionnaire has remained rather similar. All of the sections and the numbering of the questions were preserved to allow straightforward comparison with the earlier questionnaires and identification of potential trends. A few questions have been refined for clarification and several new questions have been added at the end of the sections. In this paper the main results of the analysis of the submitted 2018-2022 questionnaire are presented together with an analogy drawn between the past and present responses.","Cadastre; Digital Cadastre; 3D Cadastres; Questionnaire; Worldwide Survey; Land Administration","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","GIS Technologie","","",""
"uuid:7f933069-6eb4-4539-b65e-1e61def6d04c","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7f933069-6eb4-4539-b65e-1e61def6d04c","Considerations for a Contemporary 3D Cadastre for our Times","Stoter, J.E. (TU Delft Urban Data Science); Ho, Serene (Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University); Biljecki, Filip (National University of Singapore)","","2019","A significant number of studies has been carried out to establish 3D cadastre solutions to improve the registration of multi-level property. Since the inception of research on 3D cadastres (about 20 years ago), the world around us has changed significantly and this also partly changes the context regarding 3D cadastre: technology (e.g. visualisation of 3D information), acquisition techniques and BIM data availability, and policy and organisational structures. This paper aims to explore the implications of these changes on 3D cadastre research with a view to discussing considerations for a contemporary 3D cadastre for our times. The paper draws on social and technical trends, challenges, and gaps around 3D cadastre practices from three jurisdictions: the Australian state of Victoria, the Netherlands, and Singapore. The cases have been selected as examples of well-functioning and highly trusted cadastres and land registries committed to innovation in this area, and whose practitioners and researchers are leading the research in this domain. This set provides a breadth of insight that informs our discussion. However, we acknowledge the limitations of the findings as the research undertaken in these jurisdictions is not complicated by other issues with registration or cadastres as they may occur in other countries.","3D Cadastre; 3D Land Administration; Singapore; The Netherlands; Victoria (Australia)","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Urban Data Science","","",""
"uuid:684cfcf2-23a9-43e7-9c45-9fb7b7af1f15","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:684cfcf2-23a9-43e7-9c45-9fb7b7af1f15","3D Data for Better Property Value Estimation in the context of LADM Valuation Information Model","Kara, Abdullah; van Oosterom, Peter; Çağdaş, Volkan; Işikdağ, Ümit; Lemmen, Christiaan","","2018","Property valuation is a process of estimating value of an immovable property. The legal, geometric, physical and environmental characteristics of the immovable property together with the economic indicators are taken into consideration during this process. Traditional cadastral systems only provide two-dimensional (2D) legal and geometric information about property units. However, today’s complex valuation practices (e.g. computer aided mass appraisal) would benefit significantly from three dimensional (3D) information on not only property units but also their physical counterparts (e.g. buildings, building parts). Moreover, 2D and 3D environmental information is needed for determining environmental conditions about immovable properties to better estimate the values of them. A collaborative research initiative has proposed an international valuation information model that extends the LADM for specifying semantics of valuation registries maintained by public authorities. The current version of the LADM Valuation Information Model, however, does not include detailed specification for the environmental characteristics of immovable properties (e.g. presence of views, level of visibility and distance to amenities) which can be derived with 2D and 3D geospatial analyses by means of various data sources. The purpose of this paper is to examine which geospatial analyses, especially 3D analyses, can be used to provide information about immovable properties including environmental and locational characteristics for property valuation activities. Furthermore, it is investigated that how property valuation can benefit from data sources including semantically rich 3D building, city and cadastral models for deriving environmental and locational characteristics of property units. To achieve these objectives, the data sources and geospatial analyses are initially investigated in the context of property valuation. Then, the paper focuses more on viewshed analysis. By using open topography, building and height datasets of the Netherlands and 3D GIS analysis, a viewshed analysis is presented to show how it can be utilized using different data sources for better understanding and explanation of values of the properties. The paper is concluded with a discussion to what extent it is possible and meaningful to include (derived) environmental characteristics of properties in the LADM Valuation Information Model.","3D geospatial analysis; 3D Cadastre; Property valuation; LADM Valuation Information Model; ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); 3D GIS","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:7582e08d-44e4-49b4-aaef-fea150cf56a5","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7582e08d-44e4-49b4-aaef-fea150cf56a5","Moving Towards a Fully Operational 3D Digital Cadastre: Victoria, Australia","Shojaei, Davood; Olfat, Hamed; Rajabifard, Abbas; Kalantari, Mohsen; Briffa, Mark","","2018","Population is growing and due to urbanisation, cities are expanding horizontally and vertically to accommodate more population. Managing these crowded cities with many high-rises and infrastructures below and above the ground surface requires efficient systems. However, the current land and property registration systems mainly use two dimensional (2D) approaches to manage below and above the ground spaces. The current methods of registering land and property (in form of paper and PDF plans) are not sustainable, and efficient registration methods are required to cater for current and future needs. To this end, the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) has developed a strategy1 for modernising the Australian Cadastre to support a 3D, accurate and digital cadastre by 2034. This strategy has a vision to develop a cadastral system that enables the interested community to readily and confidently identify the location and extent of all rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) related to land and real property. Following the ICSM strategy, land authorities in Australia are now reforming their cadastral systems to support accurate and 3D digital cadastral data. The cadastral reform requires a detailed roadmap to define both short and long-term visions and relevant milestones, projects and timeframes...","ePlan.; 3D digital cadastre; roadmap; Victoria; Australia; land administration","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:3db18bad-7cc0-43e0-821f-47d6d1ea94df","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:3db18bad-7cc0-43e0-821f-47d6d1ea94df","Designing Open Spatial Information Infrastructure to Support 3D Urban Planning in Jakarta Smart City","Indrajit, Agung; Ploeger, Hendrik; van Loenen, Bastiaan; van Oosterom, Peter","","2018","Land administration is essential for urban planning and Spatial Information Infrastructure (SII). Interoperability of land administration and spatial planning will determine the success of SII utilization. This information should be accessible to all member of SII, including businesses and the community. This article proposes spatial planning information as an extension of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), the ISO 19152:2012 in order to support spatial planning. The relevance of spatial planning information to be included into LADM is integral to Land Administration System (LAS) development. 3D Spatial planning along with 3D land administration (LA) will provide a complete scene for land tenure, land valuation, land use, and land development to support sustainable development initiatives. Further, the spatial planning extension will contribute to support the UN member countries in obtaining indicators in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by improving interoperability and by integrating right, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRR) from spatial planning and LA which are often resulted from separate processes by different parties.","SII; Land Administration System; Spatial Planning; 3D-visualization; Open Data","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:fa13dab0-3454-4049-b07b-2751341f1c75","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:fa13dab0-3454-4049-b07b-2751341f1c75","International Code List Management – The Case of Land Administration","Stubkjær, Erik; Paasch, Jesper M.; Çağdaş, Volkan; van Oosterom, Peter; Simmons, Scott; Paulsson, Jenny; Lemmen, Christiaan","","2018","Standardization reduces technical barriers to trade and foster dissemination of innovations. Within the domain of information technology, standardization enhances semantic interoperability of systems and services. In order to achieve the potential of standardization, IT solutions must be localized to adapt to local needs. To reduce localization costs, software developers, but also standards develop and adopt internationalization principles and best practices, cf. the W3C Internationalization (I18n) Activity, the ISO 639 Language Codes, which provides an example for code lists and code list management, and the coding of coordinate reference systems. For the domain of Land Administration, the localization issue extends from language names to the various organizations and institutions dealing with interests in land. Paasch et al (2013) propose code lists as a mean of internationalization by which the classes of the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) may be related to the concerned jurisdiction. The issue of code lists has been addressed by the OGC as well, namely in terms of the document 17-050r1 Code List Manifesto by Paul Scarponcini. Motivations for the study include that various OGC standards have encoded enumerations and code lists differently, as realized during the development of the InfraGML standard, which regards land and civil engineering infrastructure facilities, and thus share part of its scope with LADM. Aiming at harmonization of standards within the domain of Land Administration, the present paper proposes a joint management of the code lists which are specified by ISO LADM and by OGC LandInfra / InfraGML, respectively. The FIG motivated the ISO standard LADM and moreover framed research on code lists. It seems therefore appropriate to join with this organization of surveying professionals, also to benefit from sharing of expertise and cost of the management activities. The paper the outlines the tasks of code list management by drawing on the mentioned Code List Manifesto and resuming research supporting code list management, e.g. terminological theory and semantic tools. The setup of a possible code list management system is discussed, and summarized in terms of a draft Memorandum of Understanding.","OGC InfraGML; Code lists; Semantic Web; Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); ISO 19152; OGC Land and Infrastructure Conceptual Model Standard (LandInfra)","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:ad1cd0eb-2732-4ae8-8f54-5064813b7439","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ad1cd0eb-2732-4ae8-8f54-5064813b7439","The LADM Valuation Information Model based on INTERLIS","Kara, Abdullah; Çağdaş, Volkan; Işikdağ, Ümit; van Oosterom, Peter; Lemmen, Christiaan; Stubkjær, Erik","","2018","The geometric, legal, physical, economic, and environmental characteristics of property units are utilized in valuation activities. Property valuation registries and databases are supposed to record these characteristics in relation to property units that are subject to immovable property valuation. Moreover, the links between valuation registries and the other land administration registries such as cadastre, land registry, building and dwelling should be specified. Apart from procedural valuation standards, there is no internationally accepted data standard that defines the links and semantics of property valuation databases. The ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), as an international land administration standard focuses on legal requirements, but considers out of scope specifications of external information systems including valuation and taxation databases. A recently started joint activity under International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) Commission 9 (Valuation and the Management of Real Estate) and FIG Commission 7 (Cadastre and Land Management) has developed an information model for the specification of valuation information maintained by public authorities especially for property taxation. This paper investigates the use of INTERLIS tools for the technical implementation of the Valuation Information Model, which has been developed as a valuation extension of ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). INTERLIS is a Swiss standard that enables modelling and integration of geographic data sets. It provides a conceptual schema language that can be used to specify a data model in a neutral system environment, similarly, class diagrams of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It is compatible with international standards like UML, XML and GML. INTERLIS also provide some tools for the implementation of conceptual models into technical models. The core LADM, a number of the ISO191xx base models and some LADM country profiles were already expressed in INTERLIS standard. This paper presents definition of classes, code lists and constraints of the LADM Valuation Information Model and its Turkish Country Profile in INTERLIS. It also discusses possible advantageous of INTERLIS tools (UML editor, compiler, checker, validator and loader) such as system neutral data exchange format, compatibility with relevant international standards, reusable and extensible conceptual schema language, and automatic translation from the conceptual model to physical model.","INTERLIS, Immovable Property Valuation; ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); LADM Valuation Information Model","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:f593f3f7-9c9a-4768-92e0-964356dded42","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:f593f3f7-9c9a-4768-92e0-964356dded42","Towards a New Working Item Proposal for Edition II of LADM","Lemmen, Christiaan; van Oosterom, Peter; Kalantari, Mohsen","","2018","This paper presents the first and incomplete draft text for the revision of IS 19152:2012 ‘Geographic information — Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)’ within ISO TC211 in the form of a New Working Item Proposal (NWIP). This ‘two-page NWIP’ text aims to describe the scope of proposed project to revise, and also provides the purpose and justification behind this revision of LADM. The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) also submitted to ISO the NWIP for the current version of LADM (IS 19152:2012). As for the revision the ambition is now to go beyond just a conceptual model by providing steps towards implementations (e.g. more specific profiles, technical model in various encodings, etc.), it is the intention that the Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC) is heavily involved in the revision and that the result is a joint ISO/OGC standard. For this purpose the recent draft OGC White Paper is added as Appendix 1 to this paper to provide more detail background information. It is further noted that the complete NWIP for Edition II of LADM also ‘Preparatory work’ should be attached; e.g. a draft of the new version of the standard. In the case of the revised LADM standard of course this is based on the IS 19152:2012, but will contain also contain collected materials from the LADM2017 and LADM2018 workshop.","LADM; Land Administration; Standardisation","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:c0eade09-9420-4b75-82e5-a84aa3957b69","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:c0eade09-9420-4b75-82e5-a84aa3957b69","Exploring Options for Standardization of Processes and Transactions in Land Administration","Lemmen, Chrstiaan; van Oosterom, Peter; Unger, Eva-Maria; de Zeeuw, Kees; Kalantari, Mohsen","","2018","Processes and transactions in Land Administration are outside the scope of the Land Administration Domain Model Edition I published in 2012. Reason is that processes were considered to be country specific. Generic processes would be too difficult to model. This view needs reconsideration – given developments as Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration, Apps and blockchain. In many countries different organizations have their own responsibilities in data maintenance and supply, but may communicate on the basis of standardized administrative and technical update processes. Operationalization and implementation of LADM requires attention to this aspect - at least at conceptual level (not prescriptive). This will an issue in the development of LADM Edition II and this is the issue that is explored in this paper.","LADM; Land Administration, Standardization","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:f114d537-3793-49ee-92ca-73d89fd156fb","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:f114d537-3793-49ee-92ca-73d89fd156fb","3D Cadastre and LADM – Needs and Expectations towards LADM Revision","Kalogianni, Eftychia; Dimopoulou, Efi; van Oosterom, Peter","","2018","The last decade, significant progress has been made in advancing the concept of 3D Cadastre and related technologies to facilitate its realisation. There are many examples of partial implementation and prototypes of 3D parcels registration around the world as stated by Kitsakis et al (2016) and Dimopoulou et al (2016) regarding selected countries. While standardisation in the land administration domain extends to 3D and even 4D representations, currently, there is no country that has a fully operational 3D Cadastre supporting all stages of the registration and dissemination (Van Oosterom et al, 2014). In the context of 3D Cadastre developments worldwide, the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), ISO 19152, outlines the foundations for a 3D Cadastre and becomes one of the best candidates for unambiguously representing 3D Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (Kalogianni et al, 2017). The spatial development life cycle of an object begins outside the cadastral registration cycle and has a direct impact on how a specific development application is processed. Thus, in considering the changes required to allow a jurisdiction to register 3D objects, it is important to note the sphere of influence that could have an impact on 3D registration. These include multiple stakeholders and processes, which generate different user needs, as addressed at the previous section and also new opportunities that could be addressed on the current LADM version. To this purpose, this paper explores the needs and prospects towards further 3D modelling of the present LADM version, as derived by the current LADM experience in various countries worldwide in the context of the full spatial development cycle. Nevertheless, over the last few years the number of jurisdictions that are developing LADM-based country profiles, prototype systems and undertaking pilots using various physical models and data formats to achieve LADM implementation in the context of 3D Cadastre has become more significant. Those approaches can be mainly categorised as “fully operational” implementations and “partly-operational” implementations focusing on different aspects of 3D cadastre development cycle; e.g. submission of 3D survey plans, prototype stage; implementations that focus on visualisation, implementations that focus on constraints and validation rules, etc. Finally, within this context, this paper examines how current LADM version can efficiently meet the needs stated above and update user requirements for LADM in the context of the upcoming revision.","Land Administration Developments; LADM; LADM Revision; 3D Cadastre","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:deea884f-0bfa-415e-858d-722773c53e85","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:deea884f-0bfa-415e-858d-722773c53e85","LADM – Experiences and Challenges in Implementation","Govedarica, Miro; Radulović, Aleksandra; Popović, Dragana","","2018","Based on the experience in the design and implementation of cadastral information systems in Serbia, Montenegro and Republika Srpska, an entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina, this paper presents activities in the development of LADM based cadastral profiles in these countries and a region. It also demonstrates the implementation of such profiles in practice in the form of technical solution that combines together software for maintaining cadastral and legal data (both alphanumeric data about rights and spatial data on cadastral maps), office management solution and development of on-line services for the citizens, to have an insight into their rights and restrictions. There are three main subsystems of cadastral information system in these countries and the entity: 1) land register containing alphanumeric data about land, buildings, rights and parties 2) cadastre containing graphic data about land parcels and buildings 3) office management for handling requests made by citizens. Software solution includes the functionalities for maintaining cadastral data by employees in mapping agencies and office management module which connects client requests for change of data or issuing the documents, with procedures in cadastre. The purpose of electronic services is to provide access to these registers to the citizens which can be natural or legal persons. Part of that data is available to all, while more data is available to registered users which are usually legal persons involved in legal issues, such as notaries, banks, ministry of internal affairs, tax administration etc. There are three types of services that are in use: eCadastre service, Web services for information systems of cooperative organizations and geoportal services. eCadastre service provides insight into land register and office management. Users are allowed to view data about rights over their properties. They can also view requests on properties and follow the execution of their requests. Issuing of documents and making request are provided for registered users. Cadastral Web services are intended for use by the information systems of other organizations that use cadastral data, as well as for the work of the eGoverment portal through which online services to clients are executed. Geoportal is established and maintained by the mapping agencies as part of the Spatial Data Infrastructure and provides view of layers of spatial data, including parcels and buildings. Finally, we make a discussion of possible directions of further development in cadastral domain in this region, based on 3D data acquisition technologies.","LADM; Cadastral Data; Land administration","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:263ccdbe-0735-413e-9907-a7f2e3dbd6ec","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:263ccdbe-0735-413e-9907-a7f2e3dbd6ec","A Database Implementation of LADM Valuation Information Model in Turkish Case Study","kara, Abdullah; Işikdağ, Ümit; Cağdaş, Volkan; van Oosterom, Peter; Lemmen, Christiaan; Stubkjær, Erik","","2018","A recently started joint activity under International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) Commission 9 (Valuation and the Management of Real Estate) and FIG Commission 7 (Cadastre and Land Management) has started development of an information model for the specification of valuation information maintained by public authorities especially for property taxation. In this initiative, ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) has been taken as the basis for the development of a Valuation Information Model. A first version of the LADM Valuation Information Model was created based on standards, literature survey and data gained from questionnaires replied by the national delegates of FIG Commission 9 and FIG Commission 7. The conceptual model was represented through class diagrams of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). This paper describes the development of a prototype for the implementation of the conceptual model in terms of a Turkish case study. The main aim of this paper is to assess and improve the proposed conceptual LADM Valuation Information Model. In the development part, the classes, attributes, constraints, cardinalities and relations between classes of the conceptual model were converted to technical (physical) model, namely the Oracle Spatial 11g database schema has been generated from the conceptual model definitions. The conceptual schema definitions were implemented into the database, which next was loaded with sample datasets related to property valuation and taxation in Turkey. The sample data includes valuation units that are the subjects of recurrently levied property taxes in Turkey, such as unimproved urban parcel and parcel and improvements together as condominium property, valuation and taxation information of the valuation units in different years, and as well as geometries of valuation units. The technical model of LADM Valuation Information Model Turkish Country Profile has been tested in evaluation phase through SQL queries and visualization tools, respectively. In this phase, it is investigated that whether the both conceptual and technical models fulfill the needs of information management aspects of valuation activities for property taxation.","Immovable Property Valuation; LADM Valuation Information Model; ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:618c4bbf-ad02-4d2f-ad40-abd5cd10f640","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:618c4bbf-ad02-4d2f-ad40-abd5cd10f640","Supporting Fiscal Aspect of Land Administration through an LADM-based Valuation Information Model","Kara, A. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology; Yıldız Technical University); Çağdaş, Volkan (Yıldız Technical University); Lemmen, Christiaan (Netherlands Cadastre); Işıkdağ, Ümit (Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); Stubkjær, Erik (Aalborg University)","","2018","This paper presents an information system artifact for the fiscal aspect of land administration, a valuation information model for the specification of inventories or databases used in valuation for recurrently levied immovable property taxes. The information model is designed as an extension module of ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), which is an international standard for land administration. LADM Valuation Information Model is supposed to facilitate all stages of immovable property valuation, namely the identification of properties, assessment of properties through single or mass appraisal procedures, generation and representation of sales statistics, and dealing with appeals. Therefore, it enables the recording of data concerning the parties that are involved in valuation practices, property objects that are subject of valuation, their characteristics and other datasets used for and produced within single and mass appraisal procedures. Moreover, it enables development of valuation maps, and property price records needed to assess changes in property values, as addressed by the New Urban Agenda which is as an extension of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development for urban areas (cf. Clause 104). The ultimate purpose of this research is to provide governments with a common basis for the development of local or national databases, enable integration of valuation databases with cadastral databases, and guide the private sector in the development of information technology products.","Immovable property valuation and taxation; SO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); LADM Valuation Information Model","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:ac22f9c0-1d4b-48f2-ab00-10608a4ee168","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ac22f9c0-1d4b-48f2-ab00-10608a4ee168","3D Data for Better Property Value Estimation in the context of LADM Valuation Information Model","Kara, A. (Yıldız Technical University); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); Çagdas, Volkan (Yıldız Technical University); Isikdag, Ümit (Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University); Lemmen, Christiaan (University of Twente; Netherlands Cadastre)","Oosterom, Peter van (editor); Dubbeling, Dirk (editor)","2018","Property valuation is a process of estimating value of an immovable property. The legal, geometric, physical and environmental characteristics of the immovable property together with the economic indicators are taken into consideration during this process. Traditional cadastral systems only provide two-dimensional (2D) legal and geometric information about property units. However, today’s complex valuation practices (e.g. computer aided mass appraisal) would benefit significantly from three dimensional (3D) information on not only property units but also their physical counterparts (e.g. buildings, building parts). Moreover, 2D and 3D environmental information is needed for determining environmental conditions about immovable properties to better estimate the values of them.
A collaborative research initiative has proposed an international valuation information model that extends the LADM for specifying semantics of valuation registries maintained by public authorities. The current version of the LADM Valuation Information Model, however, does not include detailed specification for the environmental characteristics of immovable properties (e.g. presence of views, level of visibility and distance to amenities) which can be derived with 2D and 3D geospatial analyses by means of various data sources.
The purpose of this paper is to examine which geospatial analyses, especially 3D analyses, can be used to provide information about immovable properties including environmental and locational characteristics for property valuation activities. Furthermore, it is investigated that how property valuation can benefit from data sources including semantically rich 3D building, city and cadastral models for deriving environmental and locational characteristics of property units. To achieve these objectives, the data sources and geospatial analyses are initially investigated in the context of property valuation. Then, the paper focuses more on viewshed analysis. By using open topography, building and height datasets of the Netherlands and 3D GIS analysis, a viewshed analysis is presented to show how it can be utilized using different data sources for better understanding and explanation of values of the properties. The paper is concluded with a discussion to what extent it is possible and meaningful to include (derived) environmental characteristics of properties in the LADM Valuation Information Model.","3D Cadastre; Property valuation; LADM Valuation Information Model; ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); 3D GIS; 3D geospatial analysis","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:9f184caa-c14c-4a16-9780-47cc263c75e3","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:9f184caa-c14c-4a16-9780-47cc263c75e3","Exploring Options for Standardisation of Processes and Transactions in Land Administration","Lemmen, Christiaan (Netherlands Cadastre; University of Twente); Unger, Eva Maria (Netherlands Cadastre); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); Kalantari, Mohsen (University of Melbourne); Zeeuw, Kees de (Netherlands Cadastre)","","2018","Processes and transactions in Land Administration are outside the scope of the Land Administration Domain Model Edition I published in 2012. Reason is that processes were considered to be country specific. Generic processes would be too difficult to model. This view needs reconsideration – given developments as Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration, Apps and blockchain.
In many countries different organizations have their own responsibilities in data maintenance and supply, but may communicate on the basis of standardised administrative and technical update processes. Operationalisation and implementation of LADM requires attention to this aspect - at least at conceptual level (not prescriptive). This will an issue in the development of LADM Edition II and this is the issue that is explored in this paper.","Land Administration; Standardisation; LADM","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:63acb764-86c6-40dc-904f-e38aaaa6f325","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:63acb764-86c6-40dc-904f-e38aaaa6f325","International Code List Management: The Case of Land Administration","Stubkjær, Erik (Aalborg University); Paasch, Jesper M. (University of Gävle); Çağdaş, Volkan (Yıldız Technical University); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); Simmons, Scott (Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)); Paulsson, Jesper (KTH Royal Institute of Technology); Lemmen, Christiaan (University of Twente; Netherlands Cadastre)","Lemmen, C. (editor); van Oosterom, P. (editor); Fendel, E. (editor)","2018","Standardization reduces technical barriers to trade and foster dissemination of innovations. Within the domain of information technology, standardization enhances semantic interoperability of systems and services. In order to achieve the potential of standardization, IT solutions must be localized to adapt to local needs. To reduce localization costs, software developers, but also standards develop and adopt internationalization principles and best practices, cf. the W3C Internationalization (I18n) Activity, the ISO 639 Language Codes, which provides an example for code lists and code list management, and the coding of coordinate reference systems.
For the domain of Land Administration, the localization issue extends from language names to the various organizations and institutions dealing with interests in land. Paasch et al (2013) propose code lists as a mean of internationalization by which the classes of the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) may be related to the concerned jurisdiction. The issue of code lists has been addressed by the OGC as well, namely in terms of the document 17-050r1 Code List Manifesto by Paul Scarponcini. Motivations for the study include that various OGC standards have encoded enumerations and code lists differently, as realized during the development of the InfraGML standard, which regards land and civil engineering infrastructure facilities, and thus share part of its scope with LADM.
Aiming at harmonization of standards within the domain of Land Administration, the present paper proposes a joint management of the code lists which are specified by ISO LADM and by OGC LandInfra / InfraGML, respectively. The FIG motivated the ISO standard LADM and moreover framed research on code lists. It seems therefore appropriate to join with this organization of surveying professionals, also to benefit from sharing of expertise and cost of the management activities. The paper the outlines the tasks of code list management by drawing on the mentioned Code List Manifesto and resuming research supporting code list management, e.g. terminological theory and semantic tools. The setup of a possible code list management system is discussed, and summarized in terms of a draft Memorandum of Understanding.","Code lists; Semantic Web; Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); ISO 19152; OGC Land and Infrastructure Conceptual Model Standard (LandInfra); OGC InfraGML","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:622b1d6e-6dd0-4afc-a837-39729f903d19","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:622b1d6e-6dd0-4afc-a837-39729f903d19","Towards a New Working Item Proposal for Edition II of LADM","Lemmen, Christiaan (University of Twente; Netherlands Cadastre); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); Kalantari, Mohsen (University of Melbourne)","Lemmen, C. (editor); van Oosterom, P. (editor); Fendel, E. (editor)","2018","This paper presents the first and incomplete draft text for the revision of IS 19152:2012 ‘Geographic information — Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)’ within ISO TC211 in the form of a New Working Item Proposal (NWIP). This ‘two-page NWIP’ text aims to describe the scope of proposed project to revise, and also provides the purpose and justification behind this revision of LADM. The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) also submitted to ISO the NWIP for the current version of LADM (IS 19152:2012). As for the revision the ambition is now to go beyond just a conceptual model by providing steps towards implementations (e.g. more specific profiles, technical model in various encodings, etc.), it is the intention that the Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC) is heavily involved in the revision and that the result is a joint ISO/OGC standard. For this purpose the recent draft OGC White Paper is added as Appendix 1 to this paper to provide more detail background information.
It is further noted that the complete NWIP for Edition II of LADM also ‘Preparatory work’ should be attached; e.g. a draft of the new version of the standard. In the case of the revised LADM standard of course this is based on the IS 19152:2012, but will contain also contain collected materials from the LADM2017 and LADM2018 workshop.","Land administration; Standardisation; LADM","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:1ceef96d-3274-4dd3-ab2e-42518524c8d6","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:1ceef96d-3274-4dd3-ab2e-42518524c8d6","The LADM Valuation Information Model based on INTERLIS","Kara, A. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology; Yıldız Technical University); Çağdaş, Volkan (Yıldız Technical University); Işıkdağ, Ümit (Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); Lemmen, Christiaan (University of Twente; Netherlands Cadastre); Stubkjær, Erik (Aalborg University)","Lemmen, C. (editor); van Oosterom, P. (editor); Fendel, E. (editor)","2018","The geometric, legal, physical, economic, and environmental characteristics of property units are utilized in valuation activities. Property valuation registries and databases are supposed to record these characteristics in relation to property units that are subject to immovable property valuation. Moreover, the links between valuation registries and the other land administration registries such as cadastre, land registry, building and dwelling should be specified. Apart from procedural valuation standards, there is no internationally accepted data standard that defines the links and semantics of property valuation databases. The ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), as an international land administration standard focuses on legal requirements, but considers out of scope specifications of external information systems including valuation and taxation databases. A recently started joint activity under International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) Commission 9 (Valuation and the Management of Real Estate) and FIG Commission 7 (Cadastre and Land Management) has developed an information model for the specification of valuation information maintained by public authorities especially for property taxation.
This paper investigates the use of INTERLIS tools for the technical implementation of the Valuation Information Model, which has been developed as a valuation extension of ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM).
INTERLIS is a Swiss standard that enables modelling and integration of geographic data sets. It provides a conceptual schema language that can be used to specify a data model in a neutral system environment, similarly, class diagrams of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It is compatible with international standards like UML, XML and GML. INTERLIS also provide some tools for the implementation of conceptual models into technical models. The core LADM, a number of the ISO191xx base models and some LADM country profiles were already expressed in INTERLIS standard.
This paper presents definition of classes, code lists and constraints of the LADM Valuation Information Model and its Turkish Country Profile in INTERLIS. It also discusses possible advantageous of INTERLIS tools (UML editor, compiler, checker, validator and loader) such as system neutral data exchange format, compatibility with relevant international standards, reusable and extensible conceptual schema language, and automatic translation from the conceptual model to physical model.","ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); LADM Valuation Information Model; INTERLIS; Immovable Property Valuation","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:0f32a162-2dc1-4833-8d62-b66d319c1507","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0f32a162-2dc1-4833-8d62-b66d319c1507","3D Cadastre and LADM - Needs and Expectations towards LADM Revision","Kalogianni, E. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology; National Technical University of Athens); Dimopoulou, Efi (National Technical University of Athens); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology)","Lemmen, C. (editor); van Oosterom, P. (editor); Fendel, E. (editor)","2018","The last decade, significant progress has been made in advancing the concept of 3D Cadastre and related technologies to facilitate its realisation. There are many examples of partial implementation and prototypes of 3D parcels registration around the world as stated by Kitsakis et al (2016) and Dimopoulou et al (2016) regarding selected countries. While standardisation in the land administration domain extends to 3D and even 4D representations, currently, there is no country that has a fully operational 3D Cadastre supporting all stages of the registration and dissemination (Van Oosterom et al, 2014). In the context of 3D Cadastre developments worldwide, the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), ISO 19152, outlines the foundations for a 3D Cadastre and becomes one of the best candidates for unambiguously representing 3D Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (Kalogianni et al, 2017).
The spatial development life cycle of an object begins outside the cadastral registration cycle and has a direct impact on how a specific development application is processed. Thus, in considering the changes required to allow a jurisdiction to register 3D objects, it is important to note the sphere of influence that could have an impact on 3D registration. These include multiple stakeholders and processes, which generate different user needs, as addressed at the previous section and also new opportunities that could be addressed on the current LADM version.
To this purpose, this paper explores the needs and prospects towards further 3D modelling of the present LADM version, as derived by the current LADM experience in various countries worldwide in the context of the full spatial development cycle. Nevertheless, over the last few years the number of jurisdictions that are developing LADM-based country profiles,
prototype systems and undertaking pilots using various physical models and data formats to achieve LADM implementation in the context of 3D Cadastre has become more significant.
Those approaches can be mainly categorised as “fully operational” implementations and “partly-operational” implementations focusing on different aspects of 3D cadastre development cycle; e.g. submission of 3D survey plans, prototype stage; implementations that focus on visualisation, implementations that focus on constraints and validation rules, etc. Finally, within this context, this paper examines how current LADM version can efficiently meet the needs stated above and update user requirements for LADM in the context of the upcoming revision.","LADM; LADM Revision; 3D Cadastre; Land Administration Developments","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:ac9ff37b-c3bc-42f2-99e2-319cb8e02cfd","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ac9ff37b-c3bc-42f2-99e2-319cb8e02cfd","A Database Implementation of LADM Valuation Information Model in Turkish Case Study","Kara, A. (Yıldız Technical University); Işıkdağ, Ümit (Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University); Çağdaş, Volkan (Yıldız Technical University); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); Lemmen, Christiaan (University of Twente; Netherlands Cadastre); Stubkjær, Erik (Aalborg University)","Lemmen, C. (editor); van Oosterom, P. (editor); Fendel, E. (editor)","2018","A recently started joint activity under International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) Commission 9 (Valuation and the Management of Real Estate) and FIG Commission 7 (Cadastre and Land Management) has started development of an information model for the specification of valuation information maintained by public authorities especially for property taxation. In this initiative, ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) has been taken as the basis for the development of a Valuation Information Model. A first version of the LADM Valuation Information Model was created based on standards, literature survey and data gained from questionnaires replied by the national delegates of FIG Commission 9 and FIG Commission 7. The conceptual model was represented through class diagrams of the Unified Modeling Language (UML).
This paper describes the development of a prototype for the implementation of the conceptual model in terms of a Turkish case study. The main aim of this paper is to assess and improve the proposed conceptual LADM Valuation Information Model. In the development part, the classes, attributes, constraints, cardinalities and relations between classes of the conceptual model were converted to technical (physical) model, namely the Oracle Spatial 11g database schema has been generated from the conceptual model definitions. The conceptual schema definitions were implemented into the database, which next was loaded with sample datasets related to property valuation and taxation in Turkey. The sample data includes valuation units that are the subjects of recurrently levied property taxes in Turkey, such as unimproved urban parcel and parcel and improvements together as condominium property, valuation and taxation information of the valuation units in different years, and as well as geometries of valuation units. The technical model of LADM Valuation Information Model Turkish Country Profile has been tested in evaluation phase through SQL queries and visualization tools, respectively. In this phase, it is investigated that whether the both conceptual and technical models fulfill the needs of information management aspects of valuation activities for property taxation.","LADM Valuation Information Model; ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); Immovable Property Valuation","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:8062a8eb-2cd8-4010-b090-1dbd03fc694e","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8062a8eb-2cd8-4010-b090-1dbd03fc694e","Towards Turkish LADM valuation information model country profile","Kara, A. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology; Yıldız Technical University); Çağdaş, Volkan (Yıldız Technical University); Işıkdağ, Ümit (Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); Lemmen, Christiaan (Netherlands Cadastre); Stubkjær, Erik (Aalborg University)","","2018","A recently established joint working group under International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) Commission 9 (Valuation and the Management of Real Estate) and FIG Commission 7 (Cadastre and Land Management) has started the development of an information model for the specification of valuation information maintained by public authorities especially for property taxation. In this initiative, ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) has been taken as the basis for the development of a Valuation Information Model. A first version of the LADM Valuation Information Model was created based on international standards, literature survey and data gained from questionnaires replied by the national delegates of FIG Commission 9 and FIG Commission 7. The planned further works include (i) creating country profiles, and (ii) development of prototypes for the assessment of country profiles and conceptual model itself.
This paper presents an overview of immovable property valuation conducted for taxation purposes in Turkey. Based on this overview, it also proposes a country profile of LADM Valuation Information Model in Turkey case. The country profile covers valuation activities for annually levied recurrent property taxes (i.e. Land Tax and Building Tax) in Turkey, characteristics and spatial aspects of valuation units used in property valuation, property valuation approaches employed for property taxation, transaction prices used in valuation procedures, parties involved in valuation practices, and information on taxes on immovable property. The profile also includes the content of code lists that detail administrative valuations in relation to property tax assessments in Turkey. The proposed profile is evaluated with Unified Modeling Language (UML) instance level diagrams in examples of property taxes on land and building in Turkey for assessing whether the profile fulfills the needs of information management aspects of valuation activities for property taxation. Towards","LADM Valuation Information Model; ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); Immovable property valuation; Turkey Country Profile","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:83af51bf-d4fd-4b15-a5ad-41b865ea5aea","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:83af51bf-d4fd-4b15-a5ad-41b865ea5aea","Exploring Options for Standardization of Processes and Transactions in Land Administration","Lemmen, Christiaan (University of Twente; Netherlands Cadastre); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); Unger, Eva-Maria (Netherlands Cadastre); Zeeuw, Kees de (Netherlands Cadastre); Kalantari, Mohsen (University of Melbourne)","Lemmen, C. (editor); van Oosterom, P. (editor); Fendel, E. (editor)","2018","Processes and transactions in Land Administration are outside the scope of the Land Administration Domain Model Edition I published in 2012. Reason is that processes were considered to be country specific. Generic processes would be too difficult to model. This view needs reconsideration – given developments as Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration, Apps and blockchain.
In many countries different organizations have their own responsibilities in data maintenance and supply, but may communicate on the basis of standardized administrative and technicalupdate processes. Operationalization and implementation of LADM requires attention to this aspect - at least at conceptual level (not prescriptive). This will an issue in the development of LADM Edition II and this is the issue that is explored in this paper.
Standards like the ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) are helping to jump-start new initiatives and are connecting top-down and bottom-up projects together. The LADM facilitates the efficient set-up of land administration and can function as the core of any land administration system. LADM is flexible, widely applicable and functions as a central source of state-of-the-art international knowledge on this topic. Some future trends in the domain and the maintenance of the standard are presented and being discussed in the paper. These trends may be relevant for the development of a second edition of the LADM over the coming years.
These models do not include land administration processes for initial data acquisition, data maintenance and data publication. This is because these processes were considered to be country-specific when the first edition of LADM was prepared; a generic and global approach was likely to be difficult to model. This view may now need reconsideration.","Land Administration; Cadastre; Land Registry; Standardisation; ISO 19152; LADM; STDM","en","conference paper","World Bank","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:8fa1ce24-6b28-423a-8dbf-3541dce0438c","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8fa1ce24-6b28-423a-8dbf-3541dce0438c","A Knowledge Organization System for the Development of an ISO 19152:2012 LADM Valuation Module","Çağdaş, Volkan (Yıldız Technical University); Kara, A. (Yıldız Technical University); Işıkdağ, Ümit (Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); Lemmen, Christiaan (Netherlands Cadastre); Stubkjær, Erik (Aalborg University)","Halme, Pekka (editor)","2017","The challenge to develop interactive information services for new domains is supported by Knowledge Organization Systems and Services (KOS), which model the underlying semantic structure of a domain through classification systems, thesauri, gazetteers, or ontologies. The ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is an international standard regarding the management of information about ownership, value and use of land. The current version of LADM addresses legal and administrative aspects; the standard revision starts in 2017, according to ISO’s periodic maintenance procedure. A group of researchers have initiated the development of a valuation component of LADM in terms of a draft extension module. It concerns the fiscal parties involved in the valuation practices and fiscal real property units that are the objects of valuation (see Çağdaş et al., 2016). The present paper aims at supporting this initiative by providing a domain vocabulary and thesaurus. The presented Valuation Thesaurus is developed according to the ANSI/NISO Z.39.19-2005 ‘Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Controlled Vocabularies’ and includes terms derived from international valuation standards, such as European Valuation Standards (TEGoVA, 2012), International Valuation Standard (IVSC, 2013), Standard on Mass Appraisal of Real Property (IAAO, 2013a), Standard on Automated Valuation Models (2003), Standard on Ratio Studies (IAAO, 2013b). It is encoded through the Simple Knowledge Organization Systems (SKOS) specifications developed by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for standardized representation of structured vocabularies. The Valuation Thesaurus reveals the core semantic of the immovable property valuation domain, and therefore supports the identification of candidate classes, class attributes and relationships for the further elaboration of the mentioned LADM Valuation Module.","Knowledge Organization Systems; Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS); 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); LADM Valuation Module","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:6c19fe18-87a0-4cc1-9158-1e70d69e9aea","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6c19fe18-87a0-4cc1-9158-1e70d69e9aea","Initial Inventory of 3D Cadastre Use Cases in the Caribbean","Every, Freddy (Ministerie van Ruimtelijke Ontwikkeling, Infrastructuur en Integratie); Griffith-Charles, Charisse (University of the West Indies); Holder, Riëncy (Stichting Kadaster & Hypotheekwezen Bonaire); Molendijk, Mathilde (Netherlands Cadastre); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); Alcántar, Rolando Ocampo (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía); Croes, Jocelyne Marie Marguerite (Office of the Prime Minister of Aruba); Lemmen, Christiaan (Netherlands Cadastre); Ploeger, H.D. (TU Delft OLD Geo-information and Land Development; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Sutherland, Michael (University of the West Indies)","Halme, Pekka (editor)","2017","As argued in many earlier FIG publications, the potential benefits of 3D Cadastre are huge. This is especially true in the Caribbean setting with quite dense urban areas and large and important marine areas, where rights (restrictions and responsibilities; RRRs) in 3D is a prerequisite for the blue economy. The Caribbean with a plethora of 3D use cases present, limited legacy data and systems, and a relative small size, is an excellent site for establishing an integrated 2D/3D Cadastral registration. Such a future system will support sustainable development of the Caribbean in the economic sense, while protecting the environmental values and human values (based on legislation and tools to support this). This paper will present an initial inventory of 11 different relevant 3D Cadastre use cases in the Caribbean (from Aruba, Bonaire and Trinidad&Tobago). This initial inventory gives an indication of the multi-disciplinary nature and importance of the topic, but will also be used for scoping the future development.","Cadastre; 3D Cadastre; Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); Caribbean, Public Administration; Marine Cadastre; Small Island Developing States (SIDS); Environmental Protection","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:04b67a42-251a-480d-99fb-d9309daface5","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:04b67a42-251a-480d-99fb-d9309daface5","Towards an International Data Standard for Immovable Property Valuation","Kara, A. (Yıldız Technical University); Çağdaş, Volkan (Yıldız Technical University); Işıkdağ, Ümit (Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); Lemmen, Christiaan (Netherlands Cadastre); Stubkjær, Erik (Aalborg University)","Halme, Pekka (editor)","2017","Immovable property valuation is performed by public sector actors for several land management activities, such as property taxation, expropriation or compulsory purchase of land, land re-adjustment and land consolidation; and private sector actors perform valuation for purchase, real estate financing, investment analysis, and further property transactions. The valuation process returns estimated value (e.g. market value) of property units based on their legal, physical, geographic, economic, and environmental characteristics, as recorded at public registries or observed on location. The ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) presents a conceptual schema for the specification of property units and their legal and geometric characteristics recorded at cadaster and land register, and relates these datasets with other property related datasets (e.g., valuation, taxation, land use, land cover) recorded at external databases. A recently initiated collaborative research (see Çağdaş, 2016) aims at developing a data model for one of these external databases, in terms of a Valuation Module for the ISO 19152:2012 LADM which is supposed to define semantics of valuation databases maintained by public authorities especially for immovable property taxation. The present paper presents preliminary results of this initiative, and describes a draft version of the Valuation Module which specifies the input and output data used and produced when single or mass appraisal processes are performed according to published standards and recommendations. It also presents a questionnaire which was prepared to create an inventory of valuation applications all over the world, and will be used as source data for the elaboration of the draft module. The paper also opens a discussion about this initiative, and calls for contributions of other relevant bodies (e.g. FIG, OGC, TEGOVA, IVSC and IAAO) for the further development of the draft Valuation Module.","Immovable Property Valuation; SO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); LADM Valuation Module","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:0ab1191e-d369-4ca9-8f37-34e1f1770343","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0ab1191e-d369-4ca9-8f37-34e1f1770343","A 3D LADM prototype implementation in INTERLIS","Kalogianni, Eftychia (National Technical University of Athens); Dimopoulou, Efi (National Technical University of Athens); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology)","Abdul-Rahman, Alias (editor)","2017","The massive developments and uses of high-rise buildings indicate that the demand for use of space above and below the ground surface is rapidly increasing in recent years. The same applies to Greece, where the existing cadastral model does not cover the 3D needs and does not conform to international standards. In this paper, a model is proposed, considered as an effort for overcoming these shortcomings, based on international standards, including the representation of a wide range of different types of spatial units, organized in levels according to the LA_Level structure of ISO19152 LADM. It is a proposal for a comprehensive multipurpose LAS supporting 2D and 3D cadastral registration in Greece. A prototype system was developed to exploit the strengths and limitations of the proposed conceptual model, as well as to investigate the efficiency of technological tools. Experience from the prototype will be used to further improve the conceptual model. The steps that were followed were: the description of the prototype in UML diagrams, the implementation via INTERLIS, a Swiss standard modeling language for geodata exchange, the selection of the most appropriate technical model/format to implement and visualize the result in 3D environment and finally the conversion and/or creation of sample data into the model. In this paper it is explored how INTERLIS can be used in actual implementation of land administration system based on LADM. During the development of the prototype many design decision have been taken and these are then analyzed, together with technical problems and challenges for future work.","3D cadastre; Constraints; INTERLIS; Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); Technical model","en","book chapter","Springer","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:ecc21528-9220-4938-980c-64076663a969","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ecc21528-9220-4938-980c-64076663a969","Formalizing Implementable Constraints in the INTERLIS Language for Modelling Legal 3D RRR Spaces and 3D Physical Objects","Kalogianni, Eftychia; Dimopoulou, Efi; Quak, Wilko; van Oosterom, Peter","","2016","Building Information Models (e.g. BIM, IFC) and virtual 3D city models (e.g. CityGML) are revolutionising the way we manage information about cities. The main focus of such models is on the physical and functional characteristics of urban structures (Aien et al, 2015). On the other hand cadastral data models, (e.g. Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)), have been developed for legal information modelling and management purposes without providing correspondence to the object’s physical counterperts. However, by definition, those two aspects need to be interrelated; i.e. a tunnel, a building, a mine, etc. always have both a legal status and boundaries as well as a physical description; while it is evident that their integration would maximise their utility and flexibility to support different applications. In order to examine the correlation between those aspects, a prototype system was developed based on model driven architecture practices, empahasizing in formalization of constraints. Constraints have been proved effective in providing solutions needed to avoid errors and enable maintenance of data quality; thus the need to specify and implement them is vital. The paper explores possibilities of linking 3D legal right, restriction, responsibilities (RRR) spaces, modelled with LADM (LADM, ISO 19152), with physical reality of 3D objects (described via CityGML, IFC, InfraGML, etc). During this implementation, INTERLIS, a standard modelling language for geodata exchange, was selected as modelling language, because of its claimed good support of constraints in vendor neutral manner and ease of obtaining actual implementation. The system’s development cycle, from conceptual model to implementation of working prototype is illustrated through a proposed model for a Multipurpose Land Administation System (MLAS) for Greece. The prototype is developed in order to evaluate the strengths and limitations of the proposed conceptual model, as well as to investigate the efficiency and limitations of the existing technological (INTERLIS) tools. The process followed during the prototype development is cyclical and repetitive, providing feedback to the initial model during all the stages and improving it in terms of efficiency, reality and technical implementation. Main challenges among others during the system’s development cycle include the following: 1. how to express various LADM constraints (OCL and semiformal in standard) formally in INTERLIS, 2. how to include extensible hierarchical code lists in INTERLIS models (not natively available) and distinguish them from enumeration values, 3. how to model 3D volumetric primitives in INTERLIS (not natively available) and 4. how to link two models (legal - physical) using cross domain constraints.","Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); Constraints; Legal and Physical Space; 3D Cadastre; THE INTERLIS Language; Spatial Data Modelling","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:cf9ee148-ba1b-4133-9d7f-b0fc5d57bd86","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:cf9ee148-ba1b-4133-9d7f-b0fc5d57bd86","Topographic Signs - Important Context for a 3D Cadastre","Vučić, Nikola; van Oosterom, Peter; Markovinović, Danko","","2016","Utilities, buildings and infrastructure digital representations are very important set of spatial data for quality and sustainable spatial management and development of community in general. Many countries are on the way of the establishment of the 3D cadastre. Existing 2D cadastral systems are able to make gradual transition to 3D cadastre, but for the implementation of real 3D cadastre in many countries it is necessary to change the regulations. A topographic sign or topographic symbol is representation of a topographic object on map. In combination with other geodetic and cartographic products we can get to very useful information, often quite relevant in order to provide reference context for a 3D cadastre. Topographic signs on topographic maps and on other geodetic products give a representation of complex real-world situations that are not usually drawn in the cadastral maps. The real world, physical, objects as included on topographic maps, prove the context/ reference for the legal spaces. This is true for both the 2D, but perhaps even more for the 3D case. Performing an overlay, if needed after proper orientation, it is easy to combine geodetic and cartographic products in today’s digital environment. Special attention is needed for the tunnels, overpasses, underpasses, bridges and other objects to be registered in 3D cadastre because their 2D cadastral description does not meet the needs of modern society. In case of 3D topographic data (e.g. 3D CityGML model), then it would also well possible to implement this into 3D cadastre and combine 3D legal spaces with the 3D real world items from the 3D topographical model. However, this combination/integration is usually not feasible with the cadastral plans (survey plans, field sketches) as those are not draws to scale (in both 2D and 3D).","Land Administration; Topographic Signs; Topographic Symbols; 3D Cadastre","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:cbd3a506-aca1-4670-912a-33c243d34c97","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:cbd3a506-aca1-4670-912a-33c243d34c97","Management of Marine Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities according to International Standards","Athanasiou, Katerina; Dimopoulou, Efi; Kastrisios, Christos; Tsoulos, Lysandros","","2016","The interests, responsibilities and opportunities of states to provide infrastructure and resource management are not limited to their land territory but extend to marine areas as well. So far, although the theoretical structure of a Marine Administration System (MAS) is based on the management needs of the various countries, the marine terms have not been clearly defined. In order to define a MAS that meets the spatial marine requirements, the specific characteristics of the marine environment have to be identified and integrated in a management system. To explicitly define MAS, certain issues need to be addressed such as: the types of interests that exist in marine environment, the best way to capture and register those interests, laws defining these interests, and their hierarchical classification, as well as how this classification can be used to produce the principles for the implementation of MSP. In addition, the registration of laws in a MAS that could automatically define the constraints of the emerging Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRRs) should be addressed, along with property/ tenure object definition. Further questions need to be answered e.g., what is the basic reference unit and how can this be defined, deliminated and demarcated, capturing the 3D presence of marine parcel and is the traditional definition of a cadastral parcel applicable in a marine zone defined by United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (Hereinafter: UNCLOS) (United Nations, 1982) and how could the fourth dimensional nature of marine RRRs be included. Addressing these questions constitutes the basis upon which a MAS can be built. However, the most crucial question is how the international standards and practices of land administration domain can be used for managing the marine environment. The aim of this paper is to examine the above questions, to probe the ways the legislation can be included into a MAS and to present how RRRs relating to marine space may be defined and organized, in order to develop a MAS based on international standards by means of not only trading in marine interests, but rather facilitating the management of activities related to resources.","Law of the Sea; Marine Administration System (MAS); Marine Cadastre (MC); Marine Data Model; Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); S-121 Maritime Limits and Boundaries; Marine Spatial Planning (MSP)","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:57405dfe-f2b3-4922-951c-502540648d4c","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:57405dfe-f2b3-4922-951c-502540648d4c","3D Real Property Legal Concepts and Cadastre: A Comparative Study of Selected Countries to Propose a Way Forward","Kitsakis, Dimitrios; Paasch, Jesper M.; Paulsson, Jenny; Navratil, Gerhard; Vučić, Nikola; Karabin, Marcin; Tenório Carneiro, Andréa Flávia; El-Mekawy, Mohamed","","2016","The concepts of three-dimensional (3D) real property have been the subject of increased interest in land use management and research since the late ‘90s while literature provides various examples of extensive research towards 3D Cadastres as well as already implementing 3D cadastral systems. However, in most countries the legal aspects of 3D real property and its incorporation into 3D cadastral systems have not been so rigorously examined. This paper compares and discusses 3D property concepts in six selected countries: Austria, Brazil, Croatia, Greece, Poland and Sweden, based on the authors’ national experience. Each of these countries’ legal system is based on different origins of Civil Law, including German, Napoleonic and Scandinavian Civil Law, which can prove useful to research in other Civil Law jurisdictions interested in introducing 3D cadastral systems. Selected countries are on different stages of introducing and implementing a 3D cadastral system; this may contribute to the detection of the main 3D real property concepts that apply as well as deficiencies and malfunctions that prohibit introduction of 3D cadastral systems, highlighting challenges that may have not yet surfaced. This paper aims to present the different legal concepts regarding 3D real property in the examined countries, focusing on the characteristic features of cadastral objects described as 3D within each country’s legal and cadastral framework. The analysis of the case studies revealed that the countries are on different stages of 3D Cadastre implementation, starting from countries with operational 3D cadastral systems, to others where there is yet no interest in introducing a 3D cadastral system. 3D cadastral objects in each country are presented, as well as differences in the regulatory framework regarding definition, description and registration. The paper continues the legal workshop discussions of the 4th International Workshop on 3D Cadastres in Dubai 2014 by analysing the legal concepts of 3D cadastres in the above mentioned countries. The outcome is an overview and discussion of existing concepts of 3D property describing their similarities and differences in use, focusing on the legal framework of 3D cadastres. The article concludes by presenting a possible way forward and identifies what further research is needed which can be used to draft national and international research proposals and form legislative amendments towards introduction of national 3D cadastral systems.","Land Administration; 3D Cadastre; 3D Real Property; legal framework; Land Management","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:d455e6b0-9610-4dea-96c4-60da7a08f729","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d455e6b0-9610-4dea-96c4-60da7a08f729","An Initial Design of ISO 19152:2012 LADM Based Valuation and Taxation Data Model","Çagdas, V. (Yıldız Technical University); Kara, A. (Yıldız Technical University); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); Lemmen, CHJ (Kadaster); Isikdag, Ü. (Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University); Kathmann, R. (Netherlands Council for Real Estate Assessment); Stubkjær, E. (Aalborg University)","","2016","A fiscal registry or database is supposed to record geometric, legal, physical, economic, and environmental characteristics in relation to property units, which are subject to immovable property valuation and taxation. Apart from procedural standards, there is no internationally accepted data standard that defines the semantics of fiscal databases. The ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), as an international land administration standard focuses on legal requirements, but considers out of scope specifications of external information systems including valuation and taxation databases. However, it provides a formalism which allows for an extension that responds to the fiscal requirements. This paper introduces an initial version of a LADM – Fiscal Extension Module for the specification of databases used in immovable property valuation and taxation. The extension module is designed to facilitate all stages of immovable property taxation, namely the identification of properties and taxpayers, assessment of properties through single or mass appraisal procedures, automatic generation of sales statistics, and the management of tax collection, dealing with arrears and appeals. It is expected that the initial version will be refined through further activities held by a possible joint working group under FIG Commission 7 (Cadastre and Land Management) and FIG Commission 9 (Valuation and the Management of Real Estate) in collaboration with other relevant international bodies.","Land administration; LADM; property valuation and taxation; fiscal registry","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:7c9efb75-553b-4635-b315-98bc2dbbf241","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7c9efb75-553b-4635-b315-98bc2dbbf241","Formalizing Implementable Constraints in the INTERLIS Language for Modelling Legal 3D RRR Spaces and 3D Physical Objects","Kalogianni, Eftychia; Dimopoulou, Efi; Quak, C.W. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology)","van Oosterom, P.J.M. (editor); Dimopoulou, Efi (editor); Fendel, Elfriede M. (editor)","2016","Building Information Models (e.g. BIM, IFC) and virtual 3D city models (e.g. CityGML) are revolutionising the way we manage information about cities. The main focus of such models is on the physical and functional characteristics of urban structures (Aien et al, 2015). On the other hand cadastral data models, (e.g. Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)), have been developed for legal information modelling and management purposes without providing
correspondence to the object’s physical counterperts. However, by definition, those two aspects need to be interrelated; i.e. a tunnel, a building, a mine, etc. always have both a legal status and boundaries as well as a physical description; while it is evident that their integration would maximise their utility and flexibility to support different applications. In order to examine the correlation between those aspects, a prototype system was developed based on model driven architecture practices, empahasizing in formalization of constraints. Constraints have been proved effective in providing solutions needed to avoid errors and enable maintenance of data quality; thus the need to specify and implement them is vital. The paper explores possibilities of linking 3D legal right, restriction, responsibilities (RRR) spaces, modelled with LADM (LADM, ISO 19152), with physical reality of 3D objects (described via CityGML, IFC, InfraGML, etc). During this implementation, INTERLIS, a standard modelling language for geodata exchange, was selected as modelling language, because of its
claimed good support of constraints in vendor neutral manner and ease of obtaining actual implementation. The system’s development cycle, from conceptual model to implementation of working prototype is illustrated through a proposed model for a Multipurpose Land Administation System (MLAS) for Greece. The prototype is developed in order to evaluate the strengths and limitations of the proposed conceptual model, as well as to investigate the
efficiency and limitations of the existing technological (INTERLIS) tools. The process followed during the prototype development is cyclical and repetitive, providing feedback to the initial model during all the stages and improving it in terms of efficiency, reality and technical implementation. Main challenges among others during the system’s development cycle include the following: 1. how to express various LADM constraints (OCL and semiformal in standard) formally in INTERLIS, 2. how to include extensible hierarchical code lists in INTERLIS models (not natively available) and distinguish them from enumeration values, 3. how to model 3D volumetric primitives in INTERLIS (not natively available) and 4. how to
link two models (legal - physical) using cross domain constraints. ","Constraints; Legal and Physical Space; 3D Cadastre; THE INTERLIS Language; Spatial Data Modelling; Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:8dcb1815-a37a-4f57-8b14-653d997a9f19","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8dcb1815-a37a-4f57-8b14-653d997a9f19","Topographic Signs: Important Context for a 3D Cadastre","Vučić, Nikola; van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); Markovinović, Danko","Oosterom, Peter van (editor); Dimopoulou, Efi (editor); Fendel, Elfriede M. (editor)","2016","Utilities, buildings and infrastructure digital representations are very important set of spatial data for quality and sustainable spatial management and development of community in general. Many countries are on the way of the establishment of the 3D cadastre. Existing 2D cadastral systems are able to make gradual transition to 3D cadastre, but for the implementation of real 3D cadastre in many countries it is necessary to change the regulations. A topographic sign or topographic symbol is representation of a topographic
object on map. In combination with other geodetic and cartographic products we can get to very useful information, often quite relevant in order to provide reference context for a 3D cadastre. Topographic signs on topographic maps and on other geodetic products give a representation of complex real-world situations that are not usually drawn in the cadastral maps. The real world, physical, objects as included on topographic maps, prove the context/
reference for the legal spaces. This is true for both the 2D, but perhaps even more for the 3D case. Performing an overlay, if needed after proper orientation, it is easy to combine geodetic and cartographic products in today’s digital environment. Special attention is needed for the tunnels, overpasses, underpasses, bridges and other objects to be registered in 3D cadastre
because their 2D cadastral description does not meet the needs of modern society. In case of 3D topographic data (e.g. 3D CityGML model), then it would also well possible to implement this into 3D cadastre and combine 3D legal spaces with the 3D real world items from the 3D topographical model. However, this combination/integration is usually not feasible with the cadastral plans (survey plans, field sketches) as those are not draws to scale (in both 2D and
3D).","Topographic Signs; Topographic Symbols; 3D Cadastre; Land Administration","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:e9aa7a7d-9c15-4d60-b629-88f69dbe0954","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e9aa7a7d-9c15-4d60-b629-88f69dbe0954","Model driven architecture engineered land administration in conformance with international standards: illustrated with the Hellenic Cadastre","Psomadaki, Styliani; Dimopoulou, Efi; van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology)","","2016","Background: Over the last years, the new role of Land Administration in realising the Information Infrastructure and the need to address spatial and non- spatial land related data exchange between countries emerged and since then, standard models were created and put into use. Two examples of these standards are the Land Administration Domain Model and INSPIRE's Cadastral Parcels. The former is an official international standard with a great deal of prospects; it is based on the 'people - land' relationship and has many applications apart from storing
data about properties. The latter is part of a specification framework (set of rules) describing how cadastral parcels can serve as reference for creating a European Spatial Data Infrastructure, enabling cross border dissemination of
data.
Methods: This paper provides the design of a conceptual model in conformance with both standards. Within this context a Land Administration Domain Model - compliant country profile and the INSPIRE model for Cadastral Parcels are proposed based on characteristic cases from the Hellenic Cadastre. Applying LADM brings along the collective international expertise on various aspects, which are analysed and applied for Greece: including administrative and spatial sources, supporting historical data (versioning), integration of legal (rights) and spatial data (cadastral map), including different register types (Archaeological, Urban, Rural, Forest), and allowing for an integrated 3D registration.
Results: This research results in a model that can be used as a transition from the current cadastral system to a fully LADM- compliant one, taking also into account the INSPIRE directive. The paper further investigates how the
developed conceptual model, may be automatically converted to a technical model using Model Driven Architecture. Problematic issues and constraints are highlighted when applying the Model Driven Architecture approach and suggestions for resolving these issues are described.
Conclusions: It is feasible to develop a conceptual model (country profile) which is in conformance with multiple standards, LADM and INSPIRE, because these are well aligned. Cross-boundary land administration is more than ever a very important requirement in todays’ global and European community. This is where the adoption of standards comes to play in realising the Information infrastructure.","Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); INSPIRE cadastral parcels; Model Driven Architecture (MDA); Standardisation; Interoperability; Hellenic Cadastre (HC)","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","OLD Department of GIS Technology","","",""
"uuid:d5becc4b-80d0-46af-a64e-6288c6e7b1f7","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d5becc4b-80d0-46af-a64e-6288c6e7b1f7","LANDM and IndoorGML for support of Indoor Space identification","Zlatanova, S. (TU Delft Urban Data Science); van Oosterom, P.J.M. (TU Delft OLD Department of GIS Technology); Lee, J (University of Seoul); Li, Ki-Joune (Pusan National University); Lemmen, C. H. J. (Netherlands Cadastre)","Dimopoulou, E. (editor); van Oosterom, P. (editor)","2016","Guidance and security in large public buildings such as airports, museums and shopping malls requires much more information that traditional 2D methods offer. Therefore 3D semantically-reach models have been actively investigated with the aim to gather knowledge about availability and accessibility of spaces. Spaces can be unavailable to specific users because of plenty of reasons: the 3D geometry of spaces (too low, too narrow), the properties of the objects to be guided to a specific part of the building (walking, driving, flying), the status of the indoor environment (e.g. crowded, limited light, under reconstruction), property regulations (private areas), security considerations and so on.
However, such information is not explicitly avaible in the existing 3D semantically-reach models. IFC and CityGML are restricted to architectural building components and provide little to no means to describe such properties. IndoorGML has been designed to establish a generic approach for space identification allowing a space subdivision and automatic creation of a network for route computation. But currently it also represents only spaces as they are defined by the architectural layout of the building. The Land Administration Domain Model is currently the only available model to specify spaces on the basis of ownership and rights for use.
In this paper we compare the principles of IndoorGML and LADM, investigate the approaches to define spaces and suggest options to the linking of the two types of spaces. We argue that LADM space subdivision on basis of properties and rights of use can be used to define to semantically and geometrically available and accessible spaces and therefore can enrich the IndoorGML concept.","Space subdivision; spatial units; rights; indoor; navigation; land administration; building model","en","conference paper","ISPRS","","","","","","","","","","Urban Data Science","","",""
"uuid:c39bf2fc-6ad9-44af-8ac6-2e8a756ad261","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:c39bf2fc-6ad9-44af-8ac6-2e8a756ad261","Disaster management: An integral part of science & technology system and land administration management system","Ghawana, Tarun (Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced Research, Delhi, India); Zlatanova, S. (TU Delft Urban Data Science)","","2016","Disaster management is a multidisciplinary field, which requires a general coordination approach as well as specialist approaches. Science and Technology system of a country allows to create policies and execution of technical inputs required which provide services for the specific types of disasters management. Land administration and management agencies, as the administrative and management bodies, focus more on the coordination of designated tasks to various agencies responsible for their dedicated roles. They get help from Scientific and technical inputs & policies which require to be implemented in a professional manner. The paper provides an example of such integration from India where these two systems complement each other with their dedicated services. Delhi, the Capital of India, has such a disaster management system which has lot of technical departments of government which are mandated to provide their services as Emergency Service Functionaries. Thus, it is shown that disaster management is a job which is an integral part of Science & Technology system of a country while being implemented primarily with the help of land administration and management agencies. It is required that new policies or mandates for the Science and technology organizations of government should give a primary space to disaster management","Disaster Management, Science &Technology System, Land Administration-Management System, Institutional Linkages; Science &Technology System; Land Administration-Management System; Institutional Linkages","en","journal article","","","","","","","","","","","Urban Data Science","","",""
"uuid:4519a4aa-8340-4311-810d-40a9d67b49ab","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4519a4aa-8340-4311-810d-40a9d67b49ab","Possibilities of Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) implementation in Nigeria","Babalola, S.O.; Rahman, A.A.; Choon, L.T.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.","","2015","LADM covers essential information associated components of land administration and management including those over water and elements above and below the surface of the earth. LADM standard provides an abstract conceptual model with three packages and one sub-package. LADM defined terminology for a land administration system that allows a shared explanation of different formal customary or informal tenures. The standard provides the basis for national and regional profiles and enables the combination of land management information from different sources in a coherent manner. Given this, this paper started with the description of land and land administration in Nigeria. The pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial era with organization structure was discussed. This discussion is important to present an understanding of the background of any improvement needed for the LADM implementation in Nigeria. The LADM, ISO 19152 and the packages of LADM was discussed, and the comparison of the different aspects of each package and classes were made with Nigerian land administration and the cadastral system. In the comparison made, it was discovered that the concept is similar to LADM packages in Nigerian land administration. Although, the terminology may not be the same in all cases. Having studied conceptualization and the application of LADM, as a model that has essential information associated with components of the land administration. Including those on the land, over water as well as elements above and below the surface of the earth and discovered that the standard is suitable for the country. The model can, therefore, be adopted into Nigerian land administration system by mapping in some of the concepts of LADM.","LADM; land administration; land reform; Land use Act; packages","en","conference paper","ISPRS","","","","","","","","Architecture and The Built Environment","OTB","","","",""
"uuid:92e62157-cc82-48da-b6d0-6b6d3ee1cab8","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:92e62157-cc82-48da-b6d0-6b6d3ee1cab8","Developing the information infrastructure based on LADM – the case of Poland","Gozdz, K.J.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.","","2015","In this paper, the possibilities of developing the national information infrastructure by applying the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) are discussed. Confirmation of the legitimacy of using the LADM within the (Spatial) Information Infrastructure (SII) context is illustrated with the case of Poland. Creating the information infrastructure is an immense challenge because its components are usually dispersed among various institutions responsible for theirmaintenance and dissemination. Co-existing spatial and non-spatial components of the information infrastructure require their proper integration. Moreover, the interdisciplinary nature of the SII results in combining objects from physical and legal world in one computer environment. The process of standardisation is the first step to refine land administration system and to make it more understandable and transparent for involved parties. The LADM, being officially adopted as an international standard ISO19152, gives a basis for building national profiles and supports creating the European information infrastructure, enabling communication based on common terminology. This paper provides a brief overview of the current land information system in Poland emphasising the main issues in creating the national information infrastructure. Then, the general concept of the country profile for Poland with the adaptation of the LADM is described. With respect to the users’ expectations and requirements, the conceptual model is extended to information being outside the scope of LADM. As a final point, several technical aspects of implementing the complemented LADM country profile are explored. The results indicate that effective functioning of the information infrastructure requires proper integration of data, proceeded by analysing the contents of existing data sets, indicating key registers and defining a linkage system between them.","Land Administration Domain Model; LADM country profile; ISO 19152; Harmonization; Information infrastructure","en","journal article","Maney Publishing","","","","","","","2016-06-30","Architecture and The Built Environment","OTB","","","",""
"uuid:0692d25c-eddc-4bf1-9d2a-e42b6bea6abf","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0692d25c-eddc-4bf1-9d2a-e42b6bea6abf","Integration of Land Administration Domain Model with CityGML for 3D Cadastre","Rönsdorf, Carsten; Wilson, Debbie; Stoter, Jantien","","2014","As our urban environments are densifying, it is essential to extend traditional cadastral systems that are based on two dimensional representation of ownership to support 3D. With the need to define property ownership in vertical as well as horizontal dimensions becoming pertinent around the world, a practical solution to represent 3D cadastral data is needed. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM, ISO 19152) already covers such situations since the spatial unit defined in the Spatial Unit package in LADM can refer to a single volume of space (or multiple volumes of space) besides 2D representations. LADM is a conceptual model that allows land administration objects and relationships to be described. The power of the model is the ability to describe different cadastral systems in different countries or regions in a consistent way. CityGML is an information model and data exchange standard for 3D city model data. It does not contain specifics about land administration. The paper examines how the LADM conceptual model, the representation of legal spaces in particular, can be mapped to and encoded as a CityGML Application Domain Extension (ADE). The CityGML ADE implements a data exchange format but the underlying model could also be used as a starting point to create a database schema for data storage. The paper addresses the modelling issue of integrating different information models that define or refer to the same or overlapping concepts. The possibility to achieve greater integration between ISO19152 and CityGML by including each others concepts in future versions is also discussed. Relating legal features to physical features, a common occurance in practice, is addressed from a data modelling perspective. The paper is intended to stimulate discussion about the topic as well as further development. It suggests a modelling solution to integration some parts of LADM and CityGML.","3D City Modelling, Land Administration; 3D Cadastre; CityGML; ISO19152; Standardisation","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:bb69bcf8-235c-41b9-b39c-fca7d997728a","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:bb69bcf8-235c-41b9-b39c-fca7d997728a","3D Cadastres and Beyond","Rajabifard, Abbas","","2014","How does the cadastre deal with an urban environment that is increasingly populated and structurally complex? The development and implementation of 3D digital cadastres is now positioned as a necessary – and urgent – response: it is no longer just about land; it can be expected that in the future, the majority of lots created will be associated with vertical developments. It is essential that the recording, managing and communication of information about the legal extent of property rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) for vertical developments and stratified RRRs are accurate and unambiguous. The realisation of 3D cadastres, and indeed, to realise cadastres that will be sustainable into the future, requires the consideration of how the needs of current users should be balanced against the potential needs of future users. In the data-rich environment of today’s smart cities, 3D digital cadastral information offers the land administration industry new engagement opportunities. Based on a range of professional experiences, this paper offers a perspective on 3D cadastre developments and a consideration of where the future might lie; in particular, an emphasis on the role of cadastres in the genesis of new connections between wider society, across state boundaries, and in supporting the delivery of other national visions, digital economy, foundation datasets and smart cities. The realisation of 3D cadastres, and indeed, to realise cadastres that will be sustainable into the future, requires the consideration of how the needs of current users should be balanced against the potential needs of future users. We need to accommodate the needs and opportunities of future cities and consider what must be done to ensure institutional sustainability.","Urbanisation; 3D Cadastres; Land Administration; Building Information Models","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:46562c4a-8e99-422f-b2e3-6949358299f6","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:46562c4a-8e99-422f-b2e3-6949358299f6","Evaluation of innovative land tools in sub-Saharan Africa: Three cases from a peri-urban context","Van Asperen, P.C.M.","De Jong, J. (promotor); Zevenbergen, J.A. (promotor)","2014","Sub-Saharan Africa is urbanizing rapidly, but most countries lack appropriate tools to manage their urban growth. This creates both risks and opportunities for prospective land holders, resulting in a tangle of insecure land rights and claims under multiple tenure systems. Recently, innovative land tools have been proposed and implemented to formalize land tenure. It is envisaged that tenure security for land holders will increase and in turn contribute to poverty reduction. This study evaluates such tools in three peri-urban areas in Lusaka (Zambia), Oshakati (Namibia) and Gaborone (Botswana), with a focus on the perspective of the land holders. It is concluded that the tools are to some extent pro-poor, so recommendations for further improvements are made. Furthermore, these innovative land tools are considered a necessary addition to conventional land administration tools.","land administration; land registration; pro-poor; land tools; peri-urban","en","doctoral thesis","IOS Press","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","Geo-information and land management","","","",""
"uuid:a10117ce-9cfc-4638-83dc-9e9806558912","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a10117ce-9cfc-4638-83dc-9e9806558912","Evaluation of innovative land tools in sub-Saharan Africa: Three cases from a peri-urban context","Van Asperen, P.C.M.","","2014","Sub-Saharan Africa is urbanizing rapidly, but most countries lack appropriate tools to manage their urban growth. This creates both risks and opportunities for prospective land holders, resulting in a tangle of insecure land rights and claims under multiple tenure systems. Recently, innovative land tools have been proposed and implemented to formalize land tenure. It is envisaged that tenure security for land holders will increase and in turn contribute to poverty reduction. This study evaluates such tools in three peri-urban areas in Lusaka (Zambia), Oshakati (Namibia) and Gaborone (Botswana), with a focus on the perspective of the land holders. It is concluded that the tools are to some extent pro-poor, so recommendations for further improvements are made. Furthermore, these innovative land tools are considered a necessary addition to conventional land administration tools.","land administration; land registration; pro-poor; land tools; peri-urban","en","book","IOS Press","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","Geo-information and land management","","","",""
"uuid:e8d55c1d-1477-460a-879f-572152af1179","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e8d55c1d-1477-460a-879f-572152af1179","Land administration domain model is an ISO standard now","Lemmen, C.H.J.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.; Uitermark, H.T.; De Zeeuw, K.","","2013","A group of land administration professionals initiated the development of a data model that facilitates the quick and efficient set-up of land registrations. Just like social issues benefit from proper land administration, land administration systems themselves benefit from proper data standards. In many countries the responsibilities and tasks in land administration are distributed among different organisations. Sometimes those organisations deal with different administrative territories. All of which may have subdivisions again: central, regional and local responsibilities, with either public or private roles. As a result, the governance and quality aspects of the data sets vary. Land administrations worldwide are often incomplete, data are not up-to-date and not fit for purpose. At the same time, new Land Administration Systems (LASs) are being developed all over the world again and again. Sometimes countries even have more than one IT-system for land administration. The wheel keeps being re-invented. This has a huge impact on the continuity and effect of LASs. Internationally, the wish emerged for a widely accepted data model (domain) standard, making use of the knowledge already existing worldwide. This wish was supported by UNHABITAT, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the UN and the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG). This data model should be able to function as the core of any land administration system. The standard should be flexible, widely applicable and function as a gathering point of a state-of-the-art international knowledge base on this theme. This common standard has now been designed and is currently proposed for implementation. It is called the Land Administration Domain Model, in short: LADM. It is available since December 1st 2012 as a formal International Standard, published as ISO 19152:2012. This paper analyses the impact of the standard with regard to the development of (and information exchange) between Land Administration Systems. Real impact is already visible in open source software development for land administration. The continuum of land rights is supported. There is also a continuum of accuracy, of land recordation’s, of types of spatial units, of types of parties involved, and of data acquisition approaches. All this is supported in LADM – allowing for a flexible, step by step approach in the development of a Land Administration based on the needs, priorities and requirements of users and society. This can be combined in a natural way with organisational development with a proper alignment to ICT development. This makes the concept of LADM a basis for strategic development in land administration.","Land Administration Domain Model; LADM; Social Tenure Domain Model; STDM; ISO 19152","en","conference paper","World Bank","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","OTB Research","","","",""
"uuid:74a9113d-68b1-4ca0-aea2-1e5015220e9d","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:74a9113d-68b1-4ca0-aea2-1e5015220e9d","Progressive development of a digital cadastral data base","Thompson, R.J.","","2013","A Digital Cadastral Data Base (DCDB) is a big investment for a jurisdiction tasked with the administration of land boundaries. In the past, the development of such a database produced no real pay-back on investment until many years, and millions of dollars had been committed. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) (ISO-TC211 2012) provides a model of a schema in which a progressive creation and improvement of a DCDB is possible, to allow benefits to be obtained even in the early stages of this effort. It also includes the necessary structure to ensure that a useful historical record of the cadastre can be kept. This paper explores issues to be faced in the development of software based on the LADM, which retains the history of the cadastre, and allows for progressive improvement of the data. The examples of the Netherlands Kadaster and the Queensland (Australia) Department of Natural Resources and Mines are used to evaluate the applicability of the approach.","cadastral schema; progressive development; topology; land administration; domain model; data cleaning","en","conference paper","FIG","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","OTB Research","","","",""
"uuid:ef5389c8-fa40-49de-88ad-9c5b5f3d9093","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ef5389c8-fa40-49de-88ad-9c5b5f3d9093","LADM Specification of a Relational Database for the Republic of Cape Verde","Andrade, Alex J.B.; Carneiro, Andrea F.T.; Dos Santos, Juciela C.","","2013","The Land Administration Domain Model - LADM describes the relations between person and land regarding rights, restrictions and responsibilities. This relation is described through diagrams of UML classes, a graphic language which focuses on objects, and represents different levels of abstraction of the real world by visualizing the work flux of the database and its planning. In this article the classes and their relationships were modeled using a unified modeling language, which considered the national reality and the law decree that establishes the judicial regime of the Cadastre of the Republic of Cape Vert. The transformation of this model into a relational database by using the Postgres and PostGis, was not an easy task due to compatibility problems. The study was based on the application of the OMG (Object Management Group) models, MDA (Model Driven Architecture) and the CASE (Computer-Aided Software Engineering) tools. As a result, the study presents the transformation of the model into a relational database and consequent generation of SQL Codes. For this specification the Visual Paradigm for UML was used, which is a CASE tool with various modeling options with the UML2 diagrams, offering support for specific transformations for source codes of some programming languages, such as C++ and Java etc. Despite the fact that this platform offers a direct solution for the transformation of UML into a Java code, and consequently into SQL commands, it has a great disadvantage which is the absence of the OCL language, used as one way of validating the model.","Cadastre of Cape Verde; Land Administration Domain Model; Specification; UML; Relational Database","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:65dbd00a-566f-449a-b0e0-1ba99b1df237","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:65dbd00a-566f-449a-b0e0-1ba99b1df237","Towards Kenya’s Profile of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)","Siriba, David N.; Mwenda, Jasper N.","","2013","The application of computer technology in land administration is touted as one way of ensuring efficient and transparent land administration. Although this true, one major concern is not only how to create a computerized land information system that is interoperable across different government departments responsible for different land administration functions, but also how to ensure interoperability between national and devolved levels of government departments responsible for land administration. This dual challenge of interoperability can only be addressed if the land information systems are based on a common data model. Data modeling can be done from scratch or adopting an already existing model. Adoption is better than the re-inventing the wheel, the danger though is that the already existing model might not be suitable for local circumstances. It is against this background that this paper sets the stage for creating a profile of the ISO 19152 - LADM standard for Kenya. Since land administration systems cannot be understood, modeled or reformed unless the core processes are understood, this paper presents a description of the current land administration system in Kenya, followed by a comparison of the system with standard on the basis of the basic packages. Currently, the land administration system is being changed from centralized to a mixture of centralized and devolved. It was established that there are a number of aspects that are very similar between the Kenya land administration system and the LADM in all, except the Basic Administration Unit package. Whereas the Kenya land administration system considers the land parcel as the basic unit in the system, the LADM considers property as the basic unit. The standard can be adopted by mapping some concepts of the Kenyan system into the LADM or vice versa. A first draft of the profile can therefore be delineated from the standard on the basis of this paper.","Land Administration Regulations; Land Administration; Kenya; LADM Profile; Land Laws","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:a8bd9c8e-dbbd-4505-90cd-9bdf1c77cc3a","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a8bd9c8e-dbbd-4505-90cd-9bdf1c77cc3a","Potential Use of LADM in Cadastral Data Management in India","Sengupta, Anandita; Bandyopadhyay, Debanjan; Lemmen, Christiaan; van der Veen, Anne","","2013","A Land Administration System (LAS), with its cadastral component, is the infrastructure that facilitates the implementation of land policies to attain sustainable development. The availability of a digital, up-to-date, complete and easy accessible cadastral database has become a primary requisite for undertaking an efficient land administration and/or developmental planning decisions for any country. This paper highlights the possible advantages of having a digital cadastral database over the traditional paper-based cadastral systems, and how such digital cadastral maps with acceptable accuracy levels can be used for operationalising the concept of the Land Administrative Domain Model (ISO 19152) in an Indian perspective. In this direction, we have demonstrated a method of preparing a seamless digital cadastral database using GIS and image interpretation techniques for a sufficiently large area of about 326 sq. km. Geo-Eye1 merged data was used for this purpose in combination with paperbased cadastral maps and limited on-site surveys. This approach can be considered as an (temporal) alternative to a complete cadastral re-survey. A cadastral resurvey is expected to be a time consuming and costly approach where there is an urgent need for cadastral data with reasonable quality urgently. This paper presents the results of a first step of a broad approach to reconstruct colonial cadastral maps and related registers with land records for various purposes, amongst others, spatial planning one of the important aspects which is based on a reliable overview of peopleland relationships. The paper will then develop the LADM based options on: 1. How to convert and link the existing (colonial) maps and records to prepare a digital database based on the LADM standard? 2. How to document and publish the geometric quality of the existing maps? 3. How to make the existing maps and records up to date (in the digital LAS)? 4. How to integrate the more accurate data after the re-survey?","LADM; Land Administration; Cadastral Mapping; GIS Technology; Map Conversion; India; Land Administration Domain Model","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:c4639546-541b-4ac4-9904-8140456c3c74","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:c4639546-541b-4ac4-9904-8140456c3c74","SIGIT: an Information System for Integral Approach of Land Management: an LADM Implementation in Honduras and Guatemala","Koers, Jan; Cerrato Espinal, Rodimiro; Lemmen, Christiaan","","2013","In a new and integral land management approach in four municipalities in Honduras and Guatemala the Land Administration Domain Model has been used as a tool in support to system development for land administration. A pilot implementation for municipal information infrastructure in four municipalities (Puerto Cortes, Omoa and Tela in Honduras and Puerto Barrios in Guatemala) should test improved management of geographic information. Data should be published on the web for web access by citizens, a one stop shop has been introduced, and integration of data at different levels avoids data duplication. Very important impact of improved access is in building trust by more transparency. New work procedures have been defined and implemented and the information system SIGIT (Sistema de Información Gestión Integral de Tierras) has been designed and implemented supporting these concepts. Apart from forming the basis for sustainable land transactions and land use planning, the SIGIT can be supportive to a situation where all citizens in a municipality pay the land tax and where land-possession can be converted to legal land ownership. SIGIT operates as a one-stop shop at the municipal side. The design of SIGIT is based upon the Land Administration Domain Model ISO 19152 to manage the cadastre and land use planning data from this point of view. To meet the requirements additions to the LADM were designed. The LADM additions to implement SIGIT in Honduras and Guatemala are necessary to store extra information about spatial zones, parcels and buildings as required by the municipalities during development. Furthermore, the information regarding building and operation permits, with their respective user-defined spatial and administrative rules, were out of scope of LADM. Therefore, the corresponding additions were necessary as well. The paper provides an overview of the SIGIT goals and requirements, the design and development. Within this context the focus is to the use of the LADM and its modifications for SIGIT development and a short evaluation of the LADM as a tool for development.","Guatemala; Land Administration Domain Model; Land Management; Cadastre; Land Registration; LADM; Honduras","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:8f9f57ef-2ce8-432d-bd6c-12d697f1e7c3","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8f9f57ef-2ce8-432d-bd6c-12d697f1e7c3","LADM: a Blueprint for Enterprise Level Land Administration Systems 1","Gilroy, Séamus","","2013","The development of the LADM and its ratification in 2012 as a descriptive standard is a major milestone in the evolution of efficient and effective land administration systems and in the formulation of a truly universal framework for sharing related information.","1Spatial Management Suite; Enterprise Level; Land Administration; Oracle","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:13426877-df97-44ce-8528-8eafb9614af2","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:13426877-df97-44ce-8528-8eafb9614af2","Specialization of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM): Modelling on non-formal RRR","Paasch, J.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.; Lemmen, C.H.J.; Paulsson, J.","","2013","This paper proposes a more detailed classification of the legal part of the LADM, ISO 19152, (i.e. interests in land) than possible in the current standard (ISO, 2012) today and is an attempt to raise awareness of the possibilities to further develop the LADMs ‘right’, ‘restriction’ and ‘responsibility’ classes (RRR). The term ‘land’ is here used for land, water and air. The LADM does, in principle, already facilitate the modelling of e.g. informal and customary rights. However, there has, to the authors’ knowledge, not yet been any approach that incorporates non formal social tenure relationships, such as informal occupation, tenancy based on non-formal and informal rights and customary rights into the LADM. This paper uses the non-formal rights descriptions in the Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) as an input to further develop the LADM. In this paper the authors base their research on an extended classification of the LADMs RRR classes presented at the FIG Working Week in Nigeria (Paasch et al., 2013). The extension is based on the newly developed Legal Cadastral Domain Model, LCDM (Paasch, 2012a), as a conceptual basis for adding an additional level to the LADM classification. The LCDM states that interests in land can be classified according to whether they are limiting or beneficial to real property ownership. The extended classification is further based on the paradigm that there are two major types of interest in land, privately agreed interests and regulations imposed by a public agency to further the interests of society. This paper contains a discussion on how the legal part of the LADM can be expanded. Furthermore, the “code list” issue addressed in the FIG 2013 Working Week paper is further researched in this paper, e.g. how to develop the code lists for refined LCDM classes (based on specialisations), that could/should be used. The incorporation of a specialized description of non-formal rights in the LADM may be of future value when (if) more detailed information on social tenure land use has to be stored in national or international land administration registers. The LADM allows national specializations to be added to the standard, however, such specializations may be useful when used within a nation, but are of rather limited value when more detailed data of interests in land has to be exchanged internationally. This would require international maintenance of code tables.","Land Administration Domain Model; LADM; Legal Cadastral Domain Model; LCDM; Social Tenure Domain Model; STDM; Real Property Right; Non-formal Right; Informal Right; Customary Right; Refined LADM Modelling","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","OTB Research","","","",""
"uuid:0dde193a-7394-4629-8f30-679c2d300eff","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0dde193a-7394-4629-8f30-679c2d300eff","LADM as a Basis for the Hellenic Archaeological Cadastre","Dimopoulou, Efi; Gogolou, Christina","","2013","Greece consists of a complex-structured environment, with horizontal, vertical and mixed properties in which is exercised a variety of property rights. The Hellenic Cadastre (HC) applies to a two-dimensional registration system, with the property being the core of the system and quest of the legal information (Tsiliakou and Dimopoulou, 2011). Special property objects such as cultural monuments and areas of cultural and archaeological interest are numerous all over the country but not registered in detail. In order to cover the necessity for registration and protection of the antiquities, an Archaeological Cadastre Project is being implemented. The Hellenic Archaeological Cadastre (HAC) is an ongoing project for the digital registration of the cultural heritage of Greece, together with the recordation of property rights exercised in such areas and the clarification of the ownership status. The main goal of the project is the creation of a management tool for the protection of the cultural heritage, with explicit and quantitative features for the cultural reserve of the country. This paper aims to explore the possibilities of applying international standards and especially the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), in the Hellenic Archaeological Cadastre. Modeling the archaeological space and its constraints with LADM, could lead to the integration of a cadastral system that reflects the property ownership status for public and private properties with archaeological interest, based on the international experience. A second goal is the improvement of the Archaeological Cadastre core model. The adjustment of international standards in modeling could be the link between the meeting of international requirements of land administration and the right protection of the archaeological space. In international trends, there are many standards used for the documentation of the cultural heritage, mostly aiming to record cultural objects. As mentioned, the LADM is used in order to explore the property dimension of the cultural environment. Using the terminology proposed through the LADM model is a challenge that this paper aims to accept.","Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); Hellenic Archaeological Cadastre (HAC); Hellenic Cadastre (HC); Cultural Heritage","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:a99553aa-7de5-46f7-a5e6-13b614160515","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a99553aa-7de5-46f7-a5e6-13b614160515","Specialization of the LADM - Modelling of Non-formal RRR","Paasch, Jesper; van Oosterom, Peter; Lemmen, Christiaan; Paulsson, Jenny","","2013","This paper proposes a more detailed classification of the legal part of the LADM, ISO 19152, (i.e. interests in land) than possible in the current standard (ISO, 2012) today and is an attempt to raise awareness of the possibilities to further develop the LADMs ‘right’, ‘restriction’ and ‘responsibility’ classes (RRR). The term ‘land’ is here used for land, water and air. The LADM does, in principle, already facilitate the modelling of e.g. informal and customary rights. However, there has, to the authors’ knowledge, not yet been any approach that incorporates non-formal social tenure relationships, such as informal occupation, tenancy based on non-formal and informal rights and customary rights into the LADM. This paper uses the non-formal rights descriptions in the Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) as an input to further develop the LADM. In this paper the authors base their research on an extended classification of the LADMs RRR classes presented at the FIG Working Week in Nigeria (Paasch et al., 2013). The extension is based on the newly developed Legal Cadastral Domain Model, LCDM (Paasch, 2012a), as a conceptual basis for adding an additional level to the LADM classification. The LCDM states that interests in land can be classified according to whether they are limiting or beneficial to real property ownership. The extended classification is further based on the paradigm that there are two major types of interest in land, privately agreed interests and regulations imposed by a public agency to further the interests of society. This paper contains a discussion on how the legal part of the LADM can be expanded. Furthermore, the “code list” issue addressed in the FIG 2013 Working Week paper is further researched in this paper, e.g. how to develop the code lists for refined LCDM classes (based on specialisations), that could/should be used. The incorporation of a specialized description of non-formal rights in the LADM may be of future value when (if) more detailed information on social tenure land use has to be stored in national or international land administration registers. The LADM allows national specializations to be added to the standard, however, such specializations may be useful when used within a nation, but are of rather limited value when more detailed data of interests in land has to be exchanged internationally. This would require international maintenance of code tables.","Refined LADM Modelling; Land Administration Domain Model; LADM; Legal Cadastral Domain Model; LCDM; Social Tenure Domain Model; STDM; Real Property Right; Non-formal Right; Informal Right; Customary Right","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:ed21d7eb-2b7b-44cd-bb70-7f475dd79d33","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ed21d7eb-2b7b-44cd-bb70-7f475dd79d33","The Land Administration Domain Model Standard","Lemmen, Christiaan; van Oosterom, Peter","","2013","LADM is a international standard for the land administration domain. It will stimulate the development of software applications and will accelerate the implementation of proper land administration systems that will support sustainable development. The LADM covers basic information-related components of land administration (including those over water and land, and elements above and below the surface of the earth); The standard provides an abstract, conceptual model with three packages related to: - parties (people and organizations); - basic administrative units, rights, responsibilities, and restrictions (ownership rights); - spatial units (parcels, and the legal space of buildings and utility networks); with sub packages for spatial sources (surveying), and spatial representations (geometry and topology). This paper summarizes the motivation, requirements and goals for developing LADM. Further, the standard itself is described, including the development process and potential future maintenance. Despite being a very young standard, ‘born’ on 1 December 2012, it is already possible to observe some of the impact of LADM and some examples of this are given in the paper.","Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM); Land Policy; Land Management; Land Administration; Land Registration and Cadastre; Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:b6e5ea36-e71e-420d-9f36-f2ac9b30016b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b6e5ea36-e71e-420d-9f36-f2ac9b30016b","Integration of Land and Housing Information in China: First Analysis of Legal Requirements for LADM Compliance","Zhuo, Yuefei; Ma, Zhimin; Lemmen, Christiaan; Bennett, Rohan","","2013","The integration of land and housing law, processes, and data is a significant issue in China. Prior to the design of any integrated information system, the legal requirements of such a system must first be assessed. To date, this has not been fully studied. In this paper, we identify and review the requirements for the integration of land and housing information in China from the legal point of view. Specifically, this paper utilizes the existing land legal system to guide this review process. Seven levels of legislations are studied, and a collection of legal requirements from the Constitution down to land standards is developed. The legislative review covers both land and housing administration domains and specifically includes land related, housing related, and real estate related documents. On the basis of the impacts, these collected legal requirements are then synthesized and categorized under the following headings: registration, maintenance, mortgage, transfer of real estate rights, relevant materials and archives, preliminary notice, etc. The paper concludes by proposing that these legal requirements can be used as one of the foundations for land and housing integration in China. It is the aim of this review that serves as a starting point to develop the integrated data model for land and housing information in China.","LADM; Land and Housing Integration; Land Legal System, Laws and Regulations; Legal Requirements; Land Administration Domain Model","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:98b54027-a57d-4188-9cdf-7d1ba886aa64","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:98b54027-a57d-4188-9cdf-7d1ba886aa64","The Land Administration Domain Model Standard","Lemmen, C.H.J.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.","","2013","LADM is a international standard for the land administration domain. It will stimulate the development of software applications and will accelerate the implementation of proper land administration systems that will support sustainable development. The LADM covers basic information-related components of land administration (including those over water and land, and elements above and below the surface of the earth); The standard provides an abstract, conceptual model with three packages related to: - parties (people and organizations); - basic administrative units, rights, responsibilities, and restrictions (ownership rights); - spatial units (parcels, and the legal space of buildings and utility networks); with sub packages for spatial sources (surveying), and spatial representations (geometry and topology). This paper summarizes the motivation, requirements and goals for developing LADM. Further, the standard itself is described, including the development process and potential future maintenance. Despite being a very young standard, ‘born’ on 1 December 2012, it is already possible to observe some of the impact of LADM and some examples of this are given in the paper.","land policy,; land management; land administration; land registration and cadastre; Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM)","en","conference paper","FIG","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","OTB Research","","","",""
"uuid:e388babf-5ab3-4f30-a0c1-e5482ada55d4","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e388babf-5ab3-4f30-a0c1-e5482ada55d4","Representing Roles in Formalizing Domain Ontology for Land Administration","Soon, Kean Huat","","2013","In Land Administration, web portals have been developed to support various customers on property transactions, applications for registration of land titles, submission of survey plans for authority’s approval, etc. The user groups of these portals are huge and range from various parties, such as surveyors, government authorities, landowners, member of the public, and lawyers. A formalized ontology that emphasizes user roles in Land Administration will help identify user roles by reasoning about the documents/information submitted. This ability will allow the system to serve customers more proactively. The paper formalizes domain ontology for Land Administration from natural language texts in the standard ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) using Web Ontology Language (OWL). OWL is chosen because it supports reasoning and inference of new knowledge. Comparing with the existing UML (Unified Modeling Language) model, natural language texts are a good source to provide a neutral stance for developing the ontology without a prior assumption. In the existing LADM model, however, user roles are rather represented rigidly. This has confined the way to model roles as context dependent. Also, role is involved in the association between BAUnit and Party through the relation baunitAsParty. BaunitAsParty is semantically different but the existing model has treated it like other general types of association relationship. Lastly, the conceptual structure of roles is more complex. Relationships such as generalization can exist between roles, for example a CertifiedSurveyor as specialization of a Surveyor. But the existing model represents roles in a flat code list. To develop the domain ontology that focuses on user roles, the paper introduces three new concepts, RolePlayer, Role, and Context, and two relations hasRole and dependsOn. The introduction brings the following three benefits: i. Treating roles as a first class concept. Treating roles as concept allows the definition of role more specifically and flexibly. ii. BAUnit is treated as RolePlayer to relate to Party, which is a subclass of Role, through hasRole relationship. iii. Roles (as well as RolePlayer and Context) are allowed to be represented in hierarchy or ontology in its own. With the formalized ontology in place, it allows a system to reason about and infer new knowledge using rule language such as Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) and Rule Interchange Format (RIF) for handling complex user conditions.","Automation; Ontology; Web Ontology Language (OWL); User Roles; Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:85ef6547-6d4c-4a23-8371-eebcadddc75f","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:85ef6547-6d4c-4a23-8371-eebcadddc75f","Linking Land Registers and Other Official Registers in the Republic of Croatia based on LADM","Mader, Mario; Matijević, Hrvoje; Roić, Miodrag","","2013","Weak or not existing linkage of official registers in Republic of Croatia (real estates, rights, persons etc.) and data redundancy as an inevitable outcome of such a state are the cause of various unwanted consequences for the relevant public authorities, but also for citizens and companies as the end-users of such data. Linking the registers, and thereby rationalizing the procedures related to public authorities, would enable significant savings in time, people and resources, and at the same time increase the legal security of registers and the availability of high quality and always up to date data. In this paper the analysis of relevant registers is done together with the proposed model of their linking. The above mentioned model is developed as an extension of the existing Land Administration Domain Model – LADM. Some parts of this research should serve as a contribution in development of the LADM country profile for the Republic of Croatia.","modelling; official registers; land administration system; LADM","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:7b2689f7-feda-40df-b5c8-1536a3386d11","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7b2689f7-feda-40df-b5c8-1536a3386d11","Specialization of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM): An Option for Expanding the Legal Profiles","Paasch, J.; Van Oosterom, P.; Paulsson, J.; Lemmen, C.","","2013","The Land Administration Domain Model, LADM, passed on the 1st of November 2012 unanimously the final vote towards becoming an international standard, ISO 19152. Based on the standard this paper is a proposal for a more detailed classification of interests in land as modelled within LADM and an attempt to raise the awareness of the possibilities to further develop the LADM?s “right”, “restriction” and “responsibility” (RRR) classes. The current standardised classification of RRRs in the LADM is restricted to a top-level classification of RRRs. In this paper the authors use the classification of interests in land described in the newly developed Legal Cadastral Domain Model, LCDM, to further develop the LADM. The LDM is based on comparative international legal investigations, including case studies from Portugal, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland and Sweden. The conceptual basis of the LCDM is that interests in land can be classified according to whether they are limiting or beneficial to real property ownership. The classification in the model is further based on the paradigm that there are two major types of interest in land; privately agreed interests and public regulations imposed by a public agency to further the interests of society. This is a pattern that can be observed in the legislation of many different jurisdictions, and therefore a useful extension of the international standard. The result of the paper is a proposal on how the administrative part of the LADM (i.e. interests in land) can be expanded. This work can be used to improve and extend the current informative LADM Annexes F Legal Profiles? and J Code lists?. Customary and informal rights have not been investigated in the LCDM, but can already be represented in the LADM (and its extension STDM: Social Tenure Domain Model). Inclusion of further options for representation of detailed attributes might be very useful for a next LADM version. The possible extension of LADM does not bring any limitation to the use and implementation of LADM – which is already on-going in several countries. On the contrary: the flexibility of LADM as a concept is demonstrated again and the proposed extensions may be very useful for those countries where a more detailed classification of RRR is under discussion.","Land Administration Domain Model; LADM; Legal Cadastral Domain Model; LCDM; real property right; public regulation","en","conference paper","FIG","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","OTB Resaerch","","","",""
"uuid:11d7a087-3841-461a-b63f-dd54d41ec573","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:11d7a087-3841-461a-b63f-dd54d41ec573","ISO 19152: 2012, Land Administration Domain Model published by ISO","Van Oosterom, P.; Lemmen, C.; Uitermark, H.","","2013","This paper describes the last developments of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). The Final Draft International Standard, ISO FDIS 19152, unanimously passed on 1 November 2012 the final vote towards becoming an International Standard (IS). After technical editing by ISO secretariat in Geneve, Switzerland, the first edition has been officially published on 1 December 2012 as International Standard ISO 19152:2012(E) ?Geographic information — Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)‘ and ?Information géographique — Modèle du domaine de l‘administrationdes terres (LADM)‘. This after a more than four years standards development process within ISO/TC211 (Geographic Information) and six years of preparation within the FIG, while the original idea for such a standard was launched at the 2002 FIG congress in Washington D.C., US. This paper presents an overview of the last (and minor technical) modifications from FDIS to IS. The main reason for the modifications was the removal of inconsistencies and in all these cases there was consensus within the project team on the correct interpretation. However, most aspects are mentioned three (or more times) in the standard: in the main clauses, in the figures (UML class diagrams), in some tabular forms, and most often also several times in one or more of the many annexes. Despite the fact that the editors and the editorial committee tried to be extremely careful in processing the comment resolutions (DIS to FDIS), some occurrences were overlooked when processing certain comments that needed adoptions in multiple locations. Annex A, the Abstract Test Suite (ATS), was relatively new and did also contain some sloppy errors which have been removed in the IS. The ATS is of utmost importance when testing a model/profile for LADM conformity. In this paper we further elaborate on the overall process to arrive at an ISO standard and the lessons, we the authors of this paper and editors, learned during the past years. As the LADM standard is now being used (and read by further eyes) it is inevitable that further issues will arrive. As LADM is a conceptual model, the next steps include elaborating (via a country profile) and realizing a technical model suitable for implementation: database schema (SQL DDL), exchange format (XML/GML), and user interface for edit and dissemination. A good option for this is the collaboration between FIG and the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) to standardize this technical model by participation of FIG in the new OGC Standards Working Group - Land Development (upgrade LandXML and make compatible with LADM).","Land administration; standards; ISO; cadastral modelling; LADM","en","conference paper","FIG","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","OTB Research","","","",""
"uuid:ffaba9a5-163e-4969-a105-1703838198f4","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ffaba9a5-163e-4969-a105-1703838198f4","A Strategy for Developing the Cadastral System of Cadastral Resurvey: Project based on International Standard (LADM) in South Korea","Kim, Taik-Jin; Lee, Taik-Jin; Lee, Young-Ho","","2013","ISO19152 international standard, led by ISO/TC211 in the meantime, has been published as an international standard at the end of 2012. It does not necessarily mean a simple document published. The FIG having the initiative in international standards-based technology is actively promoting overseas business in developing countries through developing a system based on international standards such as STDM. Developing a standard model based on international standards for Korea environment is no longer an option. In this paper, we analyzed the current cadastral resurvey project. Then we analyzed the proposed model in the field of cadastre up to now in Korea. We presented the future-oriented model of land registration for cadastral resurvey project which embraced both kind of standardized target for “Product” and “Process” perspective. This study was mainly carried out the existing literature research about the presented specific model. Therefore it is needed further development for technical model to verify the validity of the practical application.","Cadaster Standard; Land Administration Domain Model; Cadastral Resurvey Project; Land Registration; Standard Model","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:ade9c20d-391e-4f0a-a329-a52a82f54df2","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ade9c20d-391e-4f0a-a329-a52a82f54df2","Conformity of LADM for Modeling 3D/4D Cadastre Situations in Turkey","Döner, Fatih; Biyik, Cemal","","2013","The increasing complexity of land use requires that cadastral systems as a core component of land administration need an improved capacity to manage the higher dimensions (third dimension for height or deep and forth dimension for time) of the land. Until today countries have developed several studies related to 3D/4D cadastre depending on mainly their legal systems and technical needs. In Turkey, it is now broadly accepted that the current cadastral data model should be improved and enriched to reflect all dimensions of the land. In current practice, temporal and multidimensional information are treated as attributive data. Previous studies have shown that this approach has some limitations to represent and register 3D/4D situations in Turkey. On the other hand, one of the ongoing important projects in Turkey is the Land Registry and Cadastre Information System (TAKBIS in Turkish) which is mainly aiming at providing reliable and up-to-date land information required for all land and land-related activities, transforming cadastral data to a multipurpose land information system, accomplishing cadastral services within the scope of information technologies and providing standardization in cadastral services. TAKBIS could not exactly reach its goals because of some deficiencies in monitoring and modeling temporal changes of spatial data. Another important project is Turkish National Geographical Information System (TUCBS in Turkish). TUCBS is an egovernment project aiming at establishing infrastructure which is suitable for national level requirements and the INSPIRE directive, creating a web portal for serving the information that public institutions and enterprises responsible to users over the common infrastructure, generating content standards that satisfy needs of the all user institutions and determining geographical data exchange standards. In this paper, conformity of LADM for modeling 3D/4D cadastre situations in Turkey was evaluated compared approaches of TAKBIS and TUCBS. The paper commences with an introduction in section 1. In section 2, Turkish land administration system is introduced to understand cadastral recordings with a 4D component. Then, 3D/4D situations are presented that current cadastre has shown limitations in section3. In section 4, similarities and differences between LADM and TAKBIS/TUCBS are presented to evaluate conformity of LADM for modeling 3D/4D situations. This paper ends with a conclusions section.","Turkish Cadastre; 3D/4D Cadastre; Land Administration; LADM","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:5c8284b0-059f-42c8-9555-acc44c483b5e","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5c8284b0-059f-42c8-9555-acc44c483b5e","Modernizing Natural Resource Management in Minnesota","Piliptchak, Alex","","2013","Thomson Reuters is currently in the final stages of implementing a modern land administration system in Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MN DNR). The use of automation technology is expected to improve the management and administration of over 5 million acres of public lands and mineral interests underlying more than 10 million acres of land, while helping to preserve ecological and historical resources as well as develop mineral, timber and other natural resources for the benefit of Minnesota schools and universities. At Thomson Reuters we embraced the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) from its early days and support this standard in our land administration software. In recent years, especially with the completion of ISO approval process, the standard model found much wider acceptance in the industry. While LADM’s comprehensive representation of land information is beneficial for providing a common starting point in new land information system designs it makes transition from other proprietary data models challenging, especially in the cases when the legacy data is fragmented, incomplete or unreliable. Additional challenges arise when administrative records are not fully and uniquely related to spatial data. MN DNR has started automating land administration using information technology in mid- 1980s by building in-house land information management applications on IBM AS/400 platform. Given the level of mainstream technology capabilities of that time, the system focused on administrative data and did not include support for storing and maintaining spatial information. This forced extensive use of Public Land Survey System (PLSS) grid references to identify approximate parcel location, which, in turn, resulted in artificial spatial fragmentation of real interests represented in the legacy data. Additionally, inability to determine overlapping or coinciding interests using only a PLSS designation would also affect the use of LADM to its full potential. These data-related challenges, if not properly identified and addressed, would limit the benefits of transitioning to LADM as the information would become more complex to query, analyze and maintain. This article shares the author’s experience applying LADM to automate administration of land and mineral properties, describe challenges and lessons learned and discuss potential approaches to the transition to LADM, potential pitfalls and model extensions.","Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MN DNR); Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:ad121496-2477-4491-b5af-905ef6cbe97c","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ad121496-2477-4491-b5af-905ef6cbe97c","A domain model for land administration","Lemmen, C.H.J.","Van Oosterom, P.J.M. (promotor); Van der Molen, P. (promotor)","2012","75% or the “people to land relationships” worldwide are not documented. This concerns about 4.5 billion cases. With a growing population this situation results in land disputes, land grabbing and neglecting of rights of local people. Land Administration provides documentation on people to land relationships. Land Administration is an instrument for implementation of Land Policies - part of governmental policy on environmental sustainability, economic development, disaster management, social justice and equity and political stability. Land Administration is in support to legal security (protection of land rights), access to credit (collateral for mortgage or micro credit), spatial planning, land tax and resource management (mining, forestry, and nature). Many countries have an incomplete, not up to date and therefore non-reliable land administration. Standards are needed in Land Administration, both for initial data acquisition and for data maintenance. Experience learns that it is not an easy task to design and set up a land administration. In many countries modelling expertise to set up Land Administration Systems is lacking. It should be noted that those systems contain high volumes of data. In this thesis a common standard for the land administration domain is designed and proposed for implementation. Such a standard is in support to development of software applications and this will accelerate the development and implementation of proper land administration in support to sustainable development. The International Standard is expected to be published as ISO standard in August 2012, a breakthrough in the development of this type of systems. There is already recognition and support by FAO, UN HABITAT and several countries.","land administration; land administration domain model; LADM","en","doctoral thesis","TU Delft","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","GIS Technology","","","",""
"uuid:ab61c611-de16-48d6-a4c6-0fe57ffa3e39","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ab61c611-de16-48d6-a4c6-0fe57ffa3e39","Development Methodology for an Integrated Legal Cadastre","Hespanha, J.P.","Van Oosterom, P.J.M. (promotor); Zevenbergen, J.A. (promotor)","2012","This Thesis describes the research process followed in order to achieve a development methodology applicable to the reform of cadastral systems with a legal basis. It was motivated by the author’s participation in one of the first surveying and mapping operations for a digital cadastre in Portugal, and the problems faced by the cadastre, and more generally, the Land Administration System in Portugal. After approaching Delft University of Technology (more specifically OTB Research Institute) with a research proposal mainly applied and restricted to the Portuguese cadastral situation, it was suggested to propose a new Cadastral Data Model, to be derived from the (then called) Core Cadastral Domain Model. This last model has evolved into the current Final Draft International Standard ISO 19152 - Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). The use of LADM as a fundamental contribution to the research, along with the participation in its development, allowed to expand from an applied and focused research context, to a more generic and widely applicable one. Although the main Case Study is still describing Land Administration in Portugal, the resulting development methodology equally benefited from the study of country models developed elsewhere in the World (Iceland, Queensland (Australia) and Canada (federal land)). The generic and worldwide nature of the LADM allowed thus to formulate the main aim and research question of this Thesis: How can a system development methodology support in a efficient and flexible manner the creation of an integrated legal Cadastre, while addressing the interrelations between the technical, legal and organisational aspects? The remaining paragraphs of the summary will report on how the resultant development methodology was obtained, as well as the actual products from the implementation test on the existent Portuguese Cadastral Model (hereafter referred as PT_CDM) leading to the single, most important outcome; the Portuguese country model, LADM_PT. Starting from the more generic concepts applied to the development methodology, the systems approach as applied to Land Registries, which recognizes different aspects under which the system can be examined and described (technical, legal, administrative and institutional), was the underlying concept for this Thesis, resulting from the contribution from (Zevenbergen, 2002). The technical aspects of an integrated legal cadastre, or more generically, a Land Administration System, were the ones that received greater attention. The software development life cycle methodology called Unified Process (UP) and the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) supplied the more important concepts and procedures to derive a specific country model from the domain model. Both sets of concepts (UP and MDA) were adapted and merged into the development methodology, taking into consideration the specifics of the different aspects of an integrated legal cadastre. The design of the different components (translated to UML packages in the country model) has used a number of existing standards and specifications from international organizations as ISO, the Open GIS Consortium (OGC), the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Object Management Group (OMG). This way, it is heavily standards based. On the legal aspects, the most important input to the research was the Legal Model as developed by (Paasch, 2005). This provided an object-oriented view reflecting generic legal concepts, as abstracted from a number of Western Europe legal frameworks, and which can be applied (at least) to both countries with Civil Code and with Common Law based legislations. The administrative aspects were equally considered, namely by the integration of elements belonging to that component in LADM, with specific classes present in the Portuguese Cadastral Model. Additional UP products, which included UML defined elements such as the Use Case Model and related Activity Diagrams reflecting cadastral update procedures, were developed in complement to the country model. The main institutions related to a legal based cadastre, namely those related with the fundamental institution of Property and the related Real Rights, and those related to the cadastral surveying and mapping component, were studied and reported for the Case Study. Contribution from Social Sciences in the fields of institutional theory were considered, concerning the institution of Property. In particular, the ontology description of Property is compared to the Domain Model description, identifying its similarities and differences. The following list of items reports on the products developed by the application of the development methodology. It follows the steps to get from the non-compliant, existing Portuguese Cadastral Data Model (PT CDM) to the LADM based country profile LADM_PT. Use Case Model, comprising a context and more aspect oriented Use Case Diagrams and the respective text templates. This is used to capture critical functional requirements, and constitutes a single inception iteration (according to UP). Vision document, identifying which problems the system will solve; who are the target users; what the system will offer in terms of features, and a listing of non-functional requirements. This is a result of the inception phase. The scope of the vision document is centred on two core capabilities, described next. Core Capability #1: Legal and Administrative component, covering the relation of Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRR) to the Spatial Units, through the Basic Administrative Unit. The terms name core classes belonging to the Domain Model. Core Capability #2: Geometric component, describing the organization of Spatial Units into different levels and considering geometry and topology constraints. This component specifies also cadastral surveying classes. Iteration plan for the UP Elaboration phase, which considered separate iterations for the core capabilities, followed by an integration iteration. Each iteration comprises: A detailed Use Case; a Design Model; use of one or more LADM profiles (UML patterns); a complete design model; MDA transformations and ORM Mappings enabling the implementation into a spatial data base. Transformation chain (MDA) for the integrated model, merging LADM with the legacy model and considering the LADM profiles. Instance Level Diagrams, which document the application of the integrated model for a number of real life, concrete cases. Model constraints collected into an OCL file (a formal constraint language), tested for syntax, and from which additional code can be derived. The fundamental contribution and answer to the main research question is thus the development methodology itself, whose products are referred above for the LADM_PT country model. But the research path followed to obtain this methodology provided other contributions, which are summarized in the following list. Standards based modelling and development, namely considering geographic information (ISO 19000) series of international standards, OMG modelling standards for UML and OCL, or OGC standards in the spatial feature types. Development and later inclusion in LADM of spatial unit and legal profiles, specified as UML patterns which can be used in order to derive other country models besides LADM PT. Documentation of a series of specific Land Administration cases through the production of Instance Level Diagrams, which are annexed to the (ISO/TC211 Geographic Information / Geomatics, 2011).","Integrated Legal Cadastre; Land Administration Domain Model; Software Development Methodologies; Cadastre; Rights, Restrictions, Responsibilities (RRR)","en","doctoral thesis","TU Delft","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","GIST / GIGB","","","",""
"uuid:efe000ab-e22b-426e-9bb2-4eeb7dc96ce9","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:efe000ab-e22b-426e-9bb2-4eeb7dc96ce9","The final steps towards an international standard for land administration","Lemmen, C.H.J.; Uitermark, H.T.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.","","2012","The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) moved forward to the FDIS stage (FDIS = Final Draft International Standard): ISO FDIS 19152. This is the last stage before becoming an International Standard (expected in July 2012), after a four year standards development process within ISO/TC211 (Geographic Information) and six years of preparation within the FIG, while the original idea for such a standard was launched at the 2002 FIG congress in Washington D.C. This paper presents an overview of the last (sometimes minor) modifications from DIS to FDIS. Most modifications are improvements to increase the flexibility of the LADM, e.g. the relationships between rights and arbitrary sets of spatial units (parcels). Consequently, with more flexibility, the notion of conformance testing has been adjusted. Also, the ever increasing adoption of the LADM is illustrated via a number of new country profiles. This clearly shows the need, and practically, the growing support for the LADM over the past years (in addition to the ever growing number of positive votes for the LADM within ISO).","land administration; standards; ISO; cadastral modeling; LADM","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","","","","",""
"uuid:b09b2ec3-62ee-479c-8c3d-6d24c2b77da0","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b09b2ec3-62ee-479c-8c3d-6d24c2b77da0","3D cadastre in China: A case study in Shenzhen City","Guo, R.; Li, L.; He, B.; Luo, P.; Ying, S.; Zhao, Z.; Jiang, R.","","2011","","land administration; land use; cadastre; three dimensions","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","","","","",""
"uuid:9c68c139-621d-45e7-9da9-a1800e692e0a","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:9c68c139-621d-45e7-9da9-a1800e692e0a","Evaluation of pro - poor land administration from an end-user perspective: A case-study from peri-urban Lusaka (Zambia)","Van Asperen, P.C.M.","","2011","Peri-urban areas in Africa are usually dynamic with respect to land tenure. Statutory, informal and customary tenure systems often co-exist and interfere with each other. This disclosure of legal pluralism often leads to lower levels of tenure security, especially for people with low incomes. Pro-poor land administration tools have been designed to cater for the poor. The question arises whether these tools have the desired impact. This question is answered by confronting the existing tenure regimes with the pro-poor land administration tools. A case-study has been carried out in Chazanga, a neighborhood in Lusaka, the capital city of Zambia. A qualitative approach has been applied to evaluate the ways in which people access land and how they perceive security of tenure with reference to land administration. Their perceptions are confronted with the legal and institutional framework. In terms of tenure, Chazanga turned out to be highly dynamic. The area is contested to be public land under control of Lusaka City Council (LCC) and customary land under the Traditional Authority. Most lands are accessed through a variety of informal and customary ways. Besides that, some lands are registered under the Lands Act. LCC has started a legalization exercise, applying the Housing (Statutory and Improvement Areas) Act (HSIA) of 1975. Plots will be surveyed and occupancy licenses issued upon payment of a monthly ground rent. People who are aware about the legalization in general did favor the exercise, although some people feared that LCC will grab the land from them. Regularization will clarify the legal situation concerning land in Chazanga and increase the perceived levels of tenure security. However, the inhabitants will experience less freedom towards their land. Additionally, the legal security as provided through the occupancy license is rather weak. Furthermore, it will be argued that the HSIA is not specifically pro-poor. On the other hand, it offers a framework for the implementation of a simple land administration system to regularize unplanned settlements in Zambia.","land administration; pro-poor; peri-urban; tenure security; informal tenure; legalization","en","conference paper","FIG Internatinol Federation of Surveyors","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","OTB Research","","","",""
"uuid:0317b6a7-c2ff-49d1-a1e1-005d20e5ad1b","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0317b6a7-c2ff-49d1-a1e1-005d20e5ad1b","3D Cadastre Development in Hungary","Iván, Gyula","","2011","Geometric part of the Unified Hungarian Land Registry (Cadastral maps) has been operating in standardized environment since 1996. MSZ 7772-1 Standard on Digital Base Map (developed by Institute of Geodesy Cartography and Remote Sensing, FÖMI) — based on the pre ISO and CEN standards on Geographic Information — defines a 3D relational database model for cadastral maps and linked attributes. Till now 3D capacity of Cadastral Map Databases has not been utilized. In Unified Hungarian Land Registry the seeds of 3D Cadastre have been planted since the establishment of the Unified System in 1972. This base was the registering of condominiums, and other special 3D objects. Main Acts, which strongly influence Land Registry, (Act on Surveying and Mapping Activities from 1996, and Act on Land Registry from 1997), have been elaborated for the Land Registry situations in the mid of 90’s. Technical and infrastructure developments during the last 15 years force the change on not only the technical, but on the legal environment, as well. The paper deals with the present situation, the proposed, new legislation and technical solutions in Unified Land Registry, which all of them points to a real 3D Cadastre in Hungary.","GIS; Cadastre; Spatial Data Infrastructure; Land Administration","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:bd2e979d-c402-4f06-87c0-6f5a7d62cd89","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:bd2e979d-c402-4f06-87c0-6f5a7d62cd89","3D Cadastre in China - a Case Study in Shenzhen City","Guo, Renzhong; Li, Lin; He, Biao; Luo, Ping; Ying, Shen; Zhao, Zhigang; Jiang, Renrong","","2011","A rapid urban growth in China urges to extend land use to land space use in three dimensions due to limited land resource in cities. 3D cadastre is emerging as an effective means to support such a demands for using urban land in a way of three dimensions. Shenzhen, located in the south-eastern coastal region of China, as one of the most economically developed cities in China, has experienced a sustainably rapid economic growth and demands more urban space and more precise management of rights of land and property in order to meet such a fast development in social and economic reform. The typical land space use in Shenzhen includes underground parking lots and commercial streets and over-ground arching buildings where their surface parcels have a different ownership or are used by other parties. The vertical heterogeneity of land rights challenges the capacity of parcel-based cadastre systems in description of spatial nature of land space and of the rights pertaining to the land space. Management of the three-dimension urban land space adds some complexity to the current convention of land administration, which requires some change in the procedures of land administration such as land planning, cadastre surveying and land registration. The practice of a 3D cadastre in Shenzhen shows a good example of effectively managing limited urban land resource and accumulates a lot of available technology and experience for introducing 3D cadastre in land administrations. In this paper, a brief introduction about Shenzhen city is given regarding to land use and economic growth, which account for emerging vertical use of urban land. Such a vertical use of land space raised some problems in the current parcel-based management of urban land use, which is shown by a few of examples of use of land space above- or under-ground. Those examples indicate the necessity of applying 3D cadastres in urban land administrations. As a cadastre is associated with social and administrative issues, the current context regarding to legislation and administration for applying 3D cadastre in Shenzhen is outlined. The practice of a 3D cadastre in Shenzhen is briefly described in terms of technology such as basic hypotheses, data model and 3D data generating. A real case of applying the 3D cadastre is introduced and shows the functions of the 3D cadastre system in representation of spatial extent of a 3D property. Our practice shows that there is some gap in the current administrative procedures when installing a 3D cadastre on the one hand, but an effective 3D cadastre technology also provides a good means to bridge the gap on the other hand.","Three Dimensions; Land Administration; Land Use; Cadastre","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:fc220d65-58a8-4954-9f63-978529fc11df","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:fc220d65-58a8-4954-9f63-978529fc11df","ISO Land Administration Domain Model and LandXML in the Development of Digital Survey Plan Lodgement for 3D Cadastre in Australia","Karki, Sudarshan; Thompson, Rod; Mcdougall, Kevin; Cumerford, Nevil; van Oosterom, Peter","","2011","The aim of this paper is to explore the implementation issues of 3D Cadastre in Queensland, Australia, which is presently moving towards a full digital lodgement of surveying information, with a focus on validation rules. In Queensland the Electronic Access for Registry Lodgement (EARL) project has already successfully implemented EARL-I, the first of the three phases of the project where surveying information is captured digitally using tools built in-house, called Surveying Information Processing (SIP) tool which is based on LandXML. EARL-II will establish an electronic service delivery framework, where external surveyors create and lodge digital files, but paper plan still remains the legal document at this stage. EARL-III will be full digital lodgement where the digital files become the legal document. The ePlan is developed using UML class diagram and implemented using LandXML and its various schemas and protocols. LADM is a standard model from which the ePlan model can be considered a subset. This paper studies the existing methodology and proposed structure of digital lodgement based on LandXML and draws from the questionnaire survey as well as the ISO/TC211 LADM 19152 for identifying and expanding validation rules relevant to the EARL project towards implementation of a 3D cadastre in Queensland. LandXML will continue to support the development of EARL-III but will need to rely on ISO/TC211 LADM 19152 to provide guidelines and requirements for the implementation of a homogenous and comprehensive land administration model in Queensland. Digital lodgement is a joint effort by all jurisdictions of Australia and New Zealand and is coordinated by the Intergovernmental Committee on Survey and Mapping (ICSM). The third phase (EARL-III) is planned to include, among others, the implementation of electronic capture and visualisation of 3D Cadastre data. Mechanisms for digital capture, validation, storage and visualisation of 2D and some 3D data are already in place in EARL-I. An outline of the validation rules governing these capture and/or visualisation is already proposed in the department proposal papers. The survey of Australian jurisdictions has assisted in identifying common issues and workarounds independent of the project. This paper explains in detail how the ePlan model is implemented and the 3D validation rules that are proposed; illustrates the support of 3D in LADM and ends with a discussion on the need for the ePlan model to adopt further measures to implement the LADM.","EARL Project; 3D Cadastre; Land Administration Domain Model","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:97db6d02-6920-4394-aa99-c600e90cf5d6","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:97db6d02-6920-4394-aa99-c600e90cf5d6","AMulti-jurisdiction Case Study of 3D Cadastre in Shenzhen, China as Experiment using the LADM","Guo, Renzhong; Ying, Shen; Li, Lin; Luo, Ping; Van Oosterom, Peter","","2011","With the increasing urban population, and the urban exploitation and utilization, especially in the subsurface and the air, various spaces above and below each other are built and belonging to different owners or users. Although the traditional 2D cadastre still plays a dominant role in land administration, urban resource and space management, specific needs for the registration related to 3D situations are posing growing challenges in land and space management. This has triggered the researchers’ attention and studies. However, there is hardly any reported effective and efficient method concerning the implementation of an operational 3D cadastre system. 3D parcels can be located in the underground, on or above the surface of the earth (including the land, the water or the air). The unique character of the 3D parcel is its gene, the occupation of 3D geographic space. In general, land administration system registers the rights, restriction and responsibilities (RRRs) of a particular spatial unit (parcel) in a particular time span. This includes the information about party, RRR and spatial units, which may vary between different countries with their own legal regimes. Traditional 2D parcels are at best only the reference or entrance to these 3D situations. There may be some RRRs associated to the 3D parcels. The traditional solution is a map with 2D parcels and attached to such a 2D parcel may be an RRR with 3D implication (and more details may be found in the legal registers, but not in the cadastral map). Now, the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) provides a basic model to truly support the 3D parcels. In our case study we focus on a real 3D parcel in the Shenzhen Bay Port as the relevant area, which is divided and regulated by government of Shenzhen and by the government of Hong Kong. The party of Hong Kong is involved to register the new legal status of a 3D part in the area at the Shenzhen side. Although Shenzhen and Hong Kong are all unified in P.R. China, they enforce different legal systems, which results in the particularity of this area. The paper takes the registration of this special case as an example and the details of the case are described and analyzed, both the physical and legal space, and the involved parties and RRRs. To document this specific multi-jurisdiction use case, it is attempted to apply the LADM (instance level diagrams) to register the situation. The advanced 3D GIS techniques are capable to provide the solutions for the presentation and management of 3D cadastral objects. The true 3D primitives are built with the 3D data to represent the 3D cadastral objects.","Jurisdiction; 3D Cadastre; Land Administration Model","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:edd419cc-0fde-47ce-bdd4-f49af15d4212","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:edd419cc-0fde-47ce-bdd4-f49af15d4212","ISO land administration domain model and LandXML, in the development of digital survey plan lodgement for 3D cadastre in Australia","Karki, S.; Thompson, R.J.; McDougall, K.; Cumerford, N.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.","","2011","The aim of this paper is to explore the implementation issues of 3D Cadastre in Queensland, Australia, which is presently moving towards a full digital lodgement of surveying information, with a focus on validation rules. In Queensland the Electronic Access for Registry Lodgement (EARL) project has already successfully implemented EARL-I, the first of the three phases of the project where surveying information is captured digitally using tools built in-house, called Surveying Information Processing (SIP) tool which is based on LandXML. EARL-II will establish an electronic service delivery framework, where external surveyors create and lodge digital files, but paper plan still remains the legal document at this stage. EARL-III will be full digital lodgement where the digital files become the legal document. The ePlan is developed using UML class diagram and implemented using LandXML and its various schemas and protocols. LADM is a standard model from which the ePlan model can be considered a subset. This paper studies the existing methodology and proposed structure of digital lodgement based on LandXML and draws from the questionnaire survey as well as the ISO/TC211 LADM 19152 for identifying and expanding validation rules relevant to the EARL project towards implementation of a 3D cadastre in Queensland. LandXML will continue to support the development of EARL-III but will need to rely on ISO/TC211 LADM 19152 to provide guidelines and requirements for the implementation of a homogenous and comprehensive land administration model in Queensland. Digital lodgement is a joint effort by all jurisdictions of Australia and New Zealand and is coordinated by the Intergovernmental Committee on Survey and Mapping (ICSM). The third phase (EARL-III) is planned to include, among others, the implementation of electronic capture and visualisation of 3D Cadastre data. Mechanisms for digital capture, validation, storage and visualisation of 2D and some 3D data are already in place in EARL-I. An outline of the validation rules governing these capture and/or visualisation is already proposed in the department proposal papers. The survey of Australian jurisdictions has assisted in identifying common issues and workarounds independent of the project. This paper explains in detail how the ePlan model is implemented and the 3D validation rules that are proposed; illustrates the support of 3D in LADM and ends with a discussion on the need for the ePlan model to adopt further measures to implement the LADM.","3D cadastre; Land Administration Domain Model; EARL Project","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","OTB Reseach","","","",""
"uuid:da280062-b4b0-490c-9f4a-281f6e40225d","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:da280062-b4b0-490c-9f4a-281f6e40225d","A multi-jurisdiction case study of 3D cadastre in Shenzhen, China as experiment using the LADM","Guo, R.; Ying, S.; Li, L.; Luo, P.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.","","2011","","3D cadastre; land administration model; jurisdiction","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG)","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","OTB Research","","","",""
"uuid:99040e50-2744-457b-9327-425b03a13d0d","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:99040e50-2744-457b-9327-425b03a13d0d","ISO 19512: The land administration domain model","Lemmen, C.H.J.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.","","2011","Focus of this paper is on the Land Administration Domain Model which is under development as an International Standard at ISO. This development is an initiative of the International Federation of Surveyors – FIG. The International Standard is expected to be published in 2012. Why is this development important? What is the scope of the standard, what is included and what is not included? There will be a brief overview of the contents of the standard with attention to its core packages and to the relation to other standards (such as data quality aspects and surveying). The idea is that not only the field-survey based, high accurate, cadastral maps are supported by this standard. This would otherwise mean that many approaches would be excluded and the world is absolutely not waiting for that. On the contrary, many high accurate approaches are slow and expensive and proven not to work. A specialization of the standard, the so called “Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM)” will be introduced. This is a flexible approach to pro poor land administration on a participatory basis. The flexibility is in the unconventional options for descriptions of spatial units, parties and relations between spatial units and parties. This means informal and customary relations between people and land can be included: land administration for everyone in a local environment – not necessarily linked to formal systems but with options for future integration.","LADM; STDM; standardisation; cadastre; land administration; social tenure","en","conference paper","Makerere University","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","OTB Reseach","","","",""
"uuid:5e5c2b78-d091-447c-99bf-17dfd6de84b4","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5e5c2b78-d091-447c-99bf-17dfd6de84b4","Interoperable domain models: The ISO land administration domain model LADM and its external classes","Lemmen, C.H.J.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.; Uitermark, H.T.; Zevenbergen, J.A.; Cooper, A.K.","","2011","This paper provides a brief overview of one of the first spatial domain standards: a standard for the domain of Land Administration (LA). This standard is in the draft stage of development now (May 2011). The development of domain standards is a logical follow up after domain-independent standards, which are available now in the area of geo-information processing. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) provides a conceptual schema with three basic packages with a limited scope: parties, rights (and restrictions/responsibilities) and spatial units. Certain classes are outside the scope but can be referred to. An important aspect in the development of a coherent (Spatial) Information Infrastructures (S)II is that the various standardized domain models are reusing the same model patterns as solutions for the same situations. In this paper the LADM and its external classes are briefly presented. It outlines the advantages of standardized domain models in the development of (S)II and the importance of LA as an authentic register, in relation to other authentic registers, such as for addresses, population, companies, topography, or buildings. This will be illustrated with the Dutch case of authentic registers.","LADM; SDI; domain models; interoperability; land administration","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""
"uuid:fe514ffd-427b-4d08-8a08-34825f0cdb76","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:fe514ffd-427b-4d08-8a08-34825f0cdb76","Interoperable domain models: The ISO land administration domain model LADM and its external classes","Lemmen, C.H.J.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.; Uitermark, H.T.; Zevenbergen, J.A.; Cooper, A.K.","","2011","This paper provides a brief overview of one of the first spatial domain standards: a standard for the domain of Land Administration (LA). This standard is in the draft stage of development now (May 2011). The development of domain standards is a logical follow up after domain-independent standards, which are available now in the area of geo-information processing. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) provides a conceptual schema with three basic packages with a limited scope: parties, rights (and restrictions/responsibilities) and spatial units. Certain classes are outside the scope but can be referred to. An important aspect in the development of a coherent (Spatial) Information Infrastructures – (S)II is that the various standardized domain models are reusing the same model patterns as solutions for the same situations. In this paper the LADM and its external classes are briefly presented. It outlines the advantages of standardized domain models in the development of (S II and the importance of LA as an authentic register, in relation to other authentic registers, such as for addresses, population, companies, topography, or buildings. This will be illustrated with the Dutch case of authentic registers.","LADM; SDI; domain models; interoperability; land administration","en","conference paper","Urban Data Management Society; OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment; Delft University of Technology","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","OTB Research","","","",""
"uuid:4570a9c7-1909-4d52-b1d4-7035bef082c7","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4570a9c7-1909-4d52-b1d4-7035bef082c7","The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) as the reference model for the Cyprus Land Information System (CLIS)","Elia, E.; Zevenbergen, J.A.; Lemmen, C.H.J.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.","","2011","In this paper the enhancement of the data model of the Cyprus Land Information System (CLIS), with the adoption of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is examined. The Cyprus Land Information System (CLIS), was established in 1999, within the Department of Lands and Surveys (DLS), to support the operation of the Cyprus cadastral system and has met the majority of its initial set goals. It is however now broadly accepted that the CLIS should be improved and upgraded, and a new data model should be introduced to facilitate the manipulation and provision of data to internal and external users/customers in a more effective way.","Cyprus Land Information System (CLIS); Land Administration Domain Model (LADM); Cyprus Department of Lands and Surveys (DLS); standardisation; ISO 19152","en","conference paper","","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","OTB Research","","","",""
"uuid:6c7eaa23-4838-4ac0-8299-250bac805b2d","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6c7eaa23-4838-4ac0-8299-250bac805b2d","The road to a standard land administration domain model, and beyond ...","Lemmen, C.H.J.; Uitermark, H.T.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.; Zevenbergen, J.A.; Greenway, I.","","2011","The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is a Draft International Standard (ISO DIS 19152) and in January 2011 was distributed by the ISO central secretariat for a five month voting and commenting time interval. If everything goes as planned, ISO 19152 will be an International Standard (IS) by 2012. In this paper the road towards this standard is briefly described. An overview of the DIS and the changes during the last year of the LADM standardization process is given; most of the changes are textual and organizational improvements. With the official status of the LADM as an International Standard approaching, the question arises: what’s next? The answer is of course, implementation and use in practice. Already several country profiles have been created and other model usage is being conducted; e.g. the Land Parcel Identification Systems of the European Union and the Social Tenure Domain Model. It was noted in earlier publications that Land Administration is key in the information infrastructure and strongly related to other registrations. Within LADM these registrations are explicitly indicated as external classes, such as persons (parties), addresses, valuation, taxation, land use, coverage, physical utility networks, etc. Within the European Union, some of these domains are treated in INSPIRE, but certainly not all. Here lies an important role for FIG at a global scale (and with a relationship to ISO). Also, FIG could continue the work of ISO on Observations & Measurements (ISO 19156, under development) and make sure that this standard is refined for cadastral surveying needs. The requirements from future land governance stem from improving registration of public restrictions, registration of public benefits, registration practices with regard to public land, registration of ‘public goods’ and its spatial extents and policy implications. In the past, there have been more publications on the anticipated developments of Land Administration, see (Van der Molen, 2003) and more recently (Bennett et al, 2010; Lemmens, 2010a; Lemmens, 2010b). The expected further requirements for the next decade are support of: mature information infrastructures to serve society; dynamic process models with updating/participation by actors; 3D, 4D and 5D that is, space, time and scale integrated in Land Administration; spatial design applications; new rights, restrictions and responsibilities; international semantic web-based seamless registration; monitoring applications and community driven cadastral mapping. LADM can bring support here from a modeling perspective.","LADM; land administration systems; standards; ISO 19152","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), Ordre National des Ingénieurs Géomètres Topographes (ONIGT)","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment","OTB Research","","","",""
"uuid:61071492-600e-479d-9fbf-84c68321404c","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:61071492-600e-479d-9fbf-84c68321404c","Groundwater management in land administration: A spatio-temporal perspective","Ghawana, T.; Hespanha, J.P.; Zevenbergen, J.A.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.","","2010","Although the use of land and water is intertwined, specifics for groundwater management are not effectively dealt with in the laws and other institutional mechanisms related to land. Provisions for groundwater aspects in land management are there, but with a focus on the land itself. Land rights and restrictions are more or less static, lacking enough flexibility to incorporate the relatively short interval spatio-temporal dynamics of groundwater resources in the land management and regulation mechanisms. This leads to a gap between the scientific inputs and policy-decision making. The paper suggests the adaptation of a spatial information science based approach to bridge the gap between the technical and administrative aspects of groundwater management. The land administration domain model (LADM) provides a basic set of elements capable of supporting the inclusion of basic groundwater modeling elements into land administration, making it possible to create a support system for the management of land and water. For this purpose, spatial and temporal dimensions under the legal-administrative and spatial unit components of the standard LADM model are reviewed. The paper shows that the advancement of spatial technologies is capable of providing solutions for global issues such as groundwater resource management. As a first step towards implementation of these technologies, it is essential to include spatio-temporal dynamics properly in the standard data models. Increased knowledge of the behaviour of groundwater resources, supported by a technical system built on a land administration counterpart, could help improve greater sustainability in the use of such resources. Considering the specific arrangements of rights, parties and spatial units this could, if desired, also provide the base for a regulated private market in groundwater assets. Further research will be needed to fully operationalize and implement such data models, which ultimately could produce outputs at case study level which can help to formulate policies regarding natural resources more on the basis of technical inputs.","land administration; groundwater; GIS; spatial and temporal dimensions","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors, FIG","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute","Department of GIS Technology","","","",""
"uuid:be7833ff-8908-4aa4-bd45-0d0ddd56c0c8","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:be7833ff-8908-4aa4-bd45-0d0ddd56c0c8","From LADM/STDM to a Spatially Enabled Society: A Vision for 2025","Uitermark, H.T.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.; Zevenbergen, J.A.; Lemmen, C.H.J.","","2010","The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is a draft International Standard (ISO 19152). LADM is partly based on ‘Cadastre 2014’. A prototype of a software tool, the Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM), is in its turn based on LADM. It supports the security of tenure of people in developing countries. With LADM and STDM, information-related components of Land Administration (LA) can be registered worldwide in a standardized way. It is our vision that in moving towards the year 2025, access to land-related information is enabled for everybody (via the internet), a ‘spatially enabled society’. Many ICT-related developments will strengthen the relationship between LA and other registrations.","LADM; Land administration systems; STDM; Vision 2025; Africa; Kenya","en","conference paper","The World Bank","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute","OTB onderzoek","","","",""
"uuid:a931d7d5-176b-4106-bd44-f9f65e87806e","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a931d7d5-176b-4106-bd44-f9f65e87806e","The modelling of rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRR) in the land administration domain model (LADM)","Lemmen, C.H.J.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.; Eisenhut, C.; Uitermark, H.T.","","2010","In this paper, the modelling of alternatives for Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRRs) are discussed, within the context of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM, ISO 19152, under development). This includes the modelling of holding shares in a RRR. LADM currently provides for the aggregation of objects into explicit ‘group objects’ with regard to (a) people and organisations (class LA_Party), and (b) parcels (class LA_SpatialUnit). This aggregation facility is not available for the RRRs. In case of RRRs it was recognized that these objects (as smallest units) should together form a ‘whole’; e.g. two different persons, both having a ½ ownership right on the same parcel. This is enforced in the current LADM by a constraint, performing this check. In this paper two model alternatives are explored: (1) in one alternative the model was extended by an explicit class LA_RRR_Group, (2) in another alternative no new classes where introduced in the model, but the relevant constraint was refined. Especially, representing the case of multiple easements on a single parcel, without their own easement geometry (the ‘negative’ side), with each easement benefiting multiple parties (the ‘positive’ side), is challenging with respect to the possibility to group the various easement-‘shares’ (‘parts’) into a ‘whole’. This paper shows that even this case can be represented well in the current LADM (including the refined constraint). However, it is easier to model this situation in the extended LADM with the new class LA_RRR_Group, but at the cost of complicating the model and the registration of all RRRs (while most of them not do need this extension at all). The conclusion (at least for the time being) is, that this complication of extending the LADM with an additional class LA_RRR_Group, is not worth the benefit and that therefore class LA_RRR_Group will not be included in the next version of the LADM.","part-whole modelling; model patterns; rights; restrictions; responsibilities; easements; RRR; land administration systems; LADM; ISO 19152","en","conference paper","International Federation of Surveyors, FIG","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute","Department of GIS Technology","","","",""
"uuid:bdeb02cc-9f21-4157-bd74-201c58aa47e4","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:bdeb02cc-9f21-4157-bd74-201c58aa47e4","Transforming the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) into an ISO Standard (ISO19152)","Lemmen, C.H.J.; Van Oosterom, P.J.M.; Uitermark, H.T.; Thompson, R.J.; Hespanha, J.P.","","2009","In February 2008, FIG submitted the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). After three meetings with the LADM/ISO19152 Project Team (in Copenhagen, Denmark, May 2008; in Delft, The Netherlands, September 2008; and in Tsukuba, Japan, December 2008) we are now preparing a Committee Draft (CD), the next stage in the development process of an International Standard.","LADM; land administration; modelling; standardization; STDM; INSPIRE; ISO19152","en","conference paper","FIG (International Federation of Surveyors)","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute","GIS technology","","","",""
"uuid:4dfaa7ee-d125-4487-965a-931a2bbdc524","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4dfaa7ee-d125-4487-965a-931a2bbdc524","First experiences with High Resolution Imagery Based Adjudication Approach for Social Tenure Domain Model in Ethiopia","Lemmen, C.; Zevenbergen, J.A.; Lengoiboni, M.; Deininger, K.; Burns, T.","","2009","Since the start of the 21st century, great progress has been made with rural land certification in Ethiopia. This process, however, has been mainly confined to the so called first phase certificates. These certificates do identify the land holding households (with name etc. and photographs), but limit the geo-referencing to indicating the size (acreage, often only estimated) and listing the names of neighboring households. As a rule the data is also only kept as paper records at one or more levels of local government. To be able to profit from all the benefits land administration can bring, it will also be necessary to collect graphical and/or geometrical data on the spatial units to which the land holders have their (eternal) use rights. After the adding of such spatial plans, some speak of second phase certificates, although very few of these have been actually issued till date. In a number of places, with support from different donors (SIDA, USAID), the regional land administration authorities have piloted with using GPS and GIS to collect and process boundary surveys. In July 2008 a team (partly overlapping with the authors), did a first simple field test with the use of high resolution imagery as base for data collection – this second phase certificate can be combined with a first phase certificate in practice. This limited data set was processed at the ITC in the Netherlands with ArcGIS software, and has been re-processed later - for test purposes - with the first prototype of the Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM). The STDM prototype will be available as a Free/Libre/Open Source Sofware and the intension is to use this software for an extensive field test in Ethiopia in 2009. This implies a digital version of the geometric data will be available – which can be related to alpha numerical data. This paper describes the experiences during the above mentioned field test and gives some recommendations for ways forward.","land administration registration; adjudication; high resolution imagery; STDM","en","conference paper","World Bank & FIG","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute","Geo-information and Land Development","","","",""
"uuid:c568dedd-ae33-4f1d-ba1b-4ff8fea81291","http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:c568dedd-ae33-4f1d-ba1b-4ff8fea81291","Customary land tenure dynamics at peri-urban Ghana: Implications for land administration system modeling","Arko-Adjei, A.; de Jong, J.; Zevenbergen, J.A.; Tuladhar, A.M.","","2009","Customary land tenure is criticized as dynamic with the institutional framework unable to provide enough tenure security at all times. It is also criticized as ineffective to cope with the trends in land tenure delivery at peri-urban areas where individualization of land and demand for land is high. The aim of this paper is to investigate how customary land tenure systems of Ghana meet the dynamic need of the modern life in peri-urban areas. The study used a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods including general and in-depth interviews, oral narrations, focus group discussions and questionnaires to collect and analyze data from stakeholders in three peri-urban areas of the three land owning groups in Ghana. The study shows that the institutional framework is resilient with the customary land tenure institutions maintaining their traditional power to allocate land and resolve land conflicts. The findings from the study have implications for land administration in peri-urban areas. Cadastres in these areas do not reflect the situation on the ground. The paper concludes that although dynamics of customary land tenure presents many challenges to the existing land administration system, it also has positive implications which provide framework for designing an alternative land administration system that can cope with the dynamics of customary land tenure.","customary land tenure dynamics; peri-urban areas; land administration","en","conference paper","FIG","","","","","","","","OTB Research Institute","","","","",""