The Maximum Effect of Wind on Wave Overtopping at Rubble Mound Breakwaters with the Influence of the Slope and a Crest Element

The impact of climate change, particularly the rise in sea levels, obstructs the effectiveness of existing coastal structures. Additionally, climate change can also have an amplifying effect on wind speeds (Takagi & Esteban, 2013). Without proper control, the accumulation of changing environmental boundary conditions could lead to disastrous...

The maximum wind effect on wave overtopping at dikes with crest elements

Climate change affects sea level rise and the safety of the people living behind seadikes. In order to prepare for this, several adaptation measures are available to reduce the overtopping discharge. Wave overtopping can be reduced by including roughness elements or adding a berm. Another possibility is to employ crest elements such as a...

Wave overtopping processes for very mild sloping and shallow foreshores

A sea-dike system is of importance for the protection of the hinterland. However, the effect of very gentle and shallow sloping foreshores (in the order up to 1 in 1000) on wave overtopping processes has not yet been quantified enough and, thus, so far is not well understood. This dissertation seeks an answer to the question of whether the...

Numerical investigation of the effects of roughness, a berm and oblique waves on wave overtopping processes at dikes

The mean overtopping discharge and the overtopping flow parameters related to individual overtopping events are often used to characterize the wave overtopping processes at dikes. Roughness, berms and oblique waves have significant effects on the wave overtopping processes at dikes while these effects are still not fully understood. A 2DV...

On the mean overtopping rate of rubble mound structures

Estimation of the mean overtopping discharge is a major task in the design and assessment of the crest level of rubble mound structures such as breakwaters and seawalls. The tolerable mean overtopping rates are given based on the associated risk and wave characteristics. Several empirical formulas have been developed for the prediction of...

Characterization of overtopping waves on sea dikes with gentle and shallow foreshores

Due to ongoing climate change, overtopping risk is increasing. In order to have effective countermeasures, it is useful to understand overtopping processes in details. In this study overtopping flow on a dike with gentle and shallow foreshores are investigated using a non-hydrostatic wave-flow model, SWASH (an acronym of Simulating WAves till...

Probabilistic design of the Land Barrier on the Bolivar Peninsula, Texas

The Houston Metropolitan area is a hurricane prone area and vulnerable to flooding by large storm surges caused by these extreme storm events. The area is a major economic center in the State of Texas and even the whole United States. Protection of the area against flooding is extremely necessary to protect the economy, community and environment...