Current models to understand the onset and progression of scoliotic deformities in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review

Purpose: To create an updated and comprehensive overview of the modeling studies that have been done to understand the mechanics underlying deformities of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), to predict the risk of curve progression and thereby substantiate etiopathogenetic theories. Methods: In this systematic review, an online search in...

Anterior longitudinal ligament in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: Ossified or displaced?

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is often theorized to be an ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL). Using computed tomography (CT) imaging and cryomacrotome sectioning, we investigated the spatial relationship between the ALL and newly formed bone in DISH to test this hypothesis. In the current study, four...

Cytochrome bd Displays Significant Quinol Peroxidase Activity

Cytochrome bd is a prokaryotic terminal oxidase that catalyses the electrogenic reduction of oxygen to water using ubiquinol as electron donor. Cytochrome bd is a tri-haem integral membrane enzyme carrying a low-spin haem b₅₅₈, and two high-spin haems: b₅₉₅ and d. Here we show that besides its oxidase activity,...

Physiological functions of the respiratory cytochrome bd and the CuA nitric oxide reductase (CuANor)

Biological membranes form a binding platform for a variety of proteins vital to the cell. The respiratory chain consists mostly of membrane-bound enzymes. These enzymes form a functional chain in which electrons derived from nutrition successively flow from low potential to high potential redox couples. During this process, the chemical energy...