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van der Sar, S.J. (author), Brunner, Stefan (author), Schaart, D.R. (author)We investigate X-ray photon-counting scintillation detectors with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) readout. These circumvent some drawbacks of direct-conversion detectors. We measured observed count rate (OCR) versus X-ray tube current for single-pixel detectors consisting of LYSO:Ce and YAP:Ce scintillators coupled to ultrafast SiPMs. For a 30...journal article 2022
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van der Sar, S.J. (author), Leibold, D. (author), Brunner, Stefan E. (author), Schaart, D.R. (author)We investigate fast silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based scintillation detectors for X-ray photon-counting applications, e.g., photon-counting computed tomography (CT). Such detectors may be an alternative to CdTe/CdZnTe (CZT) and Si detectors, which face challenges related to availability and cost-effective growth of detector-grade material,...conference paper 2022
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Schaart, D.R. (author)The imaging performance of clinical positron emission tomography (PET) systems has evolved impressively during the last ∼15 years. A main driver of these improvements has been the introduction of time-of-flight (TOF) detectors with high spatial resolution and detection efficiency, initially based on photomultiplier tubes, later silicon...review 2021
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van der Sar, S.J. (author), Brunner, Stefan E. (author), Schaart, D.R. (author)Purpose: The implementation of photon-counting detectors is widely expected to be the next breakthrough in X-ray computed tomography (CT) instrumentation. A small number of prototype scanners equipped with direct-conversion detectors based on room-temperature semiconductors, such as CdTe and CdZnTe (CZT), are currently installed at medical...journal article 2021
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van der Reep, T.H.A. (author), Looman, B.A. (author), Chan, H.W. (author), Hagen, C.W. (author), van der Graaf, H. (author)We measure the transmission secondary electron yield of nanometer-thick Al2O3/TiN/Al2O3 films using a prototype version of a Timed Photon Counter (TiPC). We discuss the method to measure the yield extensively. The yield is then measured as a function of landing energy between 1.2 and 1.8 keV and found to be in the range of 0.1 (1.2 keV) to 0.9 ...journal article 2020
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Venialgo Araujo, E. (author), Lusardi, Nicola (author), Garzetti, Fabio (author), Geraci, Angelo (author), Brunner, S. (author), Schaart, D.R. (author), Charbon-Iwasaki-Charbon, E. (author)Typically, a time-of-flight (TOF) PET block detector is built using application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), since they integrate a high number of channels at a reasonable power consumption and into a small area. However, ASICs’ flexibility is limited and prototyping times are long because a semiconductor fabrication process is required...journal article 2018
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Wang, B. (author), Kreuger, R. (author), Beekman, F.J. (author), Goorden, M.C. (author)Anger cameras based on monolithic NaI scintillators read out by an array of PMTs are predominant in planar gamma imaging and SPECT. However, position estimation of gamma interactions is usually severely degraded near the edges of the scintillator which can be extremely undesirable for applications like breast imaging. Here we propose a...journal article 2018
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Borghi, G. (author), Tabacchini, V. (author), Bakker, P.J. (author), Schaart, D.R. (author)Recently, a monolithic scintillator detector for time-of-flight (TOF)/depth-of-interaction (DOI) positron emission tomography (PET) was developed. It has a detector spatial resolution of ∼1.7 mm full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM), a coincidence resolving time (CRT) of ∼215 ps FWHM, and ∼4.7 mm FWHM DOI resolution. Here, we demonstrate, for the...journal article 2018
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Lee, M.J. (author), Ronchini Ximenes, A. (author), Padmanabhan, P. (author), Wang, Tzu Jui (author), Huang, Kuo Chin (author), Yamashita, Yuichiro (author), Yaung, Dun Nian (author), Charbon-Iwasaki-Charbon, E. (author)We present a high-performance back-illuminated three-dimensional stacked single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), which is implemented in 45-nm CMOS technology for the first time. The SPAD is based on a P<sup>+</sup>/Deep N-well junction with a circular shape, for which N-well is intentionally excluded to achieve a wide depletion region, thus...journal article 2018
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Brunner, S. (author), Schaart, D.R. (author)Due to detector developments in the last decade, the time-of-flight (TOF) method is now commonly used to improve the quality of positron emission tomography (PET) images. Clinical TOF-PET systems based on L(Y)SO:Ce crystals and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) with coincidence resolving times (CRT) between 325 ps and 400 ps FWHM have recently...journal article 2017
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Tabacchini, V. (author), Surti, Suleman (author), Borghi, G. (author), Karp, Joel S. (author), Schaart, D.R. (author)We have recently built and characterized the performance of a monolithic scintillator detector based on a 32 mm × 32 mm × 22 mm LYSO:Ce crystal read out by digital silicon photomultiplier (dSiPM) arrays coupled to the crystal front and back surfaces in a dual-sided readout (DSR) configuration. The detector spatial resolution appeared to be...journal article 2017
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Tao, Shu Xia (author), Chan, H.W. (author), van der Graaf, H. (author)Secondary electron emission materials are reviewed with the aim of providing guidelines for the future development of novel transmission dynodes. Materials with reflection secondary electron yield higher than three and transmission secondary electron yield higher than one are tabulated for easy reference. Generations of transmission dynodes...journal article 2016
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Tabacchini, V. (author), Borghi, G. (author), Schaart, D.R. (author)Gamma-ray detectors based on bright monolithic scintillation crystals coupled to pixelated photodetectors are currently being considered for several applications in the medical imaging field. In a typical monolithic detector, both the light intensity and the time of arrival of the earliest scintillation photons can be recorded by each of the...journal article 2015
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Lee, M.J. (author), Sun, P. (author), Charbon, E. (author)This paper reports on the first implementation of a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) in standard silicon on insulator (SOI) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The SPAD is realized in a circular shape, and it is based on a P+/N-well junction along with a P-well guard-ring structure formed by lateral diffusion of two...journal article 2015
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Mandai, S. (author), Venialgo, E. (author), Charbon, E. (author)We present an optimization technique utilizing order statistics with a multichannel digital silicon photomultiplier (MD-SiPM) for timing measurements. Accurate timing measurements are required by 3D rangefinding and time-of-flight positron emission tomography, to name a few applications. We have demonstrated the ability of the MD-SiPM to detect...journal article 2014
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Alekhin, M.S. (author), De Haas, J.T.M. (author), Khodyuk, I.V. (author), Krämer, K.W. (author), Menge, P.R. (author), Ouspenski, V. (author), Dorenbos, P. (author)Commercially available LaBr3:5% Ce3+ scintillators show with photomultiplier tube readout about 2.7% energy resolution for the detection of 662?keV ?-rays. Here we will show that by co-doping LaBr3:Ce3+ with Sr2+ or Ca2+ the resolution is improved to 2.0%. Such an improvement is attributed to a strong reduction of the scintillation light losses...journal article 2013
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Van Dam, H.T. (author)Positron emission tomography (PET) is one of the key medical imaging modalities in the diagnosis and staging of e.g. cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The image formation is based on the measurement of annihilation photon pairs in the detector ring of the PET scanner. The diagnostic value of a PET image depends crucially on the image quality,...doctoral thesis 2012
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Huizenga, J. (author), Seifert, S. (author), Schreuder, F (author), van Dam, H.T. (author), Dendooven, P (author), Lohner, H. (author), Vinke, R (author), Schaart, D.R. (author)Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) offer high gain and fast response to light, making them interesting for fast timing applications such as time-of-flight (TOF) PET. To fully exploit the potential of these photosensors, dedicated preamplifiers that do not deteriorate the rise time and signal-to-noise ratio are crucial. Challenges include the high...journal article 2012
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Van Dam, H.T. (author), Seifert, S. (author), Vinke, R. (author), Dendooven, P. (author), Löhner, H. (author), Beekman, F.J. (author), Schaart, D.R. (author)The response of a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) to optical signals is inherently nonproportional due to saturation, afterpulsing, and crosstalk. Existing models of the SiPM response do not account for all of these effects, and therefore, these models are not sufficiently accurate for many applications. In this work, a comprehensive model of the...journal article 2010