Charge Carrier Dynamics in Co-evaporated MAPbI₃with a Gradient in Composition

Co-evaporation of metal halide perovskites by thermal evaporation is an attractive method since it does not require harmful solvents and enables precise control of the film thickness. Furthermore, the ability to manipulate the Fermi level allows the formation of a graded homojunction, providing interesting opportunities to improve the charge...

Modeling of a continuous physical vapor deposition process: Mass transfer limitations by evaporation rate and sonic choking

In recent years, Physical Vapor Deposition has been advanced to a continuous process which makes it amenable for in-line, high-quality and energy-efficient galvanization. To achieve the high and uniform mass flow required for in-line production, a Vapor Distribution Box is used, in which the zinc is evaporated. The zinc fills the Vapor...

Acid etching steel substrate pre-treatment for the physical vapor coating deposition process

In recent years, Tata Steel Europe has increased their focus on Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) for the zinc coating application of their steel substrates, as an alternative to Hot Dip Galvanizing (HDG). PVD offers some benefits over HDG like multilayer structures and lower heat impact on the steel. <br/>To achieve sufficient coating adhesion...