3D Real Property Legal Concepts and Cadastre: A Comparative Study of Selected Countries to Propose a Way Forward

The concepts of three-dimensional (3D) real property have been the subject of increased interest in land use management and research since the late ‘90s while literature provides various examples of extensive research towards 3D Cadastres as well as already implementing 3D cadastral systems. However, in most countries the legal aspects of 3D...

The Role of Volunteered Geographic Information towards 3D Property Cadastral Systems (2): A Purpose Driven Web Application

VGI has not proved to be readily suitable to replace well-established accurate methods and technologies such as those of full standard cadastral surveys. Even so, VGI potentialities as relevant source of geospatial data have been widely acknowledged. As such, some authors have defended that VGI may in fact play an important role such as at a...

Can Data from BIMs be Used as Input for a 3D Cadastre?

Much work has already been done on how a 3D Cadastre should best be developed. An inclusive information model, the Land Administration Model (LADM ISO 19152) has been developed to provide an international framework for how this can best be done. While this generic framework encompasses a wide range of eventualities, it does not prescribe the...

Management of Marine Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities according to International Standards

The interests, responsibilities and opportunities of states to provide infrastructure and resource management are not limited to their land territory but extend to marine areas as well. So far, although the theoretical structure of a Marine Administration System (MAS) is based on the management needs of the various countries, the marine terms...

Challenges for Updating 3D Cadastral Objects using LiDAR and Image-based Point Clouds

Nowadays due to the increasing complex and multifunctional building environment in the urban areas it is required an accurate geometry and proper legal registration of the cadastral objects including third dimension and time aspect. 2D land-parcel data seems insufficient to address the variety of problems in high density residential areas. This...

Initial Registration of 3D Parcels

Registering the rights of a 3D parcel provides certainty of ownership, protection of rights and unambiguous spatial location. While not all cadastral jurisdictions in the world maintain a digital cadastral database, the concepts of such registration hold true regardless of whether it is a paper-based cadastre or a digital one. Similarly, the...

Overview of Legal and Institutional Aspects of Croatian Cadastre and Possibilities for its Upgrading to 3D

This paper explores the laws and other legal acts related to the Croatian 3D cadastre with an emphasis on those which relate to interests in strata, spatial planning, exploitation of mineral resources, environmental protection, issuing concessions and other regulations that are valid or were valid on Croatian territory, and especially the...

Mixed 2D and 3D Survey Plans with Topological Encoding

There is a wide range of spatial units in jurisdictions around the world, ranging from simple 2D parcels (spatial units defining 3D column of space) to complex 3D collections of spaces, which are defined at various levels of sophistication from textural descriptions to complete, rigorous mathematical descriptions based on measurements and...

3D Cadastre: With or Without Subsurface Utility Network?

Within the global trend of designing and implementing 3D cadastre, this paper offers a discussion about the integration of subsurface utility networks in such land tenure systems. Three questions are addressed: Do we need to register underground objects? Should underground networks be registered in the Land Register, with the same specifications...

Possibilities of Integrating Public Law Restrictions to 3D Cadastres

Modern urban environment is characterized by intense vertical exploitation of real property. This has resulted in complex and interlocking structures, also reflecting to vertically overlapping real property rights, intensifying the need for 3D cadastral systems. Additionally, a significant number of Public Law Restrictions (PLRs), defined by an...

Comparing Three Types of BIM-based Models for Managing 3D Ownership Interests in Multi-level Buildings

There are various 3D spatial data models to support digital management of legal and physical aspects of buildings. These data models adopt three possible approaches to represent and manage spatial dimension of 3D ownership interests, namely pure legal, pure physical and integrated methods. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a method for...