Special Economic Zone (SEZ) development is becoming a preferable policy by the Indonesian government to boost economic growth in less-developed local regions. This is because of the promise that SEZ could attract investment and job creation based on local competitive commodities. One of these areas is Bitung SEZ, North Sulawesi - Indonesia, a coastal-based SEZ, as its strategic position for logistics, fishery resources, and coconut plantation. To explore the promise of growth proposed by developing SEZ in Bitung, we developed a Systems Dynamics model of the interaction between economic growth, social development, and environmental impacts. Based on the model understanding and development, we identified three factors the Indonesian government should improve: coconut plantation productivity, fisheries ship management, and education index. With these three factors in mind, several policy options were tested in the model, resulting in a more substantial impact than the business-as-usual condition.

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The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia has led to a significant change in human mobility. It is also considered the most serious threat to the inter-island trade network since the economic crisis in 1998. Leveraging two-year historical port call data (covering 6,000 records in total) of Indonesian domestic cargo vessels from the Automatic Identification System (AIS), this study examines the spatiotemporal changes of maritime freight transport network connectivity and cargo shipping capacity throughout the COVID-19 outbreaks period. We constructed two directed graphs, one in 2019 and another in the 2020 period, based on 1,283 Indonesian domestic cargo ship trajectories that connect 25 main Indonesian ports through 370 links. This study calculated and compared the four metrics of complex network analysis, including assortative coefficient, average degree, betweenness centrality, and clustering coefficient, to figure out the shipping network pattern changes. The result shows that the network connectivity and its shipping capacity changed in 2020, although the national port call trend is not significantly different from 2019. Based on our observation, we notice that the network is shifting from a "main hub-and-spoke connection," which dominantly involves western Indonesia hub-ports structure, towards a "multi hub-and-spoke connection," which increases the ports centrality position in eastern Indonesia. We also analyzed the change of cargo shipping capacity in each link to reflect how shipping liner companies respond to the pandemics. The insights generated in this study are hoping to contribute toward more rapid, effective, and comprehensive responses to this unprecedented disruption.@en

A seaport attracts firms to it; such firms are often complementary and find ways to interact with one another, forming port clusters. The growth and decline of these clusters largely depend on government policies. Large port clusters have more economic activity but are also characterized by negative externalities, such as air pollution. This study investigates the dynamics and sustainability of the Tanjung Priok port cluster. System dynamics are used to examine the issue, and port cluster sustainability is assessed by modeling the dynamics of the system over a 20-year timespan. The growth of a port cluster has been found to positively influence the regional economy and the level of employment while also damaging the environment. This study investigates further the impact of an alternative port cluster development program (namely a free trade policy) and shore power system (SPS) program policies on the sustainability of a port cluster. The model indicates that when a free trade policy and an SPS program are implemented in tandem to maximize the economy and reduce environmental damage, they provide additional benefits.

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In this study, we use a complex network analysis approach to investigate the topological structure of container shipping networks in the Indonesia archipelago to understand the network topology. Containerized cargo is responsible for more than half of the inter-island trade volume, making it one critical freight transport mode in the Indonesia archipelago. We summarize the network topological structure by measures such as degree distribution, average path length, and average clustering coefficient. Based on the initial result, we find that the degree distribution of the container shipping network in archipelago fits a hybrid distribution. The distribution proves the studied network is not scale-free. With regards to the network structure, the archipelago’s shipping network exhibits a short path length and a low value of the clustering coefficient, potentially rejecting the small-world structure hypothesis. These initial findings provide evidence that the maritime shipping network in a large-scale archipelago shows a distinctive pattern compared to other maritime shipping networks in the existing literature.@en

Rapid development in digital technology has brought a new phenomenon of industrial revolution, generally called by Industry 4.0. This revolution introduces modern technologies which support the connectivity of the entire components within the industries. However, connectivity is not the only advantage that will follow – the concerns aim to support sustainability in industry. The United Nation Industrial Development Organization has set the relevancy of Industry 4.0 and sustainability in the global Sustainable Development Goals number 7 and 9 that digital industrial development will support the growth of industrial sustainable energy. Therefore, the implication will surely be affecting every country with different significance, including one of the emerging industry country, Indonesia. In response to that, Indonesia is currently framing the roadmap to enter Industry 4.0 era, Making Indonesia 4.0. Pioneering the academia research of Industry 4.0 in Indonesia, this research aims to figure out the systemic impact of Industry 4.0 technology development and implementation to sustainable energy transition in developing countries, which eventually needs a valid model conceptualization that acts as a standard for further researches. The output of this research is a model conceptual diagram, in a form of causal loop diagram, that would help a better understanding of variables that support the integration of Industry 4.0 and industrial sustainable energy in Indonesia.

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Over the past few years, the energy usage in the transportation sector understandably has a significant impact on total carbon footprint generated in urban areas. One of the significant contributors comes from logistic sector as 70% of total logistic activity is derived from transportation. Meanwhile, the rise of e-commerce in urban areas has changed the way people buy goods. This result to the higher delivery frequency in urban areas which cause more significant energy consumption and emissions. This paper contributes to the existing literature by proposing model conceptualization that focus to generate basic understanding to the total CO2 emissions generated through urban freight volume that powered by e-commerce growth in Jakarta. This paper uses causal loop diagram as one of the tools in model conceptualization to illustrate the systems in urban logistic. The model will mainly focus on environment and economic aspects of urban logistic.

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The energy demand of Indonesia is continuously increasing because of the development of some main influencing factors. At the same time, the Indonesian government is concerned about the importance of sustainable development, which is one of the elements related to environmental protection. The large energy demand and the sustainable development concerns have led the Indonesian government to create a target of new and renewable energy (NRE) contribution in the final energy mix and to enact some policies to achieve this target. However, there are some challenges in the implementation of these regulations, such as business schemes and incentives, which are perceived to be not lucrative enough by investors. The objective of this research is to understand the dynamics of the system, the variables involved, and their interconnections in the development of NRE in Indonesia, particularly with regard to the price of electricity sold by power producers to the State Electricity Company (PT. PLN) and the tax facilities. This research aims to develop a generic, validated, and verified causal loop diagram that will serve as a conceptual model for system dynamics modeling for the analysis of similar energy policies on the basis of a case study in Indonesia.@en

The increasing community awareness of environmental and social issues has ushered in demands for biofuel production companies to focus on sustainability, where they are expected to not only focus on economic benefits, but also to be environmentally friendly and socially responsible. These companies rely on supply chains that now must pay attention to economic, environmental, and social aspects to operate sustainable supply chains. Making the right calls in any situation is a necessary capability to generate a cleaner and aware supply chain management system within the company, with less increased risk or reduced profits. To develop these capabilities, practitioners need to understand the complexities of the sustainable supply chain and conceptualize the entirety of the supply chain. The objective of this study is to provide a learning medium that could increase corporate awareness in utilizing more eco-friendly regulations. The result of this study is the design of a Serious Simulation Game (SSG) that focuses on the purchasing, production, sales, and finance functions, using case studies of companies that run crude palm oil mills, which was proven effective in helping players understand the concepts and complexities that influence sustainable supply chain management.

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The tremendous development of technology affects rapid growth in the use of ICT devices and services. However, the number of devices usage directly increase the Waste of Electronic and Electrical Equipment (WEEE), causing various environmental and human health problems. Previous studies showed that Closed-Loop Supply Chain (CLSC) is one of the solutions to solve the WEEE problem. Nonetheless, this CLSC concept is quite challenging to understand because of its complex material structure, terminology, mechanism, various collection, and treatment strategies. This research has a specific purpose of helping higher education students understand the CLSC concept more effective by using a Serious Simulation Game (SSG). As a result of this research, the author proposes an attainable conceptual design of SSG to help students extend their learning experience to understand the CLSC concept for solving the WEEE problem.@en

Indonesia, which industrial sector dominates its economy faces more responsibilities to adjust their Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions as they committed to reduce its national emission up to 29% below business-as-usual (BAU) in 2030. The purpose of this study is aimed to conduct comprehensive research on impact factors of industrial carbon emissions and their relationship using causal loop diagram as the first step to further develop the system dynamic approach. As a result, causal loop diagram was built to illustrates the complex system in industrial carbon emission and how the relationship between economic growth, industrial carbon emission and policies in Indonesia, such as energy conservation contributes in achieving Indonesia's emission targets.

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Indonesia hopes to accelerate its growth by developing integrated industrial clusters in strategic areas around the nation. Several of these clusters are in the area where traditional non-renewable energy could have the same or even more expensive cost than locally generated renewable energy. It is also an opportunity to start fresh any development of industrial cluster with lower emissions. The objective of this research is to understand the connected factors in developing renewable energy-powered industrial cluster in Indonesia Using causal loop diagram, as part of system dynamics approach to understand how the whole system connected. It took the novelty as the conceptual model was generated mainly on financial perspectives and sustainability aspects which could be beneficial for further research.

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Many countries have implemented Extended producer responsibility (EPR) strategies in terms of packaging waste management. Albeit having the regulations on waste management stated that producers have to take responsibility in managing their product waste, Indonesia, as the second largest contributor of plastic waste to the open ocean, has yet to implement EPR strategies in their plastic packaging waste management policy. To further address this environmental issue, the government of Indonesia formulated National Waste Management Policy and Strategy in 2017, which aims to reduce 30% of waste generation and manage 70% of waste generated in 2025. This study provides a conceptual model of system dynamics, which integrates EPR strategy schemes into the current plastic waste management policy in Indonesia using a causal loop diagram. This valid conceptual model hopefully could support many policy modelers to construct valid system dynamics model to evaluate relevant waste management policies in the future.

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The focus of national development on the infrastructure sector impacts on the rapid growth of the construction market. High demand and complex business processes make ready-mix concrete producers especially in Jakarta no longer able to rely on route planning and manual scheduling mechanisms, which have been some delays in deliveries that impact on the decline in service level. This research proposes an optimization method based on mixed integer linear programming on route planning mechanism and scheduling of ready-mix concrete delivery developed in Java language with Gurobi optimization library support. The simulation is done using the companys historical data of the research object, which is one of the ready-mix concrete producers in Jakarta. From the four simulations, the best output resulted with a total cost of - 3674 and a gap of 0.49%, where all customer requests are met in the given time window. These results indicate that the optimization model developed in this study can yield the optimum solution for route planning mechanism and ready-mix concrete delivery scheduling.

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Conveying product which has a limited shelf-life optimally is the concern of this study. The primary attribute of this product is perishable within a specific time frame. However, the perishable product has a critical issue in the cold chain system which leads dispatching costs inefficiency problems. Regarding this problem, a mathematical model built thru extended a vehicle routing problem, with soft time windows (VRPSTW) by considering energy consumption cost to evaluate its contribution towards the objective function. Model building conducted into computer programming that uses Python Spyder 3 for generating a feasible solution. For the sake of feasibility, a metaheuristic approach of genetic algorithms provided to find the best optimal solution; the results diagnosed that genetic algorithms can generate best feasible solution efficiently within a certain number of variables in case of perishable product delivery.

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Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Jakarta is one of the new urban transportation in Greater Jakarta area which will be operated in early 2019. The development period has been started in 2010. A research has been conducted to determine its train specification, including train set and car number in 2010. Time revealed that the based data for that research, forecasted number of Jakarta population, is not fits the actual number. This research goal is to determine the train specification, which are the number of MRT Jakarta train set and number of car for each train set to reach its headway target by considering MRT Jakarta daily passenger target based on actual number of Jakarta population. The researcher uses ProModel 7.5 as the tool to simulate 12 optional policy. These 12 optional policies is made of combined three control variable, which are train set, car number, and headway. Researcher use the number of passenger compared to MRT Jakarta daily passenger target as the indicator to choose the best policy. Based on the result of this research, the best train specification policy that could reach the 5 minutes headway MRT Jakarta target is 7 train set and 6 cars for each set.@en

VRPTF is one of many various kinds of Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) which is still slightly discussed. As logistic is always an issue for both developed and developing country, this research aims to compare whether or not VRPTF is suitably applied to logistic distribution in Indonesia. As we know, Indonesia is one of the archipelagic countries, so distributing goods across the island requires a high cost. The purpose of this paper is giving cost comparison by using VRPTF method, Hub-and-Spoke method, and Capacitated VRP method, so countries that may experience similar case can apply this method and get the optimize route model. This study was conducted by taking case study from a company that produces a non-perishable product and generate using Open Solver and VBA program, both in Excel. This research indicates that VRPTF method is giving optimize cost than other methods.@en