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K. Anupam

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A state-of-the-art review of measurement and modelling of skid resistance

The perspective of developing nation

Journal article (2023) - Abhinav Kumar, T. Tang, Ankit Gupta, K. Anupam

A critical review of lab and field measurement methodologies, harmonization in measuring techniques, and modelling of skid resistance of asphalt concrete pavement have been provided. Although several past studies have provided literature review on general topics of skid resistance, to the best of the author's knowledge, none of them have compressively covered the topic considering the status & requirements of developing nations. There has been significant development in speed with the improvement in computational facilities. In modern times, with the improvement in infrastructure quality in developing nations, permitted speeds have also drastically increased. To avoid skid-related accidents, it is important to develop good practices in maintaining sufficient skid resistance. The requirements and the availability of technology might be significantly different in developing nations. The suitability and limitations of various methods used for capturing the skid characteristics of the surface have been outlined. The harmonization in skid resistance measurement using laboratory and field-testing methods has been summarized. Correlation analysis of various in-situ and laboratory test data has been made to maintain a better harmony of measurement either in the field or in the laboratory. In the subsequent sections, progress in the modelling approach (analytical to numerical) has been discussed in brief. Computational capabilities of an analytical and numerical modelling approach for predicting pavement skid resistance characteristics have been reviewed. These models have been developed to consider complex attributes of tire pavement interactions like hydroplaning, temperature rise in the tire, mix morphology, tire inflation, and vehicle acceleration and deceleration for predicting skid resistance. These attributes of skid resistance have been discussed in detail and presented a basic overview of the model development process which is missing in past review studies. Few recent studies on skid resistance measurement and modelling to highlight the use of new technology and improvements over conventional techniques have been presented in the manuscript which has not been reviewed earlier. Critical factors affecting the skid resistance model like hydroplaning, tire-related parameters, temperature, and surface texture have been highlighted in this manuscript. Few key research directions have been suggested as the scope of future study to predict a more reliable skid resistance model.

@en

A state-of-the-art review of Natural bitumen in pavement

Underlining challenges and the way forward

Review (2023) - K. Anupam, O.D. Akinmade, O.D. Akinmade, C. Kasbergen, S. Erkens, Festus Adebiyi

The demand for alternative bitumen which could fully/partially replace Petroleum sourced bitumen for pavement construction is globally increasing. The increase in demand can be associated with several factors: depletion in crude oil resources, advances in crude oil refining pr ...

Measurement, modeling and validation of skid resistance of asphalt concrete pavement

Laboratory to field literature review

Book chapter (2021) - A Kumar, A Gupta, K. Anupam

Present article reviews the early and recent developments in skid resistance measurement techniques at asphalt concrete pavement. Suitability and limitations of various methods used for capturing skid characteristics of the surface has been outlined. The harmonization of laboratory and field-testing methods has been summarized briefly. Harmonization is agreement of test outcomes reported from field as well as laboratory. Correlation analysis of various in-situ and laboratory test data has been made to maintain the better harmony of measurement either in field or in laboratory. Measurement of skid resistance in field is time consuming, labor intensive and requires use of costly, advanced and sophisticated instruments. Lab measurement lags in accuracy and still needs improvement in design and working methodology which compelled researchers for looking into modelling as an alternative option. In the subsequent sections, progress in modelling approach (analytical to numerical) has been discussed in brief. Analytical and numerical solutions of asphalt concrete pavement for modelling skid resistance have been reviewed and emphasis for choosing a particular solution has been justified on the basis of accuracy as well as efficacy of the output model. Critical factors affecting skid resistance model like hydroplaning, tire related parameters, temperature, surface texture has been highlighted in this manuscript. Skid data obtained from any model whether it is analytical or numerical, needs to be validated against field measurement or some established data. Validation of skid resistance model using field test and experimentally derived equations in various research studies has been summarized in later section of this article. Few key research directions have been suggested as scope of future study so as to predict a more reliable skid resistance model (1) For predicting dynamic frictional properties with higher accuracy at tire pavement interface, tire pavement interaction modelling still needs improvement considering all field constraints (2) Influence of surface texture, hydroplaning, temperature and pavement ageing needs to be studied in depth for modelling skid resistance as these are critical parameters & contributes significantly.@en

Continuum-based micromechanical models for asphalt materials

Current practices & beyond

Review (2020) - H. Zhang, K. Anupam, Athanasios Scarpas, Athanasios Scarpas, C. Kasbergen, S. Erkens, Loay Al Khateeb

The mechanical properties of asphalt mixture are always required for the evaluation of the durability of pavements. In order to obtain these properties without conducting expensive laboratory tests and using calibrated empirical models, research studies have been carried out to d ...

Effect of stone-on-stone contact on porous asphalt mixes

Micromechanical analysis

Journal article (2019) - H. Zhang, K. Anupam, Athanasios Scarpas, Athanasios Scarpas, C. Kasbergen, S. Erkens

Within the pavement engineering community, porous asphalt (PA) mixes are regarded as mixes capable of reducing noise and improving wet skid resistance. However, these mixes are likely to have the distress of ravelling. In order to analyse the propensity of a given PA mix for rave ...

Effect of aggregate packing on open ac

Micromechanical analysis

Conference paper (2018) - H. Zhang, K. Anupam, Athanasios Scarpas, C. Kasbergen

Within pavement engineering community, Open Graded (OG) mixes are regarded as mixes capable of reducing noise and improving wet skid resistance. Due to the formation of interconnected aggregate network, aggregate packing plays an important role in the overall response of OG mixes ...

Contributed

Bolt Fatigue Failure within Cable Protection Systems

Exploring a Novel Method for Fatigue Calculations within Subsea Areas

Master thesis (2024) - J.B.L. Zwennes, K. Anupam

The rapid expansion of offshore wind energy has led to an increase in the installation of subsea cables, which are essential for electricity transmission. These cables are typically protected by Cable Protection Systems (CPS) designed to withstand environmental stresses. Although ...

Simulating hot asphalt compaction in Bullet Physics

Discrete modelling of the superpave gyratory compaction process by implementation of Burgers’ contact model in Bullet Physics

Master thesis (2022) - M.G.C. Jol, C. Kasbergen, K. Anupam, V.L. Markine, Loay Al Khateeb

Asphalt concrete is the most used material in road construction. Analysing the behaviour and properties of this material is vital for modern day society. Currently, this is mostly done in labs using actual asphalt mixtures. However, this is a very expensive and time consuming process. An upcoming alternative approach is the use of computational models. The finite (FEM) and discrete element methods (DEM) have been used in the past, but both of these have shown significant disadvantages regarding the modelling of discrete particle movement and shape, respectively. An upcoming alternative is the use of physics engines, such as Bullet Physics, to model porous media. This method can have substantial benefits in terms of costs and research time. Also, phenomena can be visualised that cannot easily be observed in experiments.

This research focusses on the utility of Bullet Physics for modelling hot asphalt compaction. Therefore, a complex contact model is implemented which can describe the contact forces of the bituminous mixture. The superpave gyratory compaction process is digitally modelled. The model has been programmed in PyBullet, an open source physics engine, programmable in Python. A parametric study has been performed, which reveals the significance of certain properties, which cannot easily be investigated during laboratory compaction.

Bullet Physics was not initially designed for scientific research in the field of structural engineering. Therefore, alterations are needed to make the software usable. The implementation of a complex contact model is challenging. Although the Burgers’ contact forces can be correctly described, it proves difficult to implement custom contact forces directly in PyBullet. Two attempts have been made. In the case of a custom integration scheme, the computation time proved too long to be applicable for large scale simulations. In case of a direct implementation in Bullet Physics with the application of external forces, instability occurs. The only correct way to implement a custom contact model is by altering the source code.

During the simulations with a simpler contact model, substantial improvements of digital simulations over actual experiments are presented. The consistency proves far better than the prescribed minimum. The influence of inertia and friction can be assessed. It turns out that inertia, as well as the friction of the mould, can be disregarded. Another phenomenon that can be clearly illustrated is the revolving of aggregates inside the mould. Further analysis has shown that the average contact area depends on degradation, but in a typical asphalt mixture does not depend on the size of the individual elements, and could rather be treated as a constant. Further analysis shows that Bullet Physics is incredibly efficient, thus yielding the possibility of performing large scale simulations within reasonable time.

Machine learning study on performance prediction of asphalt mixtures under Dutch conditions

Master thesis (2022) - B. Mota Lontra, K. Anupam, S. Erkens, Alfredo Nunez, M. Moenielal

The Netherlands is a northwestern European country. The location makes the Netherlands an important entry for trade to the European continent resulting in high traffic intensities [1]. The Netherlands has one of the densest road networks in the world, having over 139.000km of roadways [2, 3]. The understanding of the link between the functional properties and the behavior of the road is crucial [4]. However, predicting such properties is still challenging, and expectations differ from the results found in the field [5, 4]. Data-driven approaches have been part of pavement engineering for decades and have shown to be a powerful tool for performance prediction [6]. This thesis aims to develop a machine learning framework for predicting stiffness, fatigue resistance, resistance to permanent deformation, and water sensitivity. Along with sensitivity analysis to understand the deviations from expectation. The objective is to develop a framework to understand the applicability of machine learning tools and the impacts of the composition parameters into the mix. The models developed applied three different machine learning tools for regression: Support Vector Machine, Random Forests, and Gradient Boosting. The models were compared to a statistical model to validate the work. The statistical approach was a Multiple Linear Regression. All developed models used the database from the NL-LAB project. The machine learning models were compared, and the best-performing proceeded to a sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis used SHAP values, which derive from the Games Theory and have shown to be powerful tools for complex model interpretability [7]. The models had good accuracy prediction. For most properties, machine learning had a higher performance than the statistical model. Gradient Boosting performed the best from the machine learning tools and was selected to finalize the research. The sensitivity analysis had good results, confirming some of the expectations and setting a precedent for researching others.

A Large Deformation Desai Flow Surface Implementation in Abaqus

Desai Flow Surface Implementation

Student report (2021) - H. Hendriks, C. Kasbergen, K. Anupam

This research project aims to implement an elasto-plastic Neo-Hookean Alpha material with a Desai flow surface with hardening and softening in Abaqus via the Continuum Mechanics framework. This is done by first defining the elasto-plastic potato diagram and deriving the correspon ...

Green and Intelligent Technologies for Sustainable and Smart Asphalt Pavements

Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Frontiers of Road and Airport Engineering, 12-14 July, 2021, Delft, Netherlands (IFRAE)

Book (2021) - X. Liu, K. Anupam, S. Erkens, S. Erkens, Lijun Sun, Jianming Ling

Green and Intelligent Technologies for Sustainable and Smart Asphalt Pavements contains 124 papers from 14 different countries which were presented at the 5th International Symposium on Frontiers of Road and Airport Engineering (IFRAE 2021, Delft, the Netherlands, 12-14 July 2021 ...

Internal Sulphate Attack in Slag Blended Systems

A Susceptibility Study

Master thesis (2020) - P. Arul Kumar, Oguzhan Copuroglu, B. Šavija, K. Anupam, F. França de Mendonça Filho, Math Pluis

With rapid industrialisation, the infrastructure sector has seen exponential growth in prefabricated concrete elements due to their speedy construction and efficient usage of material. Precast concrete elements have thus observed some deterioration due to increased internal temperature as a result of rapid curing, and also through deliberate heat curing techniques. This has led to researchers in the past to study the effect of such curing conditions on the durability aspect of the binders, especially their impact on Delayed Ettringite Formation. Precast elements such as railway sleepers, exposed to in the humid environment were thus prone to internal sulphate attack and needs to be investigated. Use of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) as a substitution for binder content in conventional portland cement in the Netherlands has been prevalent since the early 1900s primarily because of its abundant resource from iron industry. The benefits of slag have been then exploited as it was one of the supplementary cementitious systems which along with being a sustainable solution, provides good resistance to environmental degradation such as chloride penetration resistance. However, their advantages surrounding extreme curing conditions have to be studied, unless used at optimised quantities. The research focused on the potential of blast furnace slag systems to undergo internal sulphate attack due to high internal temperatures. The simulation of high internal temperature was done through heat curing inside an oven following which continuous storage under lime solution was carried out in order to saturate the system. Slag systems at low and high substitution levels (20% & 50%) were used along with a combination of coarser and finer surface areas, to investigate their subsequent influence was chosen for the study. Also, since infrastructure industry adopts CEM II & CEM III-A cement type, where the former was low slag concentration with moderate fineness and the latter with higher substitution level of slag in combination with high overall fineness, their potentials for DEF have also been studied. For all the mixes, the influence of high curing temperature and exposure to moisture was studied through microstructural changes, pore size variations and mineralogical composition effect along with fineness on paste specimens. All studies were compared to reference systems of CEM I, which was observed to be the most detrimental due to DEF. Test results indicate that at lower substitution levels of slag secondary ettringite forms in significant quantities in neat systems along with traces of carbo-aluminate phases in the case of slag systems. Also, higher substitution levels does not appear to completely suppress the formation of ettringite after exposure. Its formation in both the cases showed more or less no influence of fineness of slag added, except in the case of pore size distribution. The significant presence of carbo-aluminates was observed in the case of all slag systems that could prove to be beneficial as they do not translate to deteriorative expansion.

Limit state of a concrete sliding hinge connection

A large scale test project

Master thesis (2020) - E. Boon, Y. Yang, M.A.N. Hendriks, K. Anupam, W.L. Nobel

The suitability of a cylindrical concrete sliding hinge connection in modern reinforced concrete structures has not been investigated yet. This type of connection is known for its large normal force capacity and a rotation limit only based on the geometry of the connection. For the case of underground constructions, large normal forces are often present at the wall-to-floor connections. Considering the risk of uneven settlements, such connections may also demand sufficient rotation capacity. This research is aimed at deriving the limit state of the connection and the surrounding concrete structure. A test program is carried out to support the research, where full scale experiments are performed at the Stevin II laboratory of the Delft University of Technology. The goal is to prove the functioning of this type of hinged connection in a system before it is implemented in practice. Different analytical contact models are investigated and implemented aiding in quantifying the performance of the connection. A finite element model is used to verify the analytical models and to obtain the stress distribution in the connection. Two different bearing types are investigated in its ability to aid the sliding in the connection: a bituminous and a PTFE-stainless steel interface. Both the PTFE-stainless steel and the bituminous interface are adequate to allow sliding with low rotational resistance. Significantly lower bending moments are obtained during testing compared to a conventional monolithic connection. From the testing project it is found that the capacity of the cylindrical hinge for the given reinforcement design is significant when loaded in the normal direction. The concave concrete element can fail in a splitting failure mode when loaded to the normal force limit. The bituminous interface shows the ability to spread contact stresses and allow for reduced cracking under large normal force loads. Large loads in shear, in combination with low levels of normal force is a point of attention to prevent shear cracks, irrespective of the type of bearing. It is found that the hinge functions fine with favourable frictional behaviour for large shear forces indicating the ability to cope with these forces when a sufficient reinforcement design is implemented.

Advances in Materials and Pavement Performance Prediction II

Contributions to the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Materials and Pavement Performance Prediction (AM3P 2020), 27-29 May, 2020, San Antonio, Tx, USA)

Book (2020) - K. Anupam, A.P. Papagiannakis, A. Bhasin, D. Little

Inspired from the legacy of the previous four 3DFEM conferences held in Delft and Athens as well as the successful 2018 AM3P conference held in Doha, the 2020 AM3P conference continues the pavement mechanics theme including pavement models, experimental methods to estimate model ...

A data-driven approach for pavement surface distress classification

Master thesis (2020) - S. Sharma, K. Anupam, S. Erkens, M. Taouil

Pavement undergoes a fast deterioration process either due to the damages induced by weather conditions, an increase in traffic flow and load, or passive factors like aging of infrastructure. Thus requiring periodic rehabilitation measures to maintain the condition of the underlying asset. Since damages on the asphalt road, impose economic setbacks and concern for the users, governmental authorities are looking for a proactive approach to detect and classify distresses in their "early" stages. As a reason, governmental authorities like the Province of Zuid-Holland (PZH) yearly inspect the road network, which was optimal until now, but as the traffic flows are increasing and weather conditions are worsening, a new approach is required to mitigate the need for a frequent, cost-effective and reliable inspection method. Modern data sources such as smartphones are the biggest data generators. Having an intriguing number of sensors and in-built features, governmental and private authorities are just starting to acknowledge the potential of such crowd-sourced data generators. In this research data-types like vibration and imagery were gathered and synthesized to assess the efficiency and accuracy of the 3 data-driven models. A 7-step methodology was implemented to build all the machine learning models. At first, vibration data was gathered to detect road anomalies and predict the International Roughness Index (IRI), by building a Random Forest decision tree. Secondly, a Convolution Neural Network (CNN) was constructed and utilized to classify pavement surface distresses. The last model, is a next step towards autonomously distinguishing the classified distress with its severity ranking. A Deep Neural Network (DNN) called EnDec (Encoder & Decoder) architecture was built and trained on the Dutch supercomputer called "cartesius", by utilizing multi-threading opportunities, to objectively segment the given pavement surface distress.

Service-life Pavement Performance Simulation: Capturing the Influence of Traffic Flows by Big Data Analysis

Master thesis (2020) - Z. Wang, K. Anupam, J.W.C. van Lint, H. Farah, Thijs Bennis

An ideal road management system requires a real-time assessment of pavement performance. But there are many root causes of the status quo that the expectation and the system have not been achieved yet. One of them is the monitoring system. In the Netherlands, the measurement is c ...

Analysis of asphalt concrete fatigue through energy methods

Master thesis (2020) - H.R. Stegeman, K. Anupam, C. Kasbergen, Eyassu Hagos, M.R. Poot

The fatigue life of asphalt concrete is an important parameter in the functional design of a road construction. In the Netherlands it is determined by the four Point Bending (4PB) test on laboratory prepared specimen. During the past years there is an increase in desire to validate the laid down asphalt pavement to the established functional properties. The most practical test setup applicable is theCyclic Indirect Tensile Test (CY-ITT). Both fatigue tests differ on many fronts from each other. The resulting traditional fatigue line between them is therefore not coherent. A solution is previously sought in applying the energy based method of the Ratio of Dissipated Energy Change (RDEC). Developedby Shen & Carpenter. This research is a continuation of those works. The objective of this research is therefore formulated as follows: Establishing a fatigue life relation through the energy methods, which couples the fatigue life results of both the CY-ITT and 4PB fatigue tests and preserve the asphalt mixture characteristics.In total 12 different mixtures were used to establish a wide field of mixture variation. Differences in RAP content, bitumen, PEN-grade and max aggregate size were used. Each mixture was tested on both force controlled CY-ITT and displacement controlled 4PB. Additional 4PB force controlled and Uni-axial displacement controlled fatigue tests were conducted on a single mixture.The results were analysed by the two main energy methods: The RDEC and the Viscous-Elastic Continuum Damage (VECD) model of Kim. The RDEC method is based on the slope ratio of the dissipated energy. The dissipated energy is calculated by the hysteresis loop. The VECD method is based on thelinearization of the strain by the pseudostrain energy function. The rate of the pseudostrain energy function (GR) is then used for the fatigue relation.For the RDEC is concluded that the method is a single line relationship. Independent of frequency, temperature, mixture type, mixture density and stress strain relation for each mode of loading. The test setup independence between the CY-ITT and 4PB was found for 6 out of the 12 mixtures. The 4PB force controlled test did not deliver an evident result. The Uni-axial displacement controlled fatigue test validated the RDEC independence of test setup. It is therefore not recommended to use the RDEC in the current configuration as a practical application for validation between laboratory prepared specimen and the road constructed asphalt concrete layer.For the VECD is concluded that the CY-ITT and 4PB did not form a single coherent fatigue line in the log(GR − NfatSN) relation. The relation is for a single test setup however mixture type dependent. The hypothesis that the fatigue line is dependent on the linear stiffness from the frequency sweep and could be shifted similar as on the mastercurve, proved preliminary to be true for the same test setup. However to be untrue between the CY-ITT and 4PB GR fatigue relation. The used relation between log(GR−NfatSN) is therefor not applicable in linking the CY-ITT and 4PB fatigue test setups.

Advances in Materials and Pavement Prediction

Papers from the International Conference on Advances in Materials and Pavement Performance Prediction

Book (2018) - Eyad Masad, Amit Bhasin, Athanasios Scarpas, Ilaria Menapace, K. Anupam

Advances in Materials and Pavement Performance Prediction contains the papers presented at the International Conference on Advances in Materials and Pavement Performance Prediction (AM3P, Doha, Qatar, 16- 18 April 2018). There has been an increasing emphasis internationally in t ...

Advances in Materials and Pavement Prediction

Papers from the International Conference on Advances in Materials and Pavement Performance Prediction (AM3P 2018), April 16-18, 2018, Doha, Qatar

Book (2018) - Eyad Masad, Eyad Masad, Amit Bhasin, Athanasios Scarpas, Ilaria Menapace, K. Anupam

Advances in Materials and Pavement Performance Prediction contains the papers presented at the International Conference on Advances in Materials and Pavement Performance Prediction. There has been an increasing emphasis internationally in the design and construction of sustainab ...

Functional Pavement Design IV

Proceedings of the 4th Chinese-European Workshop on Functional Pavement Design (4th CEW 2016, Delft, The Netherlands, 29 June - 1 July 2016)

Book (2016) - S. Erkens, X. Liu, K. Anupam, Yiqiu Tan

Functional Pavement Design is a collections of 186 papers from 27 different countries, which were presented at the 4th Chinese-European Workshops (CEW) on Functional Pavement Design (Delft, the Netherlands, 29 June-1 July 2016). The focus of the CEW series is on field tests, labo ...