This paper presents a concise state-of-the-art review on the use of Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) in bridge engineering. The paper is organized into commonly used FRP bridge components, and different materials/manufacturing techniques used for repairing and construction of FRP bridges. Efforts have been made to give a clear and concise view of FRP bridges using the most relevant literature. FRPs have certain desired properties like high strength to weight ratio, and high corrosion and fatigue resistance that make them a sustainable solution for bridges. However, as FRPs are brittle and susceptible to damage, when safety is concerned, critical parts of the bridges are made as hybrids of FRP and conventional materials. Despite significant studies, it has been found that a comprehensive effort is still required on better understanding the long term performance and end-of-life recycling, developing cost-effective and flexible manufacturing processes such as 3D printing, and developing green composites to take full advantages of FRPs.

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The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of loading angle variation on the pseudo-ductility of quasi-isotropic (QI) hybrid composite laminates. Previously, hybrids of thin-ply carbon fibres and standard glass fibres were found to have an excellent pseudo-ductile behaviour both in unidirectional (UD) and QI configurations when subjected to axial tension in the fibres’ orientations. In this work, the QI laminates, with 60° intervals, have been subjected to a quasi-static tensile load at various off-axis orientations – i.e. 5°, 10° and 20°. The QI hybrid composites were made by sandwiching a QI T300-carbon laminate between the two halves of a QI S-glass laminate. The results showed a pseudo-ductile behaviour with a linear elastic part and a desirable plateau for all the loading directions, however the pseudo-ductile strain decreases when increasing the off-axis angle. Comparing the 20° off-axis with the other cases, there was more active matrix cracking damage before fragmentation in the 20° off-axis plies and it failed earlier than the other samples. Acoustic emission (AE) results confirmed this, with more matrix cracking related AE signals in the 20° off-axis case compared to the other configurations.@en

This paper investigates the effect of temperature and hybridization on the impact damage evolution and post-impact residual strength of hemp/epoxy, basalt/epoxy and their hybrid laminates, using mechanical and acoustic emission (AE) based analysis. To start with, the specimens were impacted by a drop weight impact tower machine at two temperatures of 30 °C and 65 °C and then they were subjected to a three-point bending test for the assessment of their residual strength, while online AE signals were recorded during the test. The mechanical behavior of the laminates was evaluated through measurement of the impact force and absorbed energy. AE response of the slope of cumulative rise angle (RA) was used for identification of the severity of the impact-induced damage in the laminates. In addition, the sentry function was computed on the basis of the correlation between the mechanical strain energy stored in the materials and the acoustic energy propagates by fracture events, enabled evaluation of the amount of impact-induced damage. These results showed the hybridized laminates having a better resistance to impact damage at the elevated temperature (65 °C) compared with the non-hybridized laminates, whereas, in the case of the ambient temperature (30 °C), basalt/epoxy laminates had a higher impact damage resistance than other configurations. This study reveals the capability of the proposed AE-based methods to investigate the effect of temperature and hybridization of composite laminates.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of acoustic emission (AE) technique to evaluate delamination crack in glass/epoxy composite laminates under quasi-static and fatigue loading. To this aim, double cantilever beam specimens were subjected to mode I quasi-static and fatigue loading conditions and the generated AE signals were recorded during the tests. By analyzing the mechanical and AE results, an analytical correlation between the AE energy with the released strain energy and the crack growth was established. It was found that there is a 3rd degree polynomial correlation between the crack growth and the cumulative AE energy. Using this correlation the delamination crack growth was predicted under both the static and fatigue loading conditions. The predicted crack growth values was were in a good agreement with the visually recorded data during the tests. The results indicated that the proposed AE-based method has good applicability to evaluate the delamination crack growth under quasi-static and fatigue loading conditions, especially when the crack is embedded within the structure and could not be seen visually.@en

This study introduces a comprehensive set of designed and tested glass/epoxy composites, AE monitoring and signal processing techniques; (i) to investigate the effect of multiple delaminations on buckling and post-buckling behaviors of laminated composites and (ii) to evaluate Acoustic Emission (AE) technique ability to monitor the buckling delamination growth and to classify the occurred damage mechanisms. The pre-delaminations were made by inserting a Teflon film at the plies interfaces during fabrication. Three different types of specimens were fabricated and subjected to compression loading to study the effects of the location, the number of delaminations, and the thickness of the Teflon film on buckling and post-buckling behaviors of the specimens. The mechanical results showed that the number of delaminations has a major effect on the critical and maximum loads and the location of delamination and the thickness of the Teflon film have minor effects on the critical and maximum loads. The AE signals of the specimens were then classified using Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and the evolution of different damage mechanisms was investigated. The AE results showed that AE is a robust technique to classify damage mechanisms in buckling of laminated composites and could identify delamination propagation earlier and with a lower standard deviation, compared with the conventional methods.

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