Belgian coastal area is one of the densest areas in the world, facing strom surge risks due to the climate change. However, the current coastal defence system in Belgium is engineering-based defence line, blocking the dynamic relation between sea and urban, causing larger risks in the future. On the other hand, Nature-based solutions are hard to apply to the high-density urban area due to the limited space and time scope. This project aims to create a more adapted nature-based coastal defence system in city centre of Ostend (the densest city along Belgian coast- line). The main idea is not only focusing on reducing the probability of the risks, but also considering the impacts, which means not putting the whole defence responsibility to the coastline, the nearshore area can help for the mit- igation and the city itself can also be more resilient by multilayer buffering system. The different interventions on three sides are also linked to each other to enlarge the beneficial scope. By doing so, the sea side, the coast and the urban can work together to create a new coastal defence system, rebuilding the dynamic relation between land and sea, reducing the risks, as well as benefiting nature restoration, public life, urban social and spatial resiliency.

The AMA region wants to make the transition towards a circular economy. To make the circular economy happen, social, environmental and economic challenges have to be integrated in the transition. This report will identify these challenges and propose a vision, a development strategy and projects/policies to propose a new system in the sector where most of these challenges come together: the agrifood sector. The agrifood sector being one of the most polluting sectors in the world plays a key role in a circular economy. The project uses the circular economy as a tool to establish normative change in the case of the imbalanced agrifood sector. The development strategy of the project provides a framework for a future circular economy in a fairer agrifood sector. The framework encompasses localising the food network and creating a local circularity in the flows of energy, water, heat, fodder, CO2 circulation and organic material. This localisation aims to create jobs for the low to middle educated people that are struck by socio-spatial polarization. It also suggests new ways of protein production and of the usage of peatlands. The conclusion is that, while already a big portion of the circular economy can be realised, more research is needed to be able to make the circular economy happen in the agrifood sector. To balance the sector, it has to be deconcentrated and localised. This localisation is essentially a modern form of the traditional sector from the 18th and 19th century. Therefore it’s called an agronomic renaissance. Due to the traditional nature of the sector, institutional change has to happen, which can only be achieved by a long term strategy, strong policy and a periodical review. Giving the sector guidance and a perspective is important to instigate the change needed for a circular agrifood system that also accounts for the social, environmental and economic challenges mentioned. This project gives a possible direction for this long term perspective.