Dutch universities are increasingly challenged to balance educational excellence with sustainable and efficient campus management. Amid tightening public budgets and rising space demands, sharing educational spaces with third parties, such as other educational institutions, government bodies, businesses, and community organizations, has emerged as a promising strategy. These collaborations offer opportunities for optimizing real estate usage, reducing underutilized space, generating additional revenue, and fostering societal engagement. However, the adoption of space-sharing practices remains limited and uneven, often falling short of institutional ambitions.
This thesis investigates the current drivers, barriers, and strategies that shape the sharing of educational spaces in Dutch universities. Drawing on a comprehensive mixed-method approach, including literature review, stakeholder surveys, and semi-structured interviews with facility managers and campus strategists, the study explores both operational realities and strategic frameworks underlying space-sharing initiatives. A central contribution is the development and application of the S.P.A.C.E. matrix (Strategic Fit, Practicality, Accessibility, Collaboration, Economics), which enables comparative analysis of universities' readiness and alignment for shared use of specific space types.
Findings reveal that while universities recognize the societal and financial value of shared spaces, significant obstacles remain. These include decentralized governance, cultural resistance among faculty, logistical and scheduling complexities, and unclear financial or legal frameworks for third-party use. Despite these barriers, pioneering practices across universities illustrate promising pathways for integrating third-party collaborations into long-term campus strategies. Moreover, the study highlights the role of national platforms like Campus NL in facilitating peer learning, benchmarking, and policy alignment across institutions.
This research contributes new theoretical and practical insights into campus real estate management, with implications for policymakers, university leaders, and planners. It supports a shift from ad-hoc sharing toward a more strategic, inclusive, and future-proof approach to educational space use, positioning the university as a collaborative node within broader knowledge ecosystems.

Background – Dutch health care practice is constantly changing. What is the effect of regional characteristics on the shaping of the general practitioner practice? This research will focus on different socio-demographic, physical and organizational aspects of the health care demand and supply in the GGD regions of Amsterdam and Groningen and evaluated from a general practitioner perspective. The question to be answered is: “What is the impact of regional differences in the development of general practitioner practice?”

Aim – to conduct a comparative analysis of a rural and urban region in the Netherlands, in order to find characteristics that could potentially benefit or hinder certain aspects of general practitioner housing. Design and setting – Information obtained from statistical data and interviews with health care organizations. Method – The research will follow a mixed methods design: an explanatory sequential mixed method. Firstly, statistical data of the demand side (demographics, geographic and income) will be collected. Then, an analysis will be made on the supply side. Finally, follow-up interviews will be conducted with several general practitioners to gain a deeper understanding of their experiences and motivations.

Results – People seek and need care more often in Amsterdam. People in Groningen are more independent, thus often taking care of each other rather than seeking professional care. Urban patient issues are more often connected to socio-economic issues, asking for a more holistic picture of the patient. Merging GP practices is inevitable for feasibility: it provides more robust structures in terms of financial business case and availability of staff. The potential of combining practices is larger in urban regions like Amsterdam due to overall closer proximity and the overlap of service areas. Collaboration with fellow health care professionals is viewed as crucial for all GPs regardless of the regions in order to provide effective care. Local structures serve twofold functions: the sharing of staff and more frequent and personal consultations. Regional structures can take a lead role in the distribution and effective organization of care. National organizations coordinate nation-wide policy that needs regional alignment and finetuning. In both financial and legal matters, there are improvements to be made. Future plans and organizations are set up nation-wide, a regional coordination approach is more effective in tackling local issues while still having the impact of a larger collaboration.

Conclusion – The impact of regional differences on general practitioner practice is significant. It has many elements and they should be addressed in order to effectively cope with current challenges in the sector. Practical implications – This research provides actionable insights for involved actors to understand and to account for regional differences in the shaping of the general practitioner care practice and system.

As the construction sector remains a major contributor to global emissions and resource depletion, academics, governments and worldwide industries urge for a shift from a linear to a circular economy. Circular strategies such as standardization and demountability are increasingly promoted. However, remountability, the purposeful disassembly, reassembly and reuse of building components into new contexts, remains an underexplored yet critical component of circular reuse. This research investigates how Dutch universities can integrate remountability into the construction processes of their campus buildings, given their long-term spatial commitments, public role and frontrunning ambitions in sustainable innovation.

This exploratory study combines multiple qualitative methods. A literature review, semi-structured interviews and case studies of three university projects are used to identify key strategies, enabling and inhibiting factors and contextual considerations. An expert panel assembled for a validation of the propositions . The findings demonstrate that operational strategies, such as digital documentation, flexible planning, and early contractor involvement, are central to efficient remountable construction. Additionally, cultural and organisational mindset shifts are revealed as crucial conditions for implementation. Based on these insights, the research proposes a process model and a potential analysis to guide and inspire the
integration of remountability in Dutch university campus developments.

The outcomes contribute to both academic understanding and practical application of remountability in construction, offering universities a structured yet adaptable framework to lead in the transition toward circular construction practices.

This thesis investigates the role of Façade-as-a-Service (FaaS) within the framework of circular economy business models, specifically focusing on its value for semi-public real estate owners and users. The research is motivated by the growing demand for sustainable solutions in the built environment as global efforts to mitigate climate change and resource scarcity intensify. Façade Product-Service Systems (PSS) offer a promising alternative to traditional façade procurement by integrating both the product (the façade) and associated services (such as maintenance and energy management) into a single, long-term offering. The research aims to answer the question:
HOW DO FAÇADE PRODUCT SERVICE SYSTEMS (PSS) OFFER VALUE TO SEMI-PUBLIC REAL ESTATE OWNERS”
The thesis builds on a detailed literature review of PSS, value creation, and current valuation methodologies, identifying key theoretical foundations and knowledge gaps. The core research question centres on understanding how Façade PSS creates value for semi-public real estate owners. To answer this, the study employs a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative research, including case studies, interviews, and financial simulations. The Civil Engineering (CiTG) building at TU Delft is selected as a case study to test the practical viability of the FaaS concept. Central to the analysis is the development and application of a financial model, particularly focusing on the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and Total Value of Ownership (TVO) frameworks. A sensitivity analysis assesses the financial risks and uncertainties inherent in long-term service contracts.
The empirical findings reveal that while technological readiness for FaaS is relatively high, financial and cultural barriers still hinder widespread adoption. Key challenges include the lack of standardised appraisal methods for real estate with integrated façade product service systems, as well as the perceived risks associated with circular business models. However, the results suggest that when properly implemented, FaaS can offer significant value to building owners by reducing operational costs, enhancing sustainability, and aligning with long-term portfolio management strategies.
This research contributes to the field of circular real estate by advancing the understanding of façade product-service systems and providing a framework for evaluating their financial and environmental benefits. It also offers practical recommendations for stakeholders interested in implementing FaaS, advocating for a shift towards value-driven, service-oriented approaches in building management. The thesis concludes by identifying future research opportunities, particularly in refining valuation models and exploring scalable financing solutions for circular business models.

Climate change is advancing at an unforeseen pace, with the built environment responsible for 40% of global emissions. With the acceptance of climate risk as a financial risk, market participants bear the responsibility of mitigating this problem. Office real estate plays a crucial role as a sustainable workspace is also crucial in its retention of talented workforce. With hybrid working expected to become a non-negotiable fixture of the workplace ecosystem, the office of the future is very different. The relationship between employees and the workspace continuously shifts due to changing occupancy patterns that stem from these evolving working processes, which in turn impacts the energy consumption of a building. This thesis attempts to understand the impact of hybrid working processes on the energy consumption of workspace environments using a quantitative research design to answer the following research question: How is the energy consumption of the workspace environment impacted by hybrid modes of working? The methodology includes data from a literature review, synthetic data simulations and occupancy and energy data from two case studies. The results demonstrate that there are benefits from employing a hybrid working model, provided offices are equipped or retrofitted to ensure their energy usage can respond to the dynamic occupancy levels. Furthermore, workspace design should reflect and cater to the diverse habits and preferences of the end user to ensure efficient use of space. However, these benefits are not equitably distributed as the energy saved is offset onto the end user thereby widening the existing inequalities in place. Future design and policy should consider user, building, campus and city scale solutions to create a balanced and sustainable outcome that benefits society as a whole. A system mapping identifying the different impact areas of hybrid working and their interdependencies has been formulated to support improved management of building assets for real estate professionals and business.

Purpose. Dutch universities must cope with evolving demand when aligning their real estate, facing uncertainty due to dynamic trends and a relatively static portfolio. The result is a strategy moving towards a resilient, shared and centralised campus, emphasising multi-purpose spaces. This shift involves shared building use, a strategy of creating generic spaces accessible to a diverse range of internal (and external) users. A building is shared when a majority of its useful space is generic, not assigned to a specific individual or group of individuals and often adaptable to fit multiple users in the short and long term. Despite identifying general trends, the reasons and functionality behind the increased use of shared spaces remain unclear in current literature. Moreover, there is a noticeable absence in literature of an uniformly acknowledged definition and term that adequately encapsulates the characteristics of facilities described as ‘shared’. This research aims to analyse the motivations driving this integration, establish a precise understanding of this particular approach to facility use and identify essential stakeholder requirements for practical use. Grasping the forces behind, the proces for and the effects of this trend is crucial for evaluating both positive and negative aspects of shared spaces on campus, contributing to achieving university real estate goals.

Research approach. The primary objective of this research is to study how shared spaces can be used to support and advance university real estate objectives. Therefore, the main question is: How do shared spaces on the university campus align with organisational, functional, financial and physical real estate objectives? This study will apply a case-study research approach to find an answer to the main question. First, desk research will be focussed on exploring the field of shared building use. Then, with the outcomes of desk research as a starting point, case-study research will be used to better understand a select number of cases within the field. The case studies aim to get comprehensive insights by analysing various perspectives and establishing KPIs. The methods used to study cases include literature study, interviews, existing data analysis and usage data analysis. The goal is to deliver a thorough theoretical background, a case overview for reference projects, detailed information on specific cases and a cross-case analysis.

Results. The cross-case analysis shows that financial constraints and the need for physical efficiency encourage universities to shift towards shared spaces. This shift is supported by functional and organisational demands, creating generic, versatile spaces that facilitate various activities. This approach can meet the diverse needs of users for flexibility and comfort while aligning with institutional goals of resource optimisation, organisational resilience and financial risk mitigation. The study emphasises the importance of continuous stakeholder engagement and integrated governance in ensuring shared spaces effectively meet university and user needs in a dynamic campus context.

Discussion. The research shows the complex interconnectedness of public values, trends and motivations concerning integrating shared spaces on campus. However, limitations are acknowledged, such as a focus on a select number of universities and reliance on qualitative data. Therefore, further studies examining shared spaces across educational and societal settings are suggested. Moreover, this thesis expands the theoretical understanding of campus management and offers practical insights for better campus planning, including shared spaces. For practitioners, the results stress the importance of adopting shared spaces for the future viability of Dutch university campuses, emphasising a shift towards sharing and collaboration. Laslty, campus managers are provided with practical insights and best practices from various contexts to support diverse stakeholder needs and institutional objectives.

This thesis examines how TU Delft could adapt its study places in generic educational buildings to meet current and future demands. This research is done through a literature review and an examination of three
representative cases at TU Delft and in-depth, semi-structured interviews.

Despite the expectations of a pandemic-induced shift to online learning, this research emphasises the continued significance of a high-quality on-campus environment. Findings reveal a surplus of study places, urging qualitative enhancements, especially in aspects like community feeling.

Future prospects suggest a move towards interdisciplinary learning, requiring a diverse mix of study places. Recommendations encompass effective scheduling and smart campus tools, redefining quality parameters for study places, and creating adaptive learning environments. The findings advocate for a balanced approach, accommodating both quiet, focused study places and dynamic, socially engaging meeting places.

In conclusion, TU Delft is advised to holistically adapt study places, integrating quantitative and qualitative insights, as detailed in the lessons learned from the general educational buildings.

The Dutch national climate agreement mentions important goals related to sustainability. The task is to reduce CO2 emissions by 49% in 2030 compared to 1990 and by 80 to 95% in 2050. To achieve these goals, every sector, including public real estate like universities, needs to contribute. This study focuses on the 14 Dutch universities. Universities are urged to set an example because of their socially responsible character. In 2008, the Dutch universities signed a covenant to reduce their energy consumption and CO2 emissions. However, there is still a lot of improvement needed. A network of academic experts for knowledge exchange can help with this. Exchanging knowledge within an inter-university network could give many new and valuable insights for implementation. At this moment, universities are mainly reinventing the wheel for themselves instead of exchanging insights with others. This research is about the different existing networks, drivers, barriers, and tools of knowledge sharing between universities and provides an answer to the main research question: “How can inter-university knowledge transfer support university campus managers to achieve the universities’ sustainability goals?”. It serves as exploratory research for the larger Campus NL research from the TU Delft Campus Research Team. One of the topics they are going to research is campus learning. Through an extensive literature review, 10 in-depth semi-structured interviews, strategy-analysis, and observations, this research concludes that every university has the same goals, and by working together, they might find possible ways to achieve these goals sooner. They can stick together to get more funds or guidance and get insights into what others are doing. This research has provides an overview of the barriers and drivers of knowledge transfer that campus managers working on the energy transition are experiencing at this moment and therefore contributes to knowledge about knowledge transfer and also serves as a starting point for the Campus NL research.

Keywords | Knowledge transfer, campus management, barriers and drivers, sustainability goals, real estate

Introduction - Industrial heritage buildings possess unique characteristics and significant potential, yet often many remain vacant: presenting an untapped opportunity. Adaptive reuse of these buildings can have an extra-large impact, especially as catalysts for urban (re)development. However, the adaptive reuse process is complex, particularly for municipalities. Municipal roles have shifted towards being demand-oriented, market-following, and market-organizing, yet municipalities are considered to be responsible for vacant areas. This shift combined with the complexity of the process, highlights the need for this reserach, which explores municipal involvement in the adaptive reuse process of industrial heritage buildings in the Netherlands.

Methods - The methodology consists of a market review, case studies, and a cross-case analysis. The market review gives a broad overview of projects in the Netherlands, and their characteristics. Six heterogenous case studies are selected: LocHal (Tilburg), Klokgebouw (Eindhoven), Baronie (Alphen a/d Rijn), RDM Campus (Rotterdam), Ploeg (Bergeijk), and Greswarenfabriek (Reuver). Each case is studied by reviewing documents and conducting two interviews.

Results - The case studies demonstrate the practical complexity and diversity of adaptive reuse processes, municipal involvement, and relevant public values. Municipalities primarily adopt an active approach during the preparation phase, often focusing on their roles as connectors and stimulators, and incorporating arrange/provide and stimulate/align approaches. However, municipalities tend to be more passive during the pre-project phase, despite its extensive nature.

Discussion - The research reveals varied forms of municipal involvement, making it challenging to establish clear causal relationships between project characteristics, public values, and types of municipal involvement. Further research is required to enhance understanding of municipal involvement in this context and its reasons. To contribute to this understanding, a model is proposed, linking project complexity to active municipal involvement, in which more roles and approaches are incorporated in the municipal strategy if the process is mroe complex. Municipalities are recommended to adopt an active stance, integrate knowledge development and exchange, and remain adaptable to evolving circumstances.

The built environment is constantly exposed to societal, political, and economic changes. The COVID-19 pandemic was of major influence on the usage of office buildings. Since hybrid working became the norm, governmental offices struggled with low occupancy rates after the pandemic. This study is based on the underexposed side of sustainability, namely efficient usage of square metres through potentially sharing real estate and focuses on the public real estate portfolio and strategical management of the Rijksvastgoedbedrijf (RVB), specifically their office buildings. The RVB has two strategic goals for its portfolio, firstly to enlarge the public value of the governmental real estate and secondly to improve the services in a safe, sustainable, and innovative way. Hypothetically, value can be added to the urban context by including other functions through mixed-use development or sharing office buildings with other organisations. The main research question is: To what extent can the Rijksvastgoedbedrijf share governmental office buildings within the city of The Hague, focussing on (semi-)public organisations and mixed-use development, to optimise the utilisation of available real estate? This study consists of a literature review that provides a framework of definitions and processes. The second part is empirical research based on the DAS model and consists of interviews and document analysis. The DAS model aims to determine the approach to achieve the desired real estate portfolio by analysing the current and future supply and demand. This study has found that sharing real estate with other public organisations and mixed-use development could contribute to utilising available office space more efficiently in The Hague. However, when considering sharing governmental real estate with other public organisations, several barriers emerged. Safety concerns and unresolved financing issues are the two major barriers for sharing real estate. To be able to translate the barriers and possibilities to actual real estate adjustments, further research should be done for the portfolio.

Keywords – public real estate, DAS model, efficient use of real estate, sharing real estate, mixed-use development

The transformations the healthcare sector is undergoing can be divided into three types of changes; gradual change, sudden change and expected change. The ageing population represents the gradual change. The ageing population brings an increased demand for care, while also an increasing need for cost control and a decrease in available capacity is noticeable in the healthcare sector. The Covid19 pandemic is an example of a sudden change, an unexpected change on which needs to be acted fast. Digitalisation is a representative for an expected change in the healthcare sector. Especially since the recent Covid19 pandemic there is a growing interest among hospital organisations in digitalisation. To be able to maintain to deliver the highest quality of care under the current circumstances, new innovative strategies and lean processes need to be developed. To accommodate these transformations the real estate of the hospital will have to change. Due to the pressure on hospitals to reduce costs and improve health service accessibility, there is an increasing demand for outpatient services. With the growing interest among hospital organisations in digitalisation and the lack of research on a real estate strategy for hospitals that includes smart tools, this research focuses on to what extent smart tools can optimise the use of scarce resources in the outpatient department of the hospital, taking into account the layout of the outpatient department. The following question is formulated to be answered: “To what extent can smart tools and layout contribute to the efficient and effective use of the scarce resources in the outpatient department of a Dutch hospital?“
To be able to answer this research question, a qualitative approach is chosen to work with. Research on the use of smart tools in the outpatient department of a Dutch hospital is still very rare, therefore a qualitative approach is recommendable. The literature review acts as the backbone of the research. The case study and semi-structured interviews are derived from the network of AT Osborne. To validate the research a project visit of a newly built smart outpatient department and an expert panel has been conducted.
The main goal of conducting this research is to find a solution for the facility and department managers of the outpatient department of the Dutch hospital to cope with the scarce resources, so the hospital can focus on its main goal ‘the delivery of high-quality healthcare’.

On January 30, 2020, the WHO Emergency Committee declared a global health emergency based on increasing reports of Chinese and international cases. The unprecedented impact of COVID-19 has also affected education systems around the world. This means that more than 1.6 billion students, representing 91% of all students in the world, have felt the impact of COVID-19 on their study environments. The Smart Campus Tools and SCT 2.0 research has revealed that the use of SCTs is well known among Dutch and foreign universities. But, because the COVID-19 crisis is a recent and still current event, there is a gap in the literature with the insights on how universities and organizations have utilized SCTs during this period. This research aims to reflect the use of SCTs in the COVID-19 period at universities and other organizations. In addition, it identifies differences in the use of SCTs in the intervening years between the SCT 2.0 research and this study. This was ascertained through a literature study, the first brainstorming session, a case study at nine Dutch and five foreign universities and at three other organizations, and finally a second brainstorming session. Based on the outcomes of this research, it can be concluded that since the changes around the COVID-19 virus, existing or new SCTs have contributed to the ‘back-to-campus/office’ phase. This has been achieved through reservation tools for individual study places and/or tools that display crowding indications in the buildings. This has facilitated the monitoring of the number of users in the buildings and the ability to regulate capacity. Recommendations are provided to show campus managers the possibilities around the newly created problem; the "digital towel" in reservations (no-shows). Lastly, the research stresses the importance of quantitative research for further research on this topic.

Problem statement - The global community is facing scarcity of finite materials and environmental pollution. In response to these mounting issues, the government of the Netherlands plans to transition to a circular economy (CE) by 2050. The shift towards a CE affects the built environment. Currently, the global building industry is responsible for 40% of material consumption and one-third of energy consumption. In essence, there are CE developments happening in the Public Real Estate (PRE) and barriers are known in the existing building stocks. However, insufficient research has been conducted on what the barriers could be for the existing PRE in regards to the CE transition. Barriers can hinder further CE development and the CE transition in existing PRE. What these barriers exactly are, has yet to be mapped out for the existing PRE. Therefore, sufficient research is needed to fill this gap. Hence, the following research question is then formulated for this research: “What are the current barriers to the circular economy transition for existing public real estate?”. Sub questions have been formulated in order to answer the main research question: 1. “How is the CE ambition integrated into CGREA’s existing PRE projects?” 2. “How are CE strategies implemented in existing PRE?” 3. “What challenges arise when implementing CE strategies in existing PRE?”. 4. “How are these challenges currently managed in order to realise the CE goal?”. This study explores three cases of the Central Government Real Estate Agencies (CGREA) existing PRE. The results will be used to identify and assess the current barriers for the existing PRE regarding the transition to a CE. Objectives - The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the current barriers to transitioning to a CE for the CGREA’s existing PRE. Moreover, the current CE activities around existing PRE will be analysed, and the facts and barriers for the CGREA will be established. Research method - The methodology of this study is divided into theoretical research, empirical research and synthesis. The research methods of this study consists of a review of previous scientific literature studies on the subject of CE in existing PRE, three case studies and interviews regarding the three cases, and an expert panel to assess, validate and improve the results. Discussion - In essence, this study contributes a more nuanced view on the subject of CE transition in the built environment focused on the existing PRE. The theoretical research indicated that the CE transition in existing PRE was neglected. Yet, empirical research indicated that the CE transition in existing PRE projects is being realised. Moreover, this study has found that, even if the CE ambition is integrated into the later stages of a project, it is still difficult to realise this ambition with the current economy we live in. The analysed cases have indicated the challenges that are an obstruction for further transition to the CE. These challenges are identified and validated as barriers. Conclusion - In this study twelve barriers were identified and assessed that are currently a barrier for further CE transitioning in existing PRE. These barriers are: that there is (1) No CE ambition in the project scope, (2) unknown resource availability, (3)No assessment framework, (4) Inexperience of the contractor with the CE, (5) Cost and time driven projects, (6) No separate budget for CE strategies, (7) Finding CE installations, (8) Unknown quality of building materials, (9) current regulations, (10) No CE award criteria, (11) Users satisfaction, and (12) Definitive design without CE strategies.

In recent years, the density on the Dutch university campus has increased substantially due to a continued growth of student populations. Campus managers face the challenge of accommodating the university’s students and employees mainly in the existing buildings, which are used ineffectively and inefficiently. In order to improve the space use on campus, campus managers need better information about space use. Therefore, this PhD dissertation proposes the use of Smart campus tools: a service or product with which information on space use is collected real-time to improve utilization of the current campus on the one hand, and to improve decision‑making about the future campus on the other hand. The main research question is: How can smart campus tools optimally contribute to the match between demand for and supply of space, both on the current campus and on the future campus? To answer the research question, this PhD dissertation explores the use of Smart campus tools in Dutch and international contexts, at universities and other organisations. Then, it researches how information from Smart campus tools can be properly connected to campus decision‑making processes. The results from this research are used to inform existing theories and draw lessons for practice.

Historical campuses enabled post-Age of Enlightenment organizations’ operations and allowed them to adapt with times, supporting their processes of adaptive reuse transformation throughout the institutions’ recursive managerial cycles. However, the radical reforms which concerned these organizations since the second half of the 20th century, disabled those mechanics and instated a diffuse phenomenon of dismissal of their historic campuses, instating processes of abandon, demolition, degradation or degeneration and entailing the steady loss of their architectural, urban, functional, economic, historic and socio-cultural values.In the perspective of re-enabling, promoting and fostering fully-sustainable adaptive reuse transformations of the heritage to avoid the value losses, this research recognizes the lack of integration between the intervention domains participating in adaptive reuse operations as the main cause of the phenomenon. Specifically, it points to the impossibility for organizations to inform, support and assess such cross-domain broad-spectrum transformations following the serial structure of current adaptive reuse operational models.
Once observed the specific managerial, entrepreneurial and architectural characters of such transformations, the research focuses on the analysis of their processes and procedures in order to define the extents up to which they can be integrated and synchronized. This results in a parallelly-structured operational model in which the coherent processes of the three intervention domains are executed synchronously throughout the identified procedural and operational phases. These phases are then consolidated by defining the conduction tools available to the process managers (and to the ones of each individual domain), the nature and the relevance of the information transfer among the processes within a same procedural phase and/or the previous/next one and finally the reciprocal contributions of each domains in respect to the others.
The research then focuses on the theoretical validation of the proposed alternative operational model for adaptive reuse transformation of defunctionalized historic campuses. A comparative analysis reveals an increased ability of adaptive reuse operations conducted through the integrated operational model to consistently address the interests of the involved stakeholders and to be backed by major support networks. Additionally, it shows their higher aptitude in managing the risks inherently related to the operations by allowing its incremental phasing, which provides an otherwise absent degree of tolerance for ambiguity and proofs them from the excessive hindrance represented by intrinsic and extrinsic transformation factors. The integrated operational model also prompts to more fully sustainable transformations thanks to the coexistence of the control processes pertaining to each intervention domain. Overall, the proposed model better allows to restore, preserve and enhance the architectural, urban, functional, economic, historic and socio-cultural values of the dismissed historic campuses rather than the current ones. To achieve these performance increases, however, it relies on the presence of a favorable stakeholder environment at the local, regional and possibly national scale, whose involvement in the entire transformation process requires their availability for greater time and effort investments. Due to these requirements, the inclusion in the intervention program of elements such as a flagship project-orientation, the reliance on triple, quadruple and quintuple helix innovation models and the constitution of public-private partnerships should be strongly considered to facilitate the transformation process.

Secularisation is leading to an increasing amount of obsolete churches in the Netherlands. There is a need for decision making on which churches to preserve and how to deal with the preserved churches. Adaptively reusing these buildings can safeguard them from demolition. Adaptively reusing churches is a matter of making concessions. Every stakeholder has its interest. These interests are interrelated, and it is almost impossible to meet every stakeholders’ goal to the maximum. Therefore, one should strive to find the optimal solution. Finding this optimal balance is the task of the decision maker. Theory shows that aligning the following four goals can help: physical, functional, financial and organisational goals. These are based on the CREM perspectives. This is tested by interviewing several decisionmakers and by comparing this qualitative data and the additional literature research with the theory. The aim is to strengthen the position of the decision maker with this new information and tools. Equally important as finding the optimal solution, is making supported decisions. The use of the DAS-frame guides this. Comparing the four steps derived from the literature with the steps decision makers take leads to the findings. This information is derived from interviews. A step-by-step plan for future decision makers helps making substantiated decisions, and a database and reference booklet, compiled in this thesis, help broadening the solution framework for adaptively reusing churches. This step-by-step plan is compiled based on the DAS-frame and the information for the interviews. Tips from finding the optimal solution merge into this step-by-step plan. The step-by-step plan, database and reference booklet form a toolbox to support private and public decision makers in fulfilling their task.

“Tangible and intangible heritage are sources of social cohesion, factors of diversity and drivers of creativity, innovation and urban regeneration – we must do more to harness this.” This was the message of Irina Bokova, the Director-General of UNESCO, during the World Urban Forum in Napels in 2012. Her statement provides the basis of this research, if urban heritage is preserved and used correctly it can deliver social change. Urban heritage can be perceived in several ways but in general urban heritage can be perceived as real estate. This real estate serves, as mentioned above, a common good: the understanding of a shared history (Pereira Roders, 2007; Tarrafa Silva & Pereira Roders, 2012). Preserving these buildings for that goal is reached through a spatial programme or strategy. This research is therefore a symbiosis of heritage management and real estate management. Understanding the added value of heritage in city development will create the possibility to give certain weight to the preservation of these buildings. Knowing which weight a building carries for society, in terms of added value, provides the basis for the decision making process of preserving a building or not.Heritage however, does not only add value it costs capital as well. It is costly to preserve heritage due to the restrictions posed by governmental rules and regulations. Heritage is also difficult to preserve due to the mostly unwieldiness of the properties for modern businesses. Preserving only to preserve for the afterlife does therefore, not yield success. Knowingly investing in heritage that adds more value to society than it costs is more likely to yield success. The difficulty however is the definition of added value for society.The cost of heritage conservation is measurable through the financial investment needed to conserve the real estate, it is however far more difficult to know the added value of heritage. It is somewhat measurable how heritage adds value for specific stakeholders, for example the added value heritage has for its users. It is even more difficult to understand the added value of heritage for society. There are no tools available which pinpoint the added value of individual heritage. The Historic Urban Landscape approach provides only a general view on the added value of heritage. The aim of this research is to provide insight in the tension between the different values of heritage (both economic and otherwise) through the recognition of added values of heritage for society.

Municipalities are aware that professionalizing their real estate management is necessary to become CO2 neutral before 2050 and that it even can create cost reduction and can add value in the long term. Many municipalities are now working on a specified portfolio identification while maintaining this portfolio. Some municipalities are ready to think about how to change their portfolio into one that is almost CO2 neutral. However, there are also municipalities that are struggling due to the lack of (energy) information of their portfolio and choosing the appropriate tools to help them achieve their goals. Some municipalities do work on the sustainability goal as seen at the benchmark of 2017, but here is also evident that around 25% of the public building stock is still categorized at label G, the worst label. Therefore the aim of the research is to provide insight into the facts, processes, possibilities, and challenges of sustainable strategies for municipalities to create an energy neutral real estate portfolio and given this national goal, provide a road map for municipalities. We can conclude from literature and case studies that there are special contracts, approaches, and guidelines municipalities can use to make their building portfolio energy neutral. However, there is not one uniform tool that can entirely transform the total building portfolio. So, the strategy tools need to be used for the right buildings at the right time with the right expertise and information. This approach needs to be in balance with the three added values of MREM, namely: political goals, financial policies, and user satisfaction. The considerations to set the pace of the energy transition is predominately based upon the financial possibilities, the amount of support of the council, the physical context, and the professionalization of the real estate department. The DAS-Framework and four C/P/MREM perspectives, used in the approach of the case studies, can help municipalities to structure and balance the values of the organization when making a sustainable strategy.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to add to the existing body of knowledge and increase the understanding of the contribution of current smart emergency applications to the facility manager with the focus on required information during building fire emergency response operations. Design/methodology/approach – Semi-structured interviews with different safety professionals from Dutch universities are used to identify their role during a fire incident, an acceptable level of fire cause, necessary information items and, their viewpoint on the use of smart emergency applications. The results are translated to a multi-criteria analysis in which different smart emergency applications are evaluated according to a variety of information items. Main finding – This study reveals that not all required information is integrated into the current smart emergency apps. In fact, each smart emergency apps have a unique information provision which can be useful during a specific phase of a building fire emergency operation. In addition, the findings show that the use of smart emergency apps is partially supported by the participants of the interviews. Research limitations/implications – This study was confined to universities in The Netherlands and the semi-structured interviews have limited population size. A larger population with the focus on international universities would have allowed for more important data, but the findings do provide valuable and essential insight into the contribution of smart emergency apps to the facility managers. Practical implications – The empirical results provide guidance to the emergency and facility managers to opt for the smart emergency app(s) according to their required information and, give valuable insight to app developers and researchers for further improvement and development of the emergency apps. Originality/value – Most studies focus on the benefits and technical aspects of the smart emergency app. This research provides readers with more insight into the extent of the required information on current smart emergency apps in favor of the facility manager who needs to perform during a building fire emergency operation