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The role of ability, motivation, and opportunity to work in the transition from work to early retirement : testing and optimizing the Early Retirement Model
Objectives Determinants in the domains health, job characteristics, skills, and social and financial factors may influence early retirement through three central explanatory variables, namely, the ability, motivation, and opportunity to work. Based on the literature, we created the Early Retirement Model. This study aims to investigate whether data support the model and how it could be improved. Methods Employees aged 58–62 years (N=1862), who participated in the first three waves of the Dutch Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation (STREAM) were included. Determinants were assessed at baseline, central explanatory variables after one year, and early retirement after two years. Structural equation modeling was applied. Results Testing the Early Retirement Model resulted in a model with good fit. Health, job characteristics, skills, and social and financial factors were related to the ability, motivation and/or opportunity to work (significant β range: 0.05–0.31). Lower work ability (β=-0.13) and less opportunity to work (attitude colleagues and supervisor about working until age 65: β=-0.24) predicted early retirement, whereas the motivation to work (work engagement) did not. The model could be improved by adding direct effects of three determinants on early retirement, ie, support of colleagues and supervisor (β=0.14), positive attitude of the partner with respect to early retirement (β=0.15), and not having a partner (β=-0.13). Conclusions The Early Retirement Model was largely supported by the data but could be improved. The prolongation of working life might be promoted by work-related interventions focusing on health, work ability, the social work climate, social norms on prolonged careers, and the learning environment.
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Mental retirement? Trajectories of work engagement preceding retirement among older workers
Objectives Before actual retirement, employees may already distance themselves from work, which could be referred to as "mental retirement". However, trajectories of work motivation, ie, work engagement, have not been studied yet. The present study aimed to (i) identify different trajectories of work engagement among older workers approaching the retirement age, and (ii) examine their associations with actual retirement. Methods In total 3171 employees aged 55-62 years, who participated in the Dutch Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation were included in this study. Participants completed questionnaires in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013. Latent class growth mixture modeling was performed to identify groups of employees with similar three-year trajectories in work engagement. Logistic regression analyses were performed to study whether trajectory membership was associated with retirement. Results Of the 3171 employees, 16.2% made a transition from work to (early) retirement (N=513). Four trajectories of work engagement were identified: steady high (76.3%), steady low (12.7%), decreasing (6.2%), and increasing (4.8%). A steady low work engagement trajectory was associated with retirement [odds ratio (OR) 1.46], compared to a steady high work engagement trajectory. Although not statistically significant, an increasing work engagement trajectory seemed to be associated with retirement as well (OR 1.60). Conclusions This study did not support the concept of mental retirement before actual retirement, ie, a decrease in work engagement among those facing retirement. However, as one in eight employees did experience steady low work engagement in the years before retirement, interventions promoting work motivation are recommended to support the employability of these employees. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Stoppen of doorgaan? Theorie en praktijk van pensionering en langer doorwerken [Continuing work or retiring? An introduction to theory and practice of retirement in the Netherlands]
The topic of this special issue on retiring or continuing work among older employees is introduced. In addition to an overview of relevant Dutch retirement legislation and statistics on retirement in the Netherlands, we pay attention to the operationalisation of retirement and highlight important psychological perspectives and theories on the topic of retirement. Furthermore, we summarize the theoretical and empirical findings of earlier research on retirement. Finally, we discuss the seven contributions of this special issue and formulate a research agenda.
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Pathways through which health influences early retirement: A qualitative study
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All those things together made me retire : Qualitative study on early retirement among Dutch employees
Background: Due to the aging of the population and subsequent higher pressure on public finances, there is a need for employees in many European countries to extend their working lives. One way in which this can be achieved is by employees refraining from retiring early. Factors predicting early retirement have been identified in quantitative research, but little is known on why and how these factors influence early retirement. The present qualitative study investigated which non-health related factors influence early retirement, and why and how these factors influence early retirement. Methods. A qualitative study among 30 Dutch employees (60-64 years) who retired early, i.e. before the age of 65, was performed by means of face-to-face interviews. Participants were selected from the cohort Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation (STREAM). Results: For most employees, a combination of factors played a role in the transition from work to early retirement, and the specific factors involved differed between individuals. Participants reported various factors that pushed towards early retirement ('push factors'), including organizational changes at work, conflicts at work, high work pressure, high physical job demands, and insufficient use of their skills and knowledge by others in the organization. Employees who reported such push factors towards early retirement often felt unable to find another job. Factors attracting towards early retirement ('pull factors') included the wish to do other things outside of work, enjoy life, have more flexibility, spend more time with a spouse or grandchildren, and care for others. In addition, the financial opportunity to retire early played an important role. Factors influenced early retirement via changes in the motivation, ability and opportunity to continue working or retire early. Conclusion: To support the prolongation of working life, it seems important to improve the fit between the physical and psychosocial job characteristics on the one hand, and the abilities and wishes of the employee on the other hand. Alongside improvements in the work environment that enable and motivate employees to prolong their careers, a continuous dialogue between the employer and employee on the (future) person-job fit and tailored interventions might be helpful. © 2013 Reeuwijk et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
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Sustainable employment and occupational profile
Keeping people in employment until retirement age is a hot topic in the Netherlands, as it is across the rest of the European Union. A series of Dutch studies shows that workers in some sectors are more likely to be able and willing to work until retirement age and others less so, such as craft and manufacturing workers, construction workers and machine operators, transport workers and some in healthcare. People in supervisory roles are most likely to be happy to continue to work.
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Stream newsletter: Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation
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2014-2019
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Author: |
Geuskens, G.
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Heuvel, S. van den
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Oude Hengel, K.
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Koopmans, L.
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Meer, L. van der
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Niks, R.
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Zwaan, L. van der
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Bouwhuis, S.
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Petricheva, V.
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Vroome, E.M.M. de
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Bongers, P.
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Wind, A. de
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Leijten, F.
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Blatter, B.
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Keywords: |
Physical health · Vitality · Diseases · Employment · Mobility · Workforce · Ability · Skills · Retirement · Work and Employment · Healthy Living · Resilient Organisations · WHC - Work, Health and Care · ELSS - Earth, Life and Social Sciences
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What is STREAM? STREAM is a longitudinal study with annual measurements among persons aged 45- 64 in the Netherlands. Participants fill in an online questionnaire on topics such as: health, work, knowledge and skills, social circumstances, and financial situation. More than 12,000 employees, 1,000 self-employed persons, and 2,000 non-employed persons participated at baseline. In the second measurement 82% of the original participants participated, in the third measurement this was 80%, and in the fourth measurement 74%. For data collection an existing Intomart GfK internet panel is used. For 89% of baseline participants, data linkage with information from Statistics Netherlands is possible. To obtain addition insight, qualitative studies have been and will be conducted among STREAM participants. STREAM is being conducted by TNO, in close collaboration with the VU Medical Center and the Erasmus MC.
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Mental retirement and its relations with obsolenscence training and job enrichment
Objectives Mental retirement may occur when workers approach the end of their career and stop investing in new knowledge and social relationships at work. If workers stop investing in new knowledge, their skills may lose economic value and become obsolete. The processes of mental retirement itself and mental retirement that results in skills obsolescence might be countered by training and job enrichment. This is especially important because of the ageing of the population and the need to prolong working life while maintaining high productivity and good health. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the concept of mental retirement and its relationships with skills obsolescence, training, and job enrichment. Methods Based on a literature study and mind maps of scholars and employees in a large Dutch company, a conceptual model of mental retirement was constructed. Data of 12 055 employees aged 45–64 years included in the longitudinal Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation (STREAM) were used to investigate this model. Factor analysis was applied. Besides, regression analyses were conducted to study the relationships between mental retirement, skills obsolescence, training and (the richness of) working tasks. Results Preliminary findings suggest that mental retirement is a multidimensional concept consisting of three constructs, ie, lower proactive developmental behavior, lower work engagement and lower willingness to continue working in the present job during the next year. Conclusion Additional findings and conclusions will be available in the coming months. Abstract Congres Work, Well-being and Wealth: Active Ageing at Work, 26-28 August, Helsinki, Finland. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Design of the study on transitions in employment, ability and motivation (STREAM)
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2013
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Author: |
Geuskens, G.A.
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Ybema, J.F.
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Heuvel, S.G. van den
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Wind, A. de
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Leijten, M.S.
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Joling, C.I.
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Blatter, B.M. van
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Burdorf, A.
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Beek, A.J. van der
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Bongers, P.M.
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Keywords: |
Workplace · Cohort · Motivation · Productivity · Retirement · Workability · Healthy for Life · Healthy Living · Organisation Healthy Living · WH - Work & Health WE - Work & Employment · BSS - Behavioural and Societal Sciences Themalijn
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The objective of the Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation (STREAM) is to acquire knowledge on determinants of healthy and productive work participation among persons aged 45–64 years. A research framework was developed with main outcomes of productivity and transitions in employment (eg, leaving the workforce, entering the workforce, job change). These outcomes are influenced by the following determinants: health, job characteristics, skills and knowledge, and social and financial factors. The determinants influence productivity and transitions in employment through the ability, motivation, and opportunity to work. Demographic variables and initial employment status may influence all variables in the framework and their interrelations. STREAM is a Dutch prospective cohort study among 12 055 employees, 1029 self-employed persons, and 2034 non-working persons aged 45–64 years. The study sample was stratified by age and employment status, and was drawn from an existing Intomart Gfk internet panel. Measurements were carried out in 2010 (N=15 118), 2011 (N=12 430, response 82%), and 2012 (N=12 057, response 80%). The fourth measurement will take place in 2013. Participants complete an extensive yearly online questionnaire covering all aspects of the research framework. Questionnaire answers can be linked to register data of Statistics Netherlands for 89% of the participants. Moreover, qualitative data are collected. Findings from STREAM will contribute to the development of effective policies and work-related interventions promoting sustainable employability among older persons. Abstract Congres Work, Well-being and Wealth: Active Ageing at Work, 26-28 August, Helsinki, Finland. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Stream evidence from a work and retirement cohort
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Why older workers work beyond the retirement age
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Mental retirement? Trajectories of work engagement preceding retirement among older workers
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Predicting working beyond retirement in the Netherlands: an interdisciplinary involving occupational health and economic factors
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2016
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Author: |
Scharn, M.
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Beek, A.J. van der
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Huisman, M.
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Wind, A. de
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Lindeboom, M.
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Elbers, C.
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Geuskens, G.A.
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Boot, C.
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Keywords: |
Workplace · Workers · Ageing · Netherlands · Retirement · Work and Employment · Healthy Living · Life · WHC - Work, Health and Care · ELSS - Earth, Life and Social Sciences
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Poster gepresenteerd op het congres.
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The association between exposure to psychosocial work factors and mental health in older employees: a three-year follow-up study
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Stay skilled old boy: skills shortage, motivation and pretirement
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The role of personal characteristics, work environment and context in working beyond retirement: a mixed-methods study
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Determinants of working until retirement compared to a transition to early retirement among older workers with and without chronic diseases: Results from a Dutch prospective cohort study
Aim: The ageing society and recent policy changes may lead to an increase of older workers with chronic diseases in the workforce. To date, it is unclear whether workers with chronic diseases have specific needs while employed. The aim of this study is to explore the differences in determinants of working until retirement compared to a reference group who have transitioned to early retirement among workers with and without chronic diseases. Methods: Dutch workers aged 57–62 years (n = 2445) were selected from an existing prospective cohort study, ‘STREAM’. The potential determinants were categorized into: individual, health, work-related and social factors. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the associations between these determinants and working until retirement – once for workers with and once for those without chronic diseases. To test differences, we included an interaction term between the determinant and the covariate ‘having a chronic disease yes/no’ in the analyses of the total population. Results: In total, 1652 (68%) persons were employed from 2011 to 2013. The majority of the determinants appeared to be similar for workers with or without a chronic disease; the interaction terms for these determinants and the covariate ‘having a chronic disease’ showed a p-value higher than 0.05, except for one individual factor (i.e. mastery) and one work-related factor (i.e. autonomy), which showed a p-value below 0.05. Higher mastery and higher autonomy were statistically significantly associated with working until retirement for those with chronic diseases, whereas they were not for those without chronic diseases. Conclusions: Differences between workers with and without chronic diseases may exist for working until a statutory retirement age. Interventions aimed at encouraging work participation of older workers should make a distinction between the two groups. Autonomy at work and mastery were found to be factors that may promote work participation until higher age, specifically for older workers with chronic diseases.
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Development of a new measure for mental retirement; testing of a three-factor structure of mentale retirement in different subgroups
Background. The aim of this study is to develop a new measure for the concept of mental retirement and test the construct validity of the measure. Employees who are ‘mentally retired’ are present at their work physically, but have already said their goodbyes mentally. Mental retirement has a three-factor structure: developmental proactivity, work engagement and perceived appreciation. Methods. We use data from employees (N = 867) of five different organizations in the Netherlands. Mental retirement was assessed with 11 items in an online survey. In addition, socio-demographic characteristics like age, level of education and occupation, were measured. Next to tests of internal consistency, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is performed to test the three-factor structure of mental retirement in this population and in different subgroups (age, education, occupation). Results. The internal consistency varies from .80 to .94 for the developmental proactivity scale and the work engagement scale, respectively (appreciation was measured with one item). For the CFA, the three-factor model fits the data adequately. Multiple group analyses also shows equal factor loadings in all subgroups, but the mean levels of mental retirement differ across subgroups. Conclusions. This study confirms the three-factor model of mental retirement in a general group of employees as well as across different subgroups. However, this study only tested the construct validity. Future research should study validity more extensively and be longitudinal in nature. In addition, the causal chain of antecedent variables to mental retirement and its outcomes should be considered. These studies could also focus on the effects of interventions aiming at preventing or decreasing the level of mental retirement in organizations.
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The association of health and voluntary early retirement pension and the modifying effect of quality of supervision: Results from a Danish register-based follow-up study
Objectives: The aims of this article are to (1) determine whether and to what extent general perceived health and quality of supervision predict voluntary early retirement pension (VERP) and (2) assess whether quality of supervision modifies the association between general perceived health and VERP. Methods: Employees aged 49–64 years who participated in the Danish Work Environment Cohort Study in 2000 were selected. Their questionnaire data about health and work were linked to register data on social transfer payments, among others VERP, from 2001 to 2012 in the Danish Register for Evaluation of Marginalization (N=1167). Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed to identify the prospective association of general perceived health and quality of supervision on VERP. Relative excess risks due to interaction (RERIs) were calculated to assess whether quality of supervision modified the association between health and VERP. Results: Employees with poor health at baseline had an increased risk of VERP during follow-up (hazard ratio [HR]=1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.49). Quality of supervision at baseline was not associated to VERP during follow-up (HR=1.04; 95% CI 0.90–1.21). There was no statistically significant interaction of poor health and poor quality of supervision with regard to risk of VERP (RERI=−0.33; 95% CI −1.79 to 1.14). Conclusions:This study did not support the notion that quality of supervision buffers the association between poor health and VERP. Future research is needed to determine whether other aspects of supervision, for example supervisors’ opportunities to effectuate workplace adjustments, may modify the association of poor health and VERP.
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A life course perspective on working beyond retirement-results from a longitudinal study in the Netherlands
Background There is a societal need that workers prolong their working lives. By adopting a life course perspective, this study aimed to investigate the influence of work motives and motivation, health, job characteristics, skills, and financial and social situation on working beyond retirement, and differences between ‘on time’ and ‘off time’ retirees (retirement age 65 and <65 years, respectively). Methods Retirees aged 57 to 67 years (N = 1,054) who participated in the Dutch Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation were included in this study. Participants filled out a questionnaire in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013. Predictors of working beyond retirement were identified using logistic regression analyses, and stratified analyses were performed to investigate differences between ‘off time’ and ‘on time’ retirees. Results High work engagement (OR = 1.3), good physical health (OR = 1.8), poor financial situation (OR = 2.4), and voluntary work (OR = 1.5) predicted working beyond retirement. For ‘off time’ retirees, no financial possibility to retire early (OR = 1.8) and not having a partner (OR = 1.9) predicted working beyond retirement. ‘On time’ retirees reporting more support at work (OR = 0.7) and without the financial possibility to retire early (OR = 0.5), worked beyond retirement less often. Conclusions The results indicated that especially the motivation to work, physical health and the financial situation were the most relevant aspects with regard to working beyond retirement, which supports the idea that the principle of ‘human agency’ of the life course perspective is useful to understand factors that impact working beyond retirement. Most aspects of the life course principles of ‘linked lives’ and ‘timing’ seemed to be less relevant.
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