Downsizing and the use of timber as embodied carbon reduction strategies for new-build housing

Downsizing and the use of timber as embodied carbon reduction strategies for new-build housing: A partial life cycle assessment

Souaid, C. (TU Delft Urban Development Management)
ten Caat, P.N. (TU Delft Environmental & Climate Design)
Meijer, A. (TU Delft Environmental & Climate Design)
Visscher, H.J. (TU Delft Design & Construction Management)

2024

The 2050 decarbonization goals coupled with the growing housing shortage in Europe intensify the pressure on new-build dwellings to enhance their energy performance. Beyond a zero operational energy, the focus has shifted towards reducing embodied carbon (EC). Against this backdrop, this study investigates the simultaneous impact of downsizing and the use of timber in new-build dwellings, EC reduction strategies seldom explored concurrently. Through partial life cycle assessments, three scenarios are modelled: the Small, Medium, and Large House, with two construction variations for each, comparing a modular timber design to a conventional concrete alternative. Designs are based on dwellings built in Almere, the Netherlands. Data is extracted from the Swiss Ecoinvent database using the TOTEM tool and the static −1/+1 approach for biogenic carbon accounting is adopted. Results show a total EC ranging from 42,608 to 70,384 kgCO2eq for the timber designs versus 54,681 to 91,270 kgCO2eq for their concrete counterparts. Findings suggest that the relationship between house size and EC is sublinear whereby a house twice the size entails less than twice the EC emissions. Only the simultaneous implementation of downsizing and the use of timber achieved 53% carbon savings. The discussion explores implications of outcomes across academic, industry and policy perspectives, challenges in implementing smaller timber dwellings, and study limitations and future research. Beyond its empirical contribution, this paper offers a practical contribution with its hierarchical data analysis approach covering building, element and component. This approach can be implemented by researchers and practitioners alike to inform their design process.

Embodied carbon
Life cycle assessment
Timber construction
Downsizing
House size
Housing

http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ad8e8a0b-7228-4f33-9a86-5b51f774922b

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111285

0360-1323

Building and Environment, 253

Institutional Repository

journal article

© 2024 C. Souaid, P.N. ten Caat, A. Meijer, H.J. Visscher