Ultrafiltration (UF) and biological oxygen-dosed activated carbon (BODAC) filtration to prevent fouling of reversed osmosis (RO) membranes: A mass balance analysis

(Bio)fouling is the most common problem in membrane processes used in water production. It is also a reported unavoidable problem, with mitigation strategies being frequently ineffective in addressing this problem. An ultrapure water plant (UPW) in Emmen (The Netherlands), fed with secondary effluent, comprises the following subsequent...