The ulnar collateral ligament response to valgus stress, repetitive pitching, and elbow muscle contraction in asymptomatic baseball pitchers

Background: In baseball, repetitive pitching leads to medial elbow injuries, particularly to the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL). To prevent pitchers from UCL injuries, it is important to quantify the response to elbow stress. Repetitive elbow external valgus torque and muscular fatigue induced by repetitive pitching could affect markers of...