An integrated approach to implementing opportunity charging for electric buses: A case study of Rotterdam

The introduction of electric buses (EBs) is required in order to achieve global greenhouse emission goals. However, operating an electric bus fleet (EBF) requires careful consideration of both the mobility and energy systems in charging strategies. In literature and in real life many cases show careful consideration of only one of the systems...

Evaluating real-world emissions from in-use buses and taxis using on-road remote sensing

Assessing real-world emissions from buses and taxis is vital to comprehend their impact on urban air quality. Such vehicles differ significantly from the majority of the fleet owing to their higher mileage rates. However, few studies have focused on specifically assessing the emissions from this segment of the vehicle fleet. In this context,...

Opportunity charging: A case study based on real-life public transportation scenarios

Emissions caused by regular vehicles with fossil fuels are problematic for the environment. The integration of electric vehicles in public transportation can potentially cause zero emissions. This paper will focus on the implementation of electric buses together with inductive chargers at bus stops. These chargers will charge the bus battery...

Opportunity Charging of Electric Buses Directly from a DC Metro Catenary and Without Storage

A typical approach to harvesting the excess braking energy of a railway car has been to use a storage system. However, research momentum has been growing in the direction of integrating smart loads like EV chargers into traction networks, and this can offer a more efficient and economical solution to the harvesting of braking energy. This paper...

Transitioning to zero emission buses for public transport in the Netherlands: Bringing together the Multilevel perspective and the Multiple Streams framework to explain sustainability transitions

Zero emission buses (ZEBs) have become an important part of the transition to sustainable urban transport. In 2016 the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment and 14 transport authorities signed a “Zero Emission Regional Public Transport by Bus” administrative agreement, stating that from 2025 onward all new buses must use 100%...

Charging Infrastructures for Electrified Buses: Comparison of Overnight, Opportunity and Flash Charging

Because of increasing awareness amongst people that 퐶푂2 emissions are impacting our environment and climate negatively, governments around the world are taking an increasing amount of measures to try and mitigate this. The transportation sector is identified as one of the sectors whose pollution will only grow in the future. This particular...

A novel linearized power flow approach for transmission and distribution networks

Power flow computations are important for operation and planning of the electricity grid, but are computationally expensive because of nonlinearities and the size of the system of equations. Linearized methods reduce computational time but often have the disadvantage that they are not applicable to general grids. In this paper we propose a novel...

“Apologies for any inconvenience caused”: A better public bus traveller experience: Improving traveller information during disruption

Assessing the potential of automated buses in a public transport network from an operator perspective: a case study in Almere

The accessibility of cities is under pressure in the Netherlands. Automated vehicles are often mentioned as a possible solution for this problem. In this study, the financial feasibility of automated buses is examined from an operator<br/>perspective. A financial model is developed and applied on the bus network of Almere where four different...

An assessment of the willingness to choose a self-driving bus for an urban trip: A public transport user’s perspective

The development of automated vehicles offers advantages for the transportation systems of the future. As a result, new and unknown challenges within the field of transportation arise. Moreover, there are uncertainties within the behavioural responses of travellers and amongst other things, the changes in the modal split within the transportation...

Taking the self-driving bus: A passenger choice experiment

At the brink of the introduction of self-driving vehicles, only little is known about how potential users perceive them. This is especially true for self-driving vehicles deployed in public transport services. In this study, the relative preferences for a trip with a self-driving bus is assessed compared to a trip with a regular bus, based on...

Zero Sequence Currents Externally Circulating between the Back to Back Modular Multilevel Converters in Parallel AC-DC Distribution Links

During the operation of a three line ac link in parallel with a ac-dc-ac link system that employs Back-to-Back (B2B)Medium Voltage Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC), a path for the low frequency zero sequence currents is shown to exist. Apart from causing additional losses, these currents can result in limitations on power capacity. A...

The operations of zero-emission bus transport: How different charging methods and mechanisms at bus stations affect the level of service of public bus transport

A general bus station operations model is developed in order to quantify effects concerning operations, level of service and costs, of different charging methods for electric buses.