Design formula for tetrapod breakage

The paper presents a design formula for Tetrapod armour on a 1:1.5 slope exposed to head-on random wave attack The formula predicts the relative number of broken Tetrapods as function of: the mass of the Tetrapods, the concrete tensile strength and the wave height in front of the structure. Thus, the formula addresses the observed problem of...

The Application of load-cell technique in the study of armour unit responses to impact loads

The slender, complex types of armour units, such as Tetrapods and Dolosse are widely used for rubble mound breakwaters. Many of the recent failures of such structures were caused by unforeseen early breakage of the units, thus revealing an inbalance between the strength (structural integrity) of the units and the hydraulic stability (resistance...