Material Property Changes in Defects Caused by Reverse Bias Exposure of CIGS Solar Cells

Partial shading of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ modules can lead to the formation of reverse bias induced wormlike defects. These wormlike defects act as local shunts and permanently decrease module output. A good understanding of the formation and propagation mechanisms of these defects is needed in order to mitigate the negative effects, or to...

Neutron Imaging of Cadmium Sorption and Transport in Porous Rocks

Understanding fluid flow in rocks is crucial to quantify many natural processes such as ground water flow and naturally triggered seismicity, as well as engineering questions such as displacement of contaminants, the eligibility of subsurface waste storage, geothermal energy usage, oil and gas recovery and artificially induced seismicity. Two...

Efficiency enhancement calculations of state-of-the-art solar cells by luminescent layers with spectral shifting, quantum cutting, and quantum tripling function

Solar cells of which the efficiency is not limited by the Shockley-Queisser limit can be obtained by integrating a luminescent spectral conversion layer into the cell structure. We have calculated the maximum efficiency of state-of-the-art c-Si, pc-Si, a-Si, CdTe, GaAs, CIS, CIGS, CGS, GaSb, and Ge solar cells with and without an integrated...

Titanium nitride: A new Ohmic contact material for n-type CdS

In devices based on CdS, indium is often used to make Ohmic contacts. Since indium is scarce and expensive, suitable replacement materials need to be found. In this work, we show that sputtered titanium nitride forms an Ohmic contact with n-type CdS. The CdS films, deposited with chemical bath deposition, have a hexagonal crystal structure and...

Propagation of a cadmium spill through an impounded river system

In this paper, the influence of impoundments (sluices, weirs, etc.) and stream components (tributaries, river branches, associated canals) on the metal content in water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Dutch part of the River Meuse is assessed using the decrease in the cadmium content of the particulate and dissolved phase during...

Electronic coupling of colloidal CdSe nanocrystals monitored by thin-film positron-electron momentum density methods

The effect of temperature controlled annealing on the confined valence electron states in CdSe nanocrystal arrays, deposited as thin films, was studied using two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation. A reduction in the intensity by ?35% was observed in a feature of the positron annihilation spectrum upon removal of the...

The Einstein relation in quantum wires of III-V, ternary, and quaternary materials in the presence of light waves: Simplified theory, relative comparison, and suggestion for experimental determination

We study the Einstein relation for the diffusivity to mobility ratio (DMR) in quantum wires (QWs) of III-V, ternary, and quaternary materials in the presence of light waves, whose unperturbed energy band structures are defined by the three band model of Kane. It has been found, taking n-InAs, n-InSb, n-Hg1?xCdxTe, n-In1?xGaxAsyP1?y lattice...

Thermoelectric power in carbon nanotubes and quantum wires of nonlinear optical, optoelectronic, and related materials under strong magnetic field: Simplified theory and relative comparison

We study thermoelectric power under strong magnetic field (TPM) in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and quantum wires (QWs) of nonlinear optical, optoelectronic, and related materials. The corresponding results for QWs of III-V, ternary, and quaternary compounds form a special case of our generalized analysis. The TPM has also been investigated in QWs of...

Impact of sedimentation in the Dommel flood plain on heavy metal availability and bioaccumulation in flora and fauna

This report describes the application of the BioChem-DSS, being developed in the EU KP6-programme AquaTerra, BASIN R3 work package, with the aim to assist in the definition and improvement of management options for the Meuse region. A case study was carried out in a flood plain site of the river Dommel, a tributary to the Meuse. The present T0...

Simulation of a tunable optically pumped terahertz intersubband laser with diluted magnetic semiconductors

A simulation of an optically pumped laser based on a ZnSe/Zn1?yCdySe double quantum well with a Zn1?xMnxSe diluted magnetic semiconductor barrier is presented. Giant Zeeman splitting in diluted magnetic semiconductors leads to splitting of electronic states, which in turn leads to tunability of laser wavelength by external magnetic field....

Literatuuronderzoek kwik: Ten behoeve van bioaccumulatie-berekeningen in de Sliedrechtse Biesbosch

The reclanation of improperly cadmium electroplated high strength steel parts

Circumferentially notched round specimens of 4340 type steel have been plated in a galvanic bath known to be embrittling. The specimens were reclaimed by stripping and baking. Half the specimens were replated in a non-embrittling bath. Reclamation did not remove all traces of hydrogen embrittlement, but raised the threshold stress to such a...

Hydrogen embrittlement 0f 4340 steel by cadmium electroplating; interim report no. 1.