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Spatial Design Thinking in Coastal Defence Systems: Overtopping Dikes in Southend-On-Sea

Iuorio, Luca (author), Wüthrich, D. (author), Teng, Djimin (author), Hooimeijer, F.L. (author)

Coastal dikes have been built for millennia to protect inhabited lands from exceptional high tides and storm events. Currently, many European countries are developing specific programs to integrate the construction of new dikes (or the raising of existing ones) into the built environment to face sea level rising. Technical difficulties in...

journal article 2024

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Greening the dike revetment with historic sod transplantation technique in a living lab

van den Hoven, Kim (author), Grashof-Bokdam, Carla J. (author), Slim, Pieter A. (author), Wentholt, Ludolph (author), Peeters, Patrik (author), Depreiter, Davy (author), Koelewijn, André R. (author), Stoorvogel, Marte M. (author), van den Berg, M. (author), Kroeze, Carolien (author), van Loon-Steensma, Jantsje M. (author)

Coastal flood managers seek to anticipate future flood risk and as a result consider the adaptation of flood defences. Instead of crest heightening, dikes can be adapted to include hydrodynamic reducing vegetated foreshores to form a nature-based hybrid flood defence, for instance; at managed realignments. In this study we investigated the...

journal article 2024

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Estimating the effect of assumed initial damage to the hydraulic stability of pattern-placed revetments on dikes using finite element modeling

van der Vegt, N. (author), Klerk, W.J. (author), Peters, D.J. (author), van Gent, M.R.A. (author), Hofland, Bas (author)

Initial damage, caused by previous wave loading or other events, might affect the hydraulic stability of pattern-placed revetments. Three common types of damage are considered in this study. The effect of this assumed initial damage on the hydraulic stability and failure probability of revetments is quantified using a FEM model. This model is...

journal article 2024

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Risk based portfolio planning of dike reinforcements

den Heijer, F. (author), Kok, M. (author)

A system of dikes in flood-prone areas continuously requires measures to mitigate changes such as ageing and climate change. Planning costly measures requires proper insight into system risk effects. Especially in a riverine dike system, the risk contributions of individual assets to the system flood risks are not independent, because...

journal article 2023

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Lime Treatment: Evaluation for Use in Dike Applications in the Netherlands

Konstadinou, M. (author), Herrier, G. (author), Stoutjesdijk, T. (author), Losma, F. (author), Zwanenburg, C. (author), Dobbe, R. (author)

This study aimed to assess the suitability of lime treatment for use in dikes in the Netherlands. The effect of this technique on the behavior of a Dutch clay was addressed by comparing the detailed response of lime-treated and natural samples at different lime contents (1.25% and 2.25%) and curing periods. A series of laboratory tests...

journal article 2023

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Assessment of ductile dike behavior as a novel flood risk reduction measure

den Heijer, F. (author), Kok, M. (author)

Dikes are an effective flood risk reduction measure in deltaic areas. Present risk analyses consist often of decoupled calculations of probabilities of dike failure and calculation of consequences of flooding given dike failure. However, the flood defense design determines not only the probability of failure, but influences the consequences...

journal article 2022

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Stability of a Tidal Marsh Under Very High Flow Velocities and Implications for Nature-Based Flood Defense

Schoutens, Ken (author), Stoorvogel, Marte (author), van den Berg, M. (author), van den Hoven, Kim (author), Bouma, Tjeerd J. (author), Aarninkhof, S.G.J. (author), Herman, P.M.J. (author), van Loon-Steensma, Jantsje M. (author), Meire, Patrick (author)

Nature-based strategies, such as wave attenuation by tidal marshes, are increasingly proposed as a complement to mitigate the risks of failure of engineered flood defense structures such as levees. However, recent analysis of historic coastal storms revealed smaller dike breach dimensions if there were natural, high tidal marshes in front of...

journal article 2022

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Geophysical tomography as a tool to estimate the geometry of soil layers: relevance for the reliability assessment of dikes

Chavez Olalla, J.F. (author), Winkels, T. G. (author), Ngan-Tillard, D.J.M. (author), Heimovaara, T.J. (author)

The geometric variability of soil layers is a large source of uncertainty in the reliability assessment of dikes. Because direct samples of the subsurface soils are often insufficient to capture the complexity of the subsurface, geophysical methods provide a powerful source of complementary information. A combined approach to estimate the...

journal article 2021

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Field measurements of very oblique wave run-up and overtopping with laser scanners

Oosterlo, P. (author), Hofland, Bas (author), van der Meer, J.W. (author), Overduin, Maarten (author), Steendam, Gosse Jan (author)

This paper presents the first field measurements with an innovative laser scanner system, during an actual severe winter storm with very oblique wave attack. The goal of this paper is to validate this innovative system for measuring wave run-up and wave overtopping parameters during storms with very oblique wave attack. The paper describes the...

journal article 2021

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Calibration and preparation of field measurements of oblique wave run-up and overtopping on dikes using laser scanners

Oosterlo, P. (author), Hofland, Bas (author), van der Meer, J.W. (author), Overduin, Maarten (author), Steendam, Gosse Jan (author)

Wave overtopping is typically measured in the field using overtopping tanks. In this paper, an alternative system is developed that uses two laser scanners. The system also measures wave run-up, as well as run-up depths and velocities, both during perpendicular and oblique waves on a dike in the field. The paper considers the first calibration...

journal article 2021

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Improving dike reliability estimates by incorporating construction survival

van der Krogt, M.G. (author), Schweckendiek, T. (author), Kok, M. (author)

During construction of a dike, slope stability often reaches critical levels, due to the excess pore water pressures in the foundation. The loading condition during construction has similarities with the design conditions during flood loading. Not only in terms of the pore water pressures as the main driving force, but also in terms of...

journal article 2021

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Formulating Wave Overtopping at Vertical and Sloping Structures with Shallow Foreshores Using Deep-Water Wave Characteristics

Lashley, Christopher H. (author), Van Der Meer, Jentsje (author), Bricker, J.D. (author), Altomare, Corrado (author), Suzuki, T. (author), Hirayama, Katsuya (author)

The state-of-The-Art formulas for mean wave overtopping (q) assessment typically require wave conditions at the toe of the structure as input. However, for structures built either on land or in very shallow water, obtaining accurate estimates of wave height and period at the structure toe often proves difficult and requires the use of either...

journal article 2021

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Optimal planning of flood defence system reinforcements using a greedy search algorithm

Klerk, W.J. (author), Kanning, W. (author), Kok, M. (author), Wolfert, A.R.M. (author)

Climate change and deterioration require a continuous effort to reinforce flood defences and meet reliability requirements. To efficiently upgrade flood defence systems, insight in costs and benefits of measures at a system level is required throughout the process of planning and design. Due to the size of flood defence systems the number of...

journal article 2021

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An integrated framework of coastal flood modelling under the failures of sea dikes: a case study in Shanghai

Ke, Q. (author), Yin, Jiangshan (author), Bricker, J.D. (author), Savage, Nicholas (author), Buonomo, Erasmo (author), Ye, Qinghua (author), Visser, P.J. (author), Dong, Guangtao (author), Jonkman, Sebastiaan N. (author)

Climate change leads to sea level rise worldwide, as well as increases in the intensity and frequency of tropical cyclones (TCs). Storm surge induced by TC’s, together with spring tides, threatens to cause failure of flood defenses, resulting in massive flooding in low-lying coastal areas. However, limited research has been done on the...

journal article 2021

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Flood risk reduction by parallel flood defences – Case-study of a coastal multifunctional flood protection zone

Marijnissen, Richard J.C. (author), Kok, M. (author), Kroeze, Carolien (author), van Loon-Steensma, J.M. (author)

In this paper the safety of a double-dike system (or twin dikes) is assessed. Such a system consist of two parallel lines of flood defences. During storms the combined strength of the parallel flood defences must prevent flooding of the hinterland. A culvert can be implemented for the tidal exchange of sea water to enable new land-uses in the...

journal article 2021

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An inter-model comparison for wave interactions with sea dikes on shallow foreshores

Gruwez, Vincent (author), Altomare, Corrado (author), Suzuki, T. (author), Streicher, Maximilian (author), Cappietti, Lorenzo (author), Kortenhaus, Andreas (author), Troch, Peter (author)

Three open source wave models are applied in 2DV to reproduce a large-scale wave flume experiment of bichromatic wave transformations over a steep-sloped dike with a mildly-sloped and very shallow foreshore: (i) the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations solver interFoam of OpenFOAM® (OF), (ii) the weakly compressible smoothed particle...

journal article 2020

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Overtopping metrics and coastal safety: A case of study from the catalan coast

Altomare, Corrado (author), Gironella, Xavi (author), Suzuki, T. (author), Viccione, Giacomo (author), Saponieri, Alessandra (author)

Design criteria for coastal defenses exposed to wave overtopping are usually assessed by mean overtopping discharges and maximum individual overtopping volumes. However, it is often difficult to give clear and precise limits of tolerable overtopping for all kinds of layouts. A few studies analyzed the relationship between wave overtopping...

journal article 2020

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Flood Risks in Sinking Delta Cities: Time for a Reevaluation?

Yin, Jie (author), Jonkman, Sebastiaan N. (author), Lin, Ning (author), Yu, Dapeng (author), Aerts, Jeroen (author), Wilby, Robert (author), Pan, Ming (author), Bricker, J.D. (author), Ke, Q. (author)

Sea level rise (SLR) and subsidence are expected to increase the risk of flooding and reliance on flood defenses for cities built on deltas. Here, we combine reliability analysis with hydrodynamic modeling to quantify the effect of projected relative SLR on dike failures and flood hazards for Shanghai, one of the most exposed delta cities. We...

journal article 2020

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The impact of evaporation induced cracks and precipitation on temporal slope stability

Jamalinia, E. (author), Vardon, P.J. (author), Steele-Dunne, S.C. (author)

The stability of a dike is influenced strongly by its water content, via both changing its weight and strength. While safety calculations using both analytical and numerical methods are well studied, the impact of surface boundaries exposed to natural conditions is rarely considered, nor is the fact that this surface is covered in vegetation and...

journal article 2020

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Validation of RANS modelling for wave interactions with sea dikes on shallow foreshores using a large-scale experimental dataset

Gruwez, Vincent (author), Altomare, Corrado (author), Suzuki, T. (author), Streicher, Maximilian (author), Cappietti, Lorenzo (author), Kortenhaus, Andreas (author), Troch, Peter (author)

In this paper, a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations solver, interFoam of OpenFOAM®, is validated for wave interactions with a dike, including a promenade and vertical wall, on a shallow foreshore. Such a coastal defence system is comprised of both an impermeable dike and a beach in front of it, forming the shallow foreshore...

journal article 2020