Configuration of the Actor and Critic Network of the Deep Reinforcement Learning controller for Multi-Energy Storage System

The computational burden and the time required to train a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) can be appreciable, especially for the particular case of a DRL control used for frequency control of multi-electrical energy storage (MEESS). This paper presents an assessment of four training configurations of the actor and critic network to determine...

Modeling and Optimal Tuning of Hybrid ESS Supporting Fast Active Power Regulation of Fully Decoupled Wind Power Generators

The frequency stability of the power system is challenged by the high penetration of power electronic interfaced renewable energy sources (RES). This paper investigates the improvements of the frequency response of fully decoupled wind power generators (FDWG) by proposing a novel generic model implementation of ultracapacitors (UC) within a...

EMT Real-Time Simulation Model of a 2 GW Offshore Renewable Energy Hub Integrating Electrolysers

Due to their weak nature, such as low inertia, offshore energy hubs are prone to unprecedented fast dynamic phenomena. This can lead to undesired instability problems. Recent literature, with main focus on onshore systems, suggests that electrolysers could be an attractive option to support wind generators in the mitigation of balancing problems...

Frequency Support of Fast-Multi-Energy Storage Systems in Low Rotational Inertia Scenarios

Modern power systems are increasing the connection of power electronic converters (PECs), and new inertia-less technologies displace the synchronous generation units. Therefore, the total rotational system inertia is reduced, creating new problems related to the system frequency control and stability. Several mechanisms to enable the PECs with...

FAPI Controller for Frequency Support in Low-Inertia Power Systems

This paper presents different forms of Fast Active Power Injection (FAPI) control schemes for the analysis and development of different mitigation measures to address the frequency stability problem due to the growth of the penetration level of the Power Electronic Interfaced Generation (PEIG) in sustainable interconnected energy systems. Among...

Controller to enable the enhanced frequency response services from a multi-electrical energy storage system

The increased adoption of renewable energy generation is reducing the inertial response of the Great Britain (GB) power system, which translates into larger frequency variations in both transient and pseudo-steady-state operation. To help mitigate this, National Grid, the transmission system operator in GB, has designed a control scheme...