A bi-level framework for heterogeneous fleet sizing of ride-hailing services considering an approximated mixed equilibrium between automated and non-automated traffic

Ride-hailing companies will face the emergence and gradual expansion of AVs-only zones in urban areas where only automated vehicles (AVs) are allowed to circulate. When owning a mixed fleet (automated and conventional taxis), a ride-hailing company has to determine the optimal fleet size as a function of the gradually expanding coverage of...