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Hariharan Sudha, S. (author), Ragno, E. (author), Morales Napoles, O. (author), Kok, M. (author)The Netherlands has traditionally focused on managing flood risk. However, the frequent occurrence of droughts in recent years has brought attention to managing both extremes. Transitions between these opposite extremes pose additional challenges to water management, requiring a trade-off between water storage during dry periods and flood...journal article 2024
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Endendijk, Thijs (author), Botzen, W.J. Wouter (author), de Moel, Hans (author), Slager, Kymo (author), Kok, M. (author), Aerts, Jeroen C.J.H. (author)Without taking additional measures, flooding is becoming more likely and intense in a changing climate, which causes large economic damage. Households and firms are directly impacted by physical flood damage, but further ripple effects on society occur through business disruptions. By using post-disaster survey data from the 2021 flood event in...journal article 2024
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den Heijer, F. (author), Kok, M. (author)A system of dikes in flood-prone areas continuously requires measures to mitigate changes such as ageing and climate change. Planning costly measures requires proper insight into system risk effects. Especially in a riverine dike system, the risk contributions of individual assets to the system flood risks are not independent, because...journal article 2023
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Kok, M. (author), Slager, Kymo (author), de Moel, Hans (author), Botzen, Wouter (author), de Bruijn, Karin (author), Wagenaar, Dennis (author), Rikkert, S.J.H. (author), Koks, Elco (author), van Ginkel, Kees (author)The floods in the Netherlands in the summer of 2021 led to severe economic damage and losses in the affected area. A first estimate in September 2021 showed that more than 2,500 houses, more than 5,000 inhabitants and around 600 businesses were affected. Using the Dutch standard Flood Damage and Loss Model (SSM2017), and based on figures from...journal article 2023
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Klerk, W.J. (author), van Bergeijk, Vera (author), Kanning, W. (author), Wolfert, A.R.M. (author), Kok, M. (author)The condition of flood defence revetments is influenced by many different degradation processes such as animal burrowing, rutting and growth of weeds. Many of these processes are shock-based rather than progressive continuous. As shocks can cause a drop in performance, this means that the condition of a revetment can suddenly decrease,...journal article 2023
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Endendijk, Thijs (author), Botzen, W. J. Wouter (author), de Moel, Hans (author), Aerts, Jeroen C. J. H. (author), Slager, Kymo (author), Kok, M. (author)Flood events are expected to increase in their frequency and severity, which results in higher flood risk without additional adaptation measures. The information gained from flood risk models is essential in effective disaster risk management. However, vulnerability estimations are often a large driver of uncertainty, and flood damage is...journal article 2023
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Pol, J.C. (author), Kindermann, P.E. (author), van der Krogt, M.G. (author), van Bergeijk, Vera M. (author), Remmerswaal, G. (author), Kanning, W. (author), Jonkman, Sebastiaan N. (author), Kok, M. (author)Structural reliability analysis often considers failure mechanisms as correlated but non-interacting processes. Interacting failure mechanisms affect each others performance, and thereby the system reliability. We describe such interactions in the context of flood defenses, and analyze under which conditions such interactions have a large impact...journal article 2023
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Endendijk, Thijs (author), Botzen, W.J. Wouter (author), de Moel, Hans (author), Aerts, Jeroen C.J.H. (author), Duijndam, Sem J. (author), Slager, Kymo (author), Kolen, B. (author), Kok, M. (author)This study provides an overview of the impact of the 2021 Summer floods in the Netherlands and the assessment of the effectiveness of various adaptation measures, evacuation strategies, and their impact on society. The floods were characterized by record rainfall in the cross-border region of the Meuse and Rhine basins and resulted in...journal article 2023
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den Heijer, F. (author), Kok, M. (author)Dikes are an effective flood risk reduction measure in deltaic areas. Present risk analyses consist often of decoupled calculations of probabilities of dike failure and calculation of consequences of flooding given dike failure. However, the flood defense design determines not only the probability of failure, but influences the consequences...journal article 2022
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Rongen, G.W.F. (author), Morales Napoles, O. (author), Kok, M. (author)The Wettelijk Beoordelingsinstrumentarium (WBI) is the legal set of instruments for flood risk analysis in the Netherlands. Often, engineers have the impression that some failure probabilities of flood defenses resulting from these instruments are overestimated. In an effort to better estimate the failure probabilities of dikes along the...journal article 2022
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Klerk, W.J. (author), Kanning, W. (author), Kok, M. (author), Wolfert, A.R.M. (author)Climate change and deterioration require a continuous effort to reinforce flood defences and meet reliability requirements. To efficiently upgrade flood defence systems, insight in costs and benefits of measures at a system level is required throughout the process of planning and design. Due to the size of flood defence systems the number of...journal article 2021
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Klerk, W.J. (author), Kanning, W. (author), Kok, M. (author), Bronsveld, J. (author), Wolfert, A.R.M. (author)Prioritisation of flood defence maintenance is typically based on visual inspection. However, literature shows that the Probability of Detection (PoD) of visual inspection can vary significantly. Here we investigate the PoD for visual inspections of flood defence structures, the consistency of damage classification, and the influence of...journal article 2021
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Marijnissen, Richard J.C. (author), Kok, M. (author), Kroeze, Carolien (author), van Loon-Steensma, J.M. (author)In this paper the safety of a double-dike system (or twin dikes) is assessed. Such a system consist of two parallel lines of flood defences. During storms the combined strength of the parallel flood defences must prevent flooding of the hinterland. A culvert can be implemented for the tidal exchange of sea water to enable new land-uses in the...journal article 2021
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Curran, A.N. (author), de Bruijn, K.M. (author), Domeneghetti, Alessio (author), Bianchi, Federica (author), Kok, M. (author), Vorogushyn, Sergiy (author), Castellarin, Attilio (author)Reliable hazard analysis is crucial in the flood risk management of river basins. For the floodplains of large, developed rivers, flood hazard analysis often needs to account for the complex hydrology of multiple tributaries and the potential failure of dikes. Estimating this hazard using deterministic methods ignores two major aspects of...journal article 2020
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Marijnissen, Richard (author), Esselink, Peter (author), Kok, M. (author), Kroeze, Carolien (author), van Loon-Steensma, J.M. (author)Effective adaptation to sea-level rise is critical for future flood protection. Nature-based solutions including salt marshes have been proposed to naturally enhance coastal infrastructure. A gently sloping grass-covered dike (i.e. Wide Green Dike) can be strengthened with clay accumulating locally in the salt marsh. This study explores the...journal article 2020
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Marijnissen, Richard (author), Kok, M. (author), Kroeze, Carolien (author), van Loon-Steensma, J.M. (author)Integrating natural components in flood defence infrastructure can add resilience to sea-level rise. Natural foreshores can keep pace with sea-level rise by accumulating sediment and attenuate waves before reaching the adjacent flood defences. In this study we address how natural foreshores affect the future need for dike heightening. A...journal article 2020
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Klerk, W.J. (author), Schweckendiek, T. (author), den Heijer, Frank (author), Kok, M. (author)One of the most rapidly emerging measures in infrastructure asset management is Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), which aims at reducing uncertainty in structural performance by using monitoring equipment. As earthen flood defence structures typically have large strength uncertainties, such techniques can be particularly promising. However,...journal article 2019
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Curran, A.N. (author), de Bruijn, Karin M. (author), Klerk, W.J. (author), Kok, M. (author)To make informed flood risk management (FRM) decisions in large protected river systems, flood risk and hazard analyses should include the potential for dike breaching. 'Load interdependency' analyses attempt to include the system-wide effects of dike breaching while accounting for the uncertainty of both river loads and dike fragility. The...journal article 2019
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Kok, M. (author), van de Riet, O. (author), Walker, W.E. (author)Here we examine whether a study conducted 25 years ago (1992) would have had different conclusions if concepts and analytical methods developed since then had been used. The 1992 problem was to identify a strategy for reducing flood risk in the Netherlands by, for example, strengthening the river dikes against the risk of flooding. Since then,...journal article 2019
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Lendering, K.T. (author), Sebastian, Antonia (author), Jonkman, Sebastiaan N. (author), Kok, M. (author)The application of risk-based approaches for the design of flood infrastructure has become increasingly common in flood management. This approach, based on risk reduction and reliability, is used to assess the performance of conventional interventions (e.g., flood defences and dams) and to support decisions regarding their implementation....journal article 2018
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