Simulating interaction between level ice and conical structures with a 2D lattice model

Structures with a downward sloping waterline shape in Arctic or sub-Arctic regions experience reduced loading from ice on the structure and its foundation compared to vertical structures as the slope causes the ice to fail in bending. For the design of these structures, a numerical model is desired that can predict the loading from the ice on...

Steady state response of a granular layer to a moving load - A discrete model

This paper discusses the steady state response of a rigidly supported, granular layer to a moving load. Accordingly, the dynamic behaviour of a ballast layer under an instantaneous train axle passage is simulated, where the rigid support reflects a substratum that is much stiffer than the ballast layer, e.g. ballast in a concrete railway tunnel...