Scour below the toe of breakwaters: Investigation of scour formation through a geometrically open filter configuration located at the toe of a rubble mound breakwater lying upon sand

Scour formation at the toe of a rubble mound breakwater can lead to abrupt failure. Nowadays, counteraction of scour via geometrically closed filter rules, geotextiles or combinations is the common practice. Alternatively, in specific cases the use of geometrically open filters can save significant amount of time and decrease constructional...