Probabilistic analysis of soil: Diaphragm wall friction used for value engineering of deep excavation, north/south metro Amsterdam

The excavation of deep building pits often requires a check against failure by uplift of low permeability ground layers below excavation level. Whenever the weight of these soil layers is less than the pore-water pressure underneath, measures to resist buoyancy are to be considered. The measures most commonly adopted include: decreasing the...