The influence of deviating conditions on levee failure rates

This study introduces a method for assessing the annual failure rate of levees based on information from historical floods, while also considering the return period of these past events. Also, an approach has been developed to quantify the influence of deviating conditions on failure rates. The presence of deviating conditions at failed and...

How the absorber thickness influences the formation of reverse bias induced defects in CIGS solar cells

When a PV module is partially shaded, the shaded solar cells operate in a reverse bias condition. For Cu(In,Ga)Se2 cells this condition can cause defects that irreversibly reduce the output of these cells and the full module. In order to design robust shade-tolerant CIGS modules details need to be known of the conditions at which these...

Optimisation of NB-IoT deployment for smart energy distribution networks

A suitability assessment and performance optimisation is presented of narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) cellular technology for use in smart energy distribution networks. The focus is on the reliable and timely delivery of outage restoration and management (ORM) messages at the event of a local or regional power outage. Both the cellular...