External Human-Machine Interfaces can fail! An examination of trust development and misuse in a large CAVE-based pedestrian simulation environment

<b>Aim:</b> In this study, we aimed to investigate pedestrians’ trust, crossing behaviour, and misuse of an automated vehicle (AV) equipped with an external human-machine interface (eHMI). We hypothesized that participants’ trust would drop to a low level when the eHMI fails (i.e., the eHMI turns on, but the vehicle does not brake), followed by...