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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Kumar, Kavisha (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)CityGML is the most important international standard used to model cities and landscapes in 3D with extensive semantics. Compared to BIM standards such as IFC, CityGML models are usually less detailed but they cover a much greater spatial extent. They are also available in any of five standardized levels of detail. CityGML serves as an exchange...book chapter 2018
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Elevation datasets (e.g. point clouds) are an essential but often unavailable ingredient for the construction of 3D city models. We investigate in this paper to what extent can 3D city models be generated solely from 2D data without elevation measurements. We show that it is possible to predict the height of buildings from 2D data (their...journal article 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)‘Level of Detail’ (LoD) is een veel gebruikt begrip in de 3D-geoinformatie wereld. Het detailniveauvan 3D-data speelt een rol bij de verschillende stappen in de 3D informatie keten, van inwinning tot gebruik. LoD is ook een van de belangrijkste basisprincipes van de internationale standaard CityGML, waarop de optionele 3D uitbreiding van IMGeo...journal article 2017
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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Diakite, A.A. (author), Krijnen, Thomas (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Geographic information and building information modelling both model buildings and infrastructure, but the way in which they are modelled is usually complimentary and BIM-GIS integration is widely considered as a way forward for both domains. For one, more detailed BIM data can feed more general GIS data and GIS data can provide the context...conference paper 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Heuvelink, GBM (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)There has been a great deal of research about errors in geographic information and how they affect spatial analyses. A typical GIS process introduces various types of errors at different stages, and such errors usually propagate into errors in the result of a spatial analysis. However, most studies consider only a single error type thus...journal article 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)3D city models are characterised by the level of detail (LOD), which indicates their spatio-semantic complexity. Modelling data in finer LODs results in visually appealing models and opens the door for more applications, but that is at the expense of increased costs of acquisition, and larger storage footprint. In this paper we investigate...book chapter 2017
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Ploeger, H.D. (author), Roes, Ruben (author), van der Riet, Els (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Kok, Dirco (author), Kim, S. (author)This article reports on the first 3D cadastral registration in The Netherlands, accomplished in March 2016. The solution was sought within the current cadastral, organisational, and technical frameworks to obtain a deeper knowledge on the optimal way of implementing 3D registration, while avoiding discussions between experts from different...journal article 2017
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Du, X. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Soon, Kean Huat (author), Khoo, Victor (author)To be used as input in most simulation and modelling software, 3D city models should be geometrically and topologically valid, and semantically rich. We investigate in this paper what is the quality of currently available CityGML datasets, i.e. we validate the geometry/topology of the 3D primitives (Solid and MultiSurface), and we validate...conference paper 2016
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Ploeger, H.D. (author), Roes, Ruben (author), van der Riet, Els (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author)This paper reports on the first 3D cadastral registration of multi-level ownerships rights in the Netherlands, which was accomplished in March 2016. It is the result of a study that was undertaken from 2013 to 2015 to determine how insight about multi-level ownership can be provided in 3D by the cadastral registration. The solution was sought...conference paper 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The production and dissemination of semantic 3D city models is rapidly increasing benefiting a growing number of use cases. However, their availability in multiple LODs and in the CityGML format is still problematic in practice. This hinders applications and experiments where multi-LOD datasets are required as input, for instance, to determine...conference paper 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Peters, R.Y. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The remote estimation of a region’s population has for decades been a key application of geographic information science in demography. Most studies have used 2D data (maps, satellite imagery) to estimate population avoiding field surveys and questionnaires. As the availability of semantic 3D city models is constantly increasing, we investigate...journal article 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Vosselman, G. (author)The level of detail (LOD) of a 3D city model indicates the model's grade and usability. However, there exist multiple valid variants of each LOD. As a consequence, the LOD concept is inconclusive as an instruction for the acquisition of 3D city models. For instance, the top surface of an LOD1 block model may be modelled at the eaves of a...journal article 2016
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Stoter, J.E. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Zlatanova, S. (author), Biljecki, F. (author)This paper summarises the on going research activities of the 3D Geoinformation Group at the Delft University of Technology. The main challenge underpinning the research of this group is providing clean and appropriate 3D data about our environment in order to serve a wide variety of applications. The research aims at designing, developing and...conference paper 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The level of detail (LOD) concept of the OGC standard CityGML 2.0 is intended to differentiate multi-scale representations of semantic 3D city models. The concept is in practice principally used to indicate the geometric detail of a model, primarily of buildings. Despite the popularity and the general acceptance of this categorisation, we argue...journal article 2016
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Biljecki, F. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Zlatanova, S. (author), Coltekin, A. (author)In the last decades, 3D city models appear to have been predominantly used for visualisation; however, today they are being increasingly employed in a number of domains and for a large range of tasks beyond visualisation. In this paper, we seek to understand and document the state of the art regarding the utilisation of 3D city models across...journal article 2015
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Peters, R. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Biljecki, F. (author)Visibility analysis is an important application of 3D GIS data. Current approaches require 3D city models that are often derived from detailed aerial point clouds. We present an approach to visibility analysis that does not require a city model but works directly on the point cloud. Our approach is based on the medial axis transform, which...conference paper 2015
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Arroyo Ohori, G.A.K. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Biljecki, F. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The various levels of detail (LODs) of a 3D city model are often stored independently, without links between the representations of the same object, causing inconsistencies, as well as update and maintenance problems. One solution to this problem is to model the LOD as an extra geometric dimension perpendicular to the three spatial ones,...journal article 2015
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)Cities are increasingly adopting 3D city models for 3D visualisation, computing solar panel potential of roofs, and other applications. In a similar way to traditional maps, 3D models are an abstraction of the real world: certain elements are simplifi ed or omitted. The amount of detail that is captured in a 3D model, both in terms of geometry...journal article 2014
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The CityGML standard enables the modelling of some topological relationships, and the representation in multiple levels of detail (LODs). However, both concepts are rarely utilised in reality. In this paper we investigate the linking of corresponding geometric features across multiple representations. We describe the possible topological cases,...conference paper 2014
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Biljecki, F. (author), Ledoux, H. (author), Stoter, J.E. (author)The geometry of the LOD1 block model of CityGML may be represented in a multitude of valid variants, e.g. it may represent individual buildings or aggregated blocks. The geometric representations within each of these, such as the reference of the footprint of a building, are not standardised in CityGML and are not informed in the metadata. The...conference paper 2014
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