The construction sector plays a significant role in the environment, and concrete structures constitute a substantial portion of this sector. The government is actively seeking ways to reduce the environmental impact of construction activities by promoting a more sustainable approach. In the Netherlands, a considerable number of repetitive cellular residential buildings are constructed using the tunnel formwork building method. Although this method can be enhanced in terms of sustainability by utilizing environmentally friendly cement mixtures, it poses challenges, such as an increase in execution time. This research aims to explore a more sustainable approach to the tunnel formwork building method while devising strategies to maintain the same execution time as before.
The tunnel formwork building method operates with a 24-hour daily execution cycle. During the initial 8 hours, the formwork, reinforcement, and installations are set up, followed by pouring concrete at the end of the day. After 16 hours, the concrete attains sufficient strength for the formwork to be dismantled, allowing it to be placed on the next grid. This approach results in rapid construction, high-quality output, and cost-effectiveness. However, a significant drawback is the reliance on CEM I mixtures, which consist of approximately 100\% Portland cement, contributing to substantial greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact. Blended cement mixtures, such as CEM II and CEM III, offer more environmentally friendly alternatives by incorporating lower percentages of Portland cement blended with fly ash or blast furnace slag. Despite their environmental benefits, these mixtures exhibit a slower strength development, making it challenging to achieve a hardening time of 16 hours.
In pursuit of a dependable and sustainable approach to the tunnel formwork building method that preserves the 24-hour daily cycle, the research question is articulated as follows: "What concrete mixtures and execution strategies can be applied in the Netherlands to diminish the environmental impact of the traditional tunnel formwork building method, utilizing sustainable cement mixtures, while upholding existing advantages in time, cost, and quality?" This research question will guide the exploration of optimal concrete mixtures and execution measures for implementing sustainable cement mixtures within the tunnel formwork building method, while ensuring the continuity of the daily execution cycle.
In addressing this research question, an Excel calculation sheet has been developed. This sheet serves to compute the material costs, shadow costs, and formwork removal time associated with specific modifications in the design, concrete mixture, and additional execution measures for the tunnel formwork building method. The calculation sheet offers flexibility with three grid sizes: 4.5m, 6.0m, and 7.2m. It incorporates various concrete properties, such as the cement mixture (CEM I, CEM II, or CEM III), w/c ratio (0.45 or 0.55), aggregate types (fine and coarse), Blaine value (300 or 400$m^2/kg$), and admixtures (basic and additional). Additionally, the calculation sheet allows for adjustments in seasonal conditions, with options for summer (20°C) or winter (10°C)...