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Design feedback has the potential to either benefit or impede pupils’ creative design processes and the output they produce. When used effectively, critical comments and questions can support pupils’ creative thinking processes by encouraging both generative and evaluative thinking abilities. Despite the apparent benefits that feedback practices can bring to the creative processes in design and technology classrooms, it is not always easy to create valuable and constructive feedback exchanges. Difficulties have been observed, with the giver in constructing feedback and the receiver in handling and utilising this feedback. Furthermore, the pupils using the design feedback rarely happens without guidance; therefore, it is particularly important to develop the feedback capabilities of both the feedback giver and the feedback receiver. There has been little research focusing on generating practical pedagogical guidance on how to implement effective design feedback practices. The general feedback literature provides insights that are often not directly translatable to creative contexts and studies on design feedback practices at a university level often do not focus on its pedagogical guidance. In this chapter, the author therefore discusses how both teachers and pupils can be supported to foster effective feedback practices in design and technology classrooms.
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Design feedback has the potential to either benefit or impede pupils’ creative design processes and the output they produce. When used effectively, critical comments and questions can support pupils’ creative thinking processes by encouraging both generative and evaluative thinking abilities. Despite the apparent benefits that feedback practices can bring to the creative processes in design and technology classrooms, it is not always easy to create valuable and constructive feedback exchanges. Difficulties have been observed, with the giver in constructing feedback and the receiver in handling and utilising this feedback. Furthermore, the pupils using the design feedback rarely happens without guidance; therefore, it is particularly important to develop the feedback capabilities of both the feedback giver and the feedback receiver. There has been little research focusing on generating practical pedagogical guidance on how to implement effective design feedback practices. The general feedback literature provides insights that are often not directly translatable to creative contexts and studies on design feedback practices at a university level often do not focus on its pedagogical guidance. In this chapter, the author therefore discusses how both teachers and pupils can be supported to foster effective feedback practices in design and technology classrooms.
Collision Risk-Aware Launch Planning
Design and Validation of a Collision on Launch Avoidance Tool
Rapid expansion of satellite and debris populations in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) intensifies the risk posed to and by launch activities. Regulatory authorities require mitigation of this risk through Collision on Launch Avoidance (COLA) practices by imposing thresholds on the accepted probability of collision (PoC). While Conjunction Assessment (CA) for operational satellites is deeply analysed in the literature, limited research addresses the launch phase, where state-uncertainty predictions are large and irreducible.
Developed in collaboration with Rocket Factory Augsburg (RFA), this research set out to investigate a COLA methodology that reliably assesses collision risk under large trajectory uncertainties. This was achieved by evaluating the validity of traditional CA assumptions under launch conditions for a representative polar orbit trajectory and estimating the operational reliability of various PoC metrics in terms of missed detections and false alarms.
Results indicate that while standard CA assumptions generally hold, single-Gaussian uncertainty overestimates launch dispersions, causing traditional risk metrics to be affected by probability dilution. Conversely, modelling launcher uncertainty with Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) improves operational reliability. Ultimately, this work provides a structured and reproducible validation framework to assess collision risks during launch operations. ...
Developed in collaboration with Rocket Factory Augsburg (RFA), this research set out to investigate a COLA methodology that reliably assesses collision risk under large trajectory uncertainties. This was achieved by evaluating the validity of traditional CA assumptions under launch conditions for a representative polar orbit trajectory and estimating the operational reliability of various PoC metrics in terms of missed detections and false alarms.
Results indicate that while standard CA assumptions generally hold, single-Gaussian uncertainty overestimates launch dispersions, causing traditional risk metrics to be affected by probability dilution. Conversely, modelling launcher uncertainty with Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) improves operational reliability. Ultimately, this work provides a structured and reproducible validation framework to assess collision risks during launch operations. ...
Rapid expansion of satellite and debris populations in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) intensifies the risk posed to and by launch activities. Regulatory authorities require mitigation of this risk through Collision on Launch Avoidance (COLA) practices by imposing thresholds on the accepted probability of collision (PoC). While Conjunction Assessment (CA) for operational satellites is deeply analysed in the literature, limited research addresses the launch phase, where state-uncertainty predictions are large and irreducible.
Developed in collaboration with Rocket Factory Augsburg (RFA), this research set out to investigate a COLA methodology that reliably assesses collision risk under large trajectory uncertainties. This was achieved by evaluating the validity of traditional CA assumptions under launch conditions for a representative polar orbit trajectory and estimating the operational reliability of various PoC metrics in terms of missed detections and false alarms.
Results indicate that while standard CA assumptions generally hold, single-Gaussian uncertainty overestimates launch dispersions, causing traditional risk metrics to be affected by probability dilution. Conversely, modelling launcher uncertainty with Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) improves operational reliability. Ultimately, this work provides a structured and reproducible validation framework to assess collision risks during launch operations.
Developed in collaboration with Rocket Factory Augsburg (RFA), this research set out to investigate a COLA methodology that reliably assesses collision risk under large trajectory uncertainties. This was achieved by evaluating the validity of traditional CA assumptions under launch conditions for a representative polar orbit trajectory and estimating the operational reliability of various PoC metrics in terms of missed detections and false alarms.
Results indicate that while standard CA assumptions generally hold, single-Gaussian uncertainty overestimates launch dispersions, causing traditional risk metrics to be affected by probability dilution. Conversely, modelling launcher uncertainty with Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) improves operational reliability. Ultimately, this work provides a structured and reproducible validation framework to assess collision risks during launch operations.
The reduction of trailing edge noise can be achieved through the use of porous trailing edges. It has been found that the unsteady interaction between the suction and pressure side of the airfoil is of relevance for noise reduction. Therefore, this study aims at investigating such ow physics. The proposed numerical setup consists of two vertically stacked temporally developing channel ows (4 ˇ (2 + t) ˇ 4, where and t are the half-charnnel height and the porous medium thickness respectively). The ow eld is solved using the lattice Boltzmann method through PowerFLOW. The two channel ows communicate through a fully resolved porous medium. In this work, the porous medium is a 75% porous Schwarz' P triply periodic minimal surface. Results show span-wise coherent turbulent structures developing on both sides of the porous medium. This is consistent with previous work on turbulent channels over porous media which enable ow in the stream-wise direction. However, the communication between both turbulent boundary layers results in these span-wise structures to be out-of-phase on either side of the permeable material. This phenomenon occurs at a frequency range where the noise reduction of porous trailing edges is the highest when compared to previous studies. A shift in turbulent kinetic energy carrying scales, with more energy being present in larger scales, is also observed. It can be concluded that this would increase the likelihood of interference occurring in the various locations of hydrodynamic pressure uctuation scattering and as such increase the noise reduction of porous trailing edges.
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The reduction of trailing edge noise can be achieved through the use of porous trailing edges. It has been found that the unsteady interaction between the suction and pressure side of the airfoil is of relevance for noise reduction. Therefore, this study aims at investigating such ow physics. The proposed numerical setup consists of two vertically stacked temporally developing channel ows (4 ˇ (2 + t) ˇ 4, where and t are the half-charnnel height and the porous medium thickness respectively). The ow eld is solved using the lattice Boltzmann method through PowerFLOW. The two channel ows communicate through a fully resolved porous medium. In this work, the porous medium is a 75% porous Schwarz' P triply periodic minimal surface. Results show span-wise coherent turbulent structures developing on both sides of the porous medium. This is consistent with previous work on turbulent channels over porous media which enable ow in the stream-wise direction. However, the communication between both turbulent boundary layers results in these span-wise structures to be out-of-phase on either side of the permeable material. This phenomenon occurs at a frequency range where the noise reduction of porous trailing edges is the highest when compared to previous studies. A shift in turbulent kinetic energy carrying scales, with more energy being present in larger scales, is also observed. It can be concluded that this would increase the likelihood of interference occurring in the various locations of hydrodynamic pressure uctuation scattering and as such increase the noise reduction of porous trailing edges.
Laser communication is seen as the future of high-speed communication in space and a potential key technology for the future. This is due to low beam divergence, around three orders of magnitude less than that of for similarly sized microwave based radio frequency systems. This allows higher signal-to-noise ratios due to increased signal power transferred. Additionally, the reduced beam divergence implies no overlap with other optical links, eliminating cross interference. As a result, laser communication can leverage larger bandwidths. Nevertheless, low beam divergence has also meant that laser communication until now has been point-to-point, limiting scalability and reducing reliability. Multi-beam laser communication terminals (MBTs) offer point-to-multipoint laser communication, implying a scalable solution to bringing this technology into globally available networks....
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Laser communication is seen as the future of high-speed communication in space and a potential key technology for the future. This is due to low beam divergence, around three orders of magnitude less than that of for similarly sized microwave based radio frequency systems. This allows higher signal-to-noise ratios due to increased signal power transferred. Additionally, the reduced beam divergence implies no overlap with other optical links, eliminating cross interference. As a result, laser communication can leverage larger bandwidths. Nevertheless, low beam divergence has also meant that laser communication until now has been point-to-point, limiting scalability and reducing reliability. Multi-beam laser communication terminals (MBTs) offer point-to-multipoint laser communication, implying a scalable solution to bringing this technology into globally available networks....
The natural world is shaped by ecological networks. In all geographical contexts, species coexist and interact with other species, in often complex synergistic or antagonistic ways. This interplay is also apparent at the microbial scale. In the human gut microbiome, for example, dozens of species carve out any available niche to access nutrients, allowing them to persist. To do this, they can form mutualistic alliances with other species, feed on their metabolic products or exploit alliances between other species by intercepting their exchanged nutrients. Such complex networks confer stability by reducing the possibility of opportunistic species taking over, enable formation of new products, and make near-complete use of all available nutrients. Microbial co-cultures exhibiting these advantages are ubiquitous in food fermentation processes, where they have for millennia been used to ferment bread, beer, tea leaves, and milk. In modern food fermentation processes, co-cultures often comprise a defined selection of species and strains, optimized for the intended application....
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The natural world is shaped by ecological networks. In all geographical contexts, species coexist and interact with other species, in often complex synergistic or antagonistic ways. This interplay is also apparent at the microbial scale. In the human gut microbiome, for example, dozens of species carve out any available niche to access nutrients, allowing them to persist. To do this, they can form mutualistic alliances with other species, feed on their metabolic products or exploit alliances between other species by intercepting their exchanged nutrients. Such complex networks confer stability by reducing the possibility of opportunistic species taking over, enable formation of new products, and make near-complete use of all available nutrients. Microbial co-cultures exhibiting these advantages are ubiquitous in food fermentation processes, where they have for millennia been used to ferment bread, beer, tea leaves, and milk. In modern food fermentation processes, co-cultures often comprise a defined selection of species and strains, optimized for the intended application....