For electricity grids with an increasing share of intermittent renewables, the power generation mix can have significant daily variations. This leads to time-dependent emission intensities and volatile electricity prices in the day-ahead and spot market tariffs that can be better utilised by energy intensive industries such as water supply utilities. A multi-objective optimisation method for scheduling the operation of pumps is investigated in this paper for the reduction of both electricity costs and greenhouse gas emissions for a benchmark water distribution system. A set of energy supply scenarios has been formulated based on future projections from National Grid plc (UK) in order to investigate the range of cost savings and emission reductions that could be possibly achieved. Pump scheduling options with fixed time-of-use and day ahead market tariffs are analysed in order to compare potential reduction tradeoffs for both electricity costs and greenhouse gas emissions using Pareto optimality. The presented analysis concludes that the explicit inclusion of greenhouse gas emission reductions in optimising the scheduling of pumps operation in water distribution systems could provide considerable benefits; however, more compelling fiscal and regulatory incentives are needed.@en

Water utilities can achieve significant savings in operating costs by optimising pump scheduling to improve efficiency and shift electricity consumption to low-tariff periods. Due to the complexity of the optimal scheduling problem, heuristic methods that cannot guarantee global optimality are often applied. This paper investigates formulations of the pump scheduling problem solved using a branch and bound method. Piecewise linear component approximations outperform non-linear approximations within application driven accuracy bounds and demand uncertainties. It is shown that the reduction of symmetry through the grouping of pumps significantly reduces the computational effort, whereas loops in the network have the opposite effect. The computational effort of including convex, non-linear pump operating, and maintenance cost functions is investigated. Using case studies, it is shown that linear and fixed-cost functions can be used to find schedules which, when simulated in a full hydraulic simulation, have performances that are within the solver optimality gap and the uncertainty of demand forecasts.@en

Significant changes in the power generation mix are posing new challenges for the balancing systems of the grid. Many of these challenges are in the secondary electricity grid regulation services and could be met through demand response (DR) services. We explore the opportunities for a water distribution system (WDS) to provide balancing services with demand response through pump scheduling and evaluate the associated benefits. Using a benchmark network and demand response mechanisms available in the UK, these benefits are assessed in terms of reduced green house gas (GHG) emissions from the grid due to the displacement of more polluting power sources and additional revenues for water utilities. The optimal pump scheduling problem is formulated as a mixed-integer optimisation problem and solved using a branch and bound algorithm. This new formulation finds the optimal level of power capacity to commit to the provision of demand response for a range of reserve energy provision and frequency response schemes offered in the UK. For the first time we show that DR from WDS can offer financial benefits to WDS operators while providing response energy to the grid with less greenhouse gas emissions than competing reserve energy technologies. Using a Monte Carlo simulation based on data from 2014, we demonstrate that the cost of providing the storage energy is less than the financial compensation available for the equivalent energy supply. The GHG emissions from the demand response provision from a WDS are also shown to be smaller than those of contemporary competing technologies such as open cycle gas turbines. The demand response services considered vary in their response time and duration as well as commitment requirements. The financial viability of a demand response service committed continuously is shown to be strongly dependent on the utilisation of the pumps and the electricity tariffs used by water utilities. Through the analysis of range of water demand scenarios and financial incentives using real market data, we demonstrate how a WDS can participate in a demand response scheme and generate financial gains and environmental benefits.@en

The operation of pump systems in water distribution systems (WDS) is commonly the most expensive task for utilities with up to 70% of the operating cost of a pump system attributed to electricity consumption. Optimisation of pump scheduling could save 10-20% by improving efficiency or shifting consumption to periods with low tariffs. Due to the complexity of the optimal control problem, heuristic methods which cannot guarantee optimality are often applied. To facilitate the use of mathematical optimisation this paper investigates formulations of WDS components. We show that linear approximations outperform non-linear approximations, while maintaining comparable levels of accuracy.@en

Increasingly more variable speed drive pumps are installed in water distribution systems worldwide. However, the modeling of variable speed drives in such networks remains difficult, especially in the context of mathematical optimization for pump scheduling. For the problem of energy usage minimization, formulated as a mixed integer program, we propose a new simplified convex relaxation of the hydraulic characteristics of a variable speed pump. By using different model approximations for the power curve, as a function of pump speed and volumetric flow rate, we study the trade-off in the computational complexity and quality of solutions obtained. We use two small benchmark networks and real pump data from three different pumps to calculate operating schedules. We show that these schedules, are computed in a time suitable for operational usage, enable operation with lower operating cost compared to fixed speed pumps, and their sub-optimality can be computed.@en

Changes in power generation and supply and changes in water distribution systems are creating new opportunities for water utilities to enhance operational efficiency and income through the use of advanced control and optimisation. First, the increase in renewables penetration into the grid is causing a growth in energy storage schemes. Second, variable speed pumps are now fitted to most new systems and many existing water distribution systems are being retrofitted with variable speed pumps to improve the efficiency of the operation. We study how these trends can be jointly exploited to provide energy storage from a water distribution system. We investigate how variable speed drive pumps can enhance the ability of a water distribution network to provide demand response energy to the grid. We show that demand response provision from water distribution systems can be improved through the use of variable speed pumps. We also demonstrate that a network equipped with variable speed pumps can provide demand response profitably across a wider range of operating scenarios compared to a network equipped with only fixed-speed pumps. The results highlight another potential benefit of variable speed pumps in water distribution systems.@en