Hypothesis: Interface dynamics, such as Haines jumps, are crucial in multi-phase flow through porous media. However, the role of intrinsic surface wettability in pore-filling events remains unclear, and the pressure response requires further study. This work evaluates the impact of wettability on interface stability and pressure dynamics. Experiments and simulations: We performed microfluidic experiments and level-set simulations of two-phase flow. Water displaced air or Fluorinert in a PDMS micro-model with controlled wettability (contact angles: 60^∘, 95^∘, 120^∘). Three injection velocities covered capillary- to viscous-dominated flow regimes. High-resolution imaging and synchronized pressure recordings linked interface curvature with capillary pressure changes. Findings: At low capillary numbers, wettability strongly affects burst pressure and pinning. Its influence decreases at higher capillary numbers. We observed an apparent wettability shift due to hysteresis and a capillary pressure barrier linked to pore-wall slope variations. Simulations replicated experimental trends, confirming the role of wettability in pore-scale displacement. These findings provide critical insights for improving pore-network models and understanding wettability effects in porous media.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of viscous fluids described by the stationary Navier–Stokes equations are considered. Depending on the Reynolds number of the flow, the Navier–Stokes equations may exhibit a highly nonlinear behavior. The system of nonlinear equations resulting from the discretization of the Navier–Stokes equations can be solved using nonlinear iteration methods, such as Newton's method. However, fast quadratic convergence is typically only obtained in a local neighborhood of the solution, and for many configurations, the classical Newton iteration does not converge at all. In such cases, so-called globalization techniques may help to improve convergence.
In this paper, pseudo-time stepping (also known as pseudo-transient continuation) is employed in order to improve nonlinear convergence. The classical algorithm is enhanced by a neural network model that is trained to predict a local pseudo-time step. Generalization of the novel approach is facilitated by predicting the local pseudo-time step separately on each element using only local information on a patch of adjacent elements as input. Numerical results for standard benchmark problems, including flow over a backward facing step geometry and Couette flow, show the performance of the machine learning-enhanced globalization approach; as the software for the simulations, the CFD Module of COMSOL Multiphysics® is employed.