Energy security is one of the most important topics in energy-related literature. As such, various concepts and dimensions are introduced to contribute to energy security assessments. However, the literature lacks an approach to prioritise these dimensions, as they cannot always be addressed simultaneously. This study is the first step in investigating the importance and prioritisation of energy security dimensions by focusing on the context of community energy systems. Such collective and decentralised energy systems are gaining momentum in the energy transition context; however, they have received minimal attention on their energy security aspects. First, a literature review is conducted to gain an overview of the studied energy security dimensions, highlighting dimensions such as energy availability and infrastructure that are studied the most. In contrast, environment and societal effect dimensions have received minimal attention. Next, an existing agent-based model is used to assess the importance of energy security dimensions and their priority in community energy systems. The results revealed that infrastructure and governance are the most impactful dimensions for the energy security assessment of community energy systems. Energy prices were one of the least influential dimensions in energy security assessments. The study also explored various existing energy security concepts and proposed the most suitable one in the energy communities' context. A research agenda emphasising the need to study governance, societal effects and environmental dimensions is also presented. Lastly, infrastructure, governance, environment and societal effects are concluded to be the most crucial energy security dimensions for community energy systems.

Renewable heating systems (RHS), such as solar thermal, geothermal, heat pumps, wood pellets, biomass, are essential to reduce dependence on fossil fuel-based heating systems and resulting CO₂ emissions. Despite their benefits in terms of CO₂ emissions, the widespread adoption of RHS has yet to be achieved. This paper aims to get insights into the intention to adopt RHS in the Netherlands For this purpose, it designs and conducts a survey based on the extended version of the theory of planned behavior, with five components: attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, personal norms, and descriptive norms. The survey also includes questions on participation in a thermal energy community. The results show that several factors affect individuals’ intention to adopt RHS. Many individuals in the Netherlands have a positive attitude toward adopting RHS, which is primarily caused by environmental concerns and wanting energy independence for their country. However, the majority of individuals think that they do not have the knowledge, financial means, or time to adopt RHS. Also, individuals who feel strong moral values and responsibilities are more likely to adopt RHS. Most individuals are willing to participate in a thermal energy community, and prefer participating in an energy community over adopting RHS individually. Based on these insights, a number of recommendations are made to stimulate the adoption of RHS in the Netherlands, such as taking into account moral norms, introducing policies to incentivize thermal energy communities, and addressing issues of injustice.

Individual households, responsible for 25% of total energy consumption in Europe, are crucial actors in the energy transition. Although various policies and energy choices are available for such actors (e.g., individual solar photovoltaic or community energy systems), they are usually restricted to municipal governance, and public opinion towards national energy policy is not strongly presented. This study explores and describes the influence of the availability of alternative energy choices on different levels of governance to facilitate households' energy transition. An agent-based model is conceptualised through multi-level governance, the institutional analysis and development framework and the social value theory. To also address the ongoing energy crisis, the study focuses on the Dutch thermal energy transition and the thermal energy communities as a collective action for generating, distributing, and consuming renewable thermal energy and, therefore, three layers of energy choice alternatives are provided for households: national level (i.e., sources of natural gas), municipal/ community level (i.e., collective renewable energy technologies), and individual level. The results delineated the importance of the availability of alternative energy choices in the suggested multi-level governance collective action system. Such systems consumed only 12% natural gas, while they covered their thermal demand by increasing the capacity of collective thermal energy systems (83% on average) and adopting more individual thermal energy systems (heat pump, approximately 85%). Although the performances on voluntary blackouts/ discomfort (2.7% on average) and CO₂ emissions (85% reduction approximately) were also positive, this was reflected in a significant price increase.

The European energy system is undergoing a drastic change, focusing on reducing natural gas consumption and import. European households, which are responsible for 25 % of final energy consumption, mainly based on natural gas, could play a significant role in such a transition. Therefore, the study aims to understand the perception towards natural gas consumption reduction and imports. An online questionnaire was designed based on an extended version of the theory of planned behaviour, which 257 highly educated respondents filled out. The results delineated the respondents' positive perception of reducing natural gas consumption. Specific attributes (i.e., environmental concerns, national sustainable and efficient energy system, and national energy independence) and personal moral norms (i.e., moral responsibility) significantly impact the willingness and effort to reduce natural gas consumption. The lack of control is the largest perceived control behaviour in reducing the respondents' natural gas consumption compared to available knowledge and affordability. Finally, the respondents care significantly and want to know about natural gas import sources, and they are highly against natural gas imports from Russia, the United States, the Middle Eastern, and Arab countries. Based on the insights, the study provides detailed recommendations. The study provides concrete recommendations for policy-makers to include environmental, humanitarian and energy-independence concerns in their decision-making processes related to natural gas imports and consumption. It also emphasises informing and involving individual households in such decision-making processes.