It is important that young people who chose to pursue a degree in engineering stick with their choice. Unfortunately students often loose their motivation during their first year. This paper gives an example of how the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering of Delft University in The Netherlands manages to keep a large number of freshmen motivated and at the same time acquaint them with the wonderful world of aerospace engineering through the design, build, launch and analysis of PET bottle based water-rockets.@en

Abstract: In this study, we quantify the accuracy of a simple pressure estimation method from 2D snapshot PIV in attached and separated flows. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) offers the possibility to acquire a field of pressure instead of point measurements. Multiple methods may be used to obtain pressure from PIV measurements, however, the current state-of-the-art requires expensive equipment and data processing. As an alternative, we aim to quantify the efficacy of estimating instantaneous pressure from snapshot (non-time resolved) two-dimensional planar PIV (the simplest type of PIV available). To make up for the loss of temporal information, we rely on Taylor’s hypothesis (TH) to replace temporal information with spatial gradients. Application of our approach to high-resolution 2D velocity data of a turbulent boundary layer flow over ribs shows moderate to good agreement with reference pressure measurements in average and fluctuations. To assess the performance of the 2D TH method beyond average and fluctuation statistics, we acquired a time-resolved measurement of the same flow and determined temporal correlation values of the pressure from our method with reference measurements. Overall, the correlation attains good values for all measured locations. For comparison, we also applied two time-resolved approaches, which attained values of correlation similar to our approach. The performance of the 2D TH method is further assessed on 3D time-resolved velocity data for a turbulent boundary layer and compared with 3D methods. The root-mean-square (RMS) pressure fluctuations of the 2D TH, 3D TH and 3D pseudo-Lagrangian methods closely follow the pressure fluctuation distribution from DNS. These observations on the RMS pressure estimates are further supported by similar analysis on synthetic PIV data (based on DNS) of a turbulent channel flow. The values of spatial correlation between the 2D TH method and the DNS pressure fields in this case, are similar to the temporal correlations achieved in the turbulent flow over the ribs. Finally, we discuss the accuracy of instantaneous pressure estimates and provide a rule of thumb to determine regions where the pressure fluctuation estimate from the 2D TH methods is likely to fail.@en

This paper deals with pressure estimation from snapshot and time-resolved three-component (3C) volumetric PIV data using Taylor’s hypothesis, an Eulerian and a pseudo-Lagrangian approach. The Taylor’s hypothesis approach has been shown to provide accurate results for pressure in the case of 3C planar PIV data with an appropriate choice of convection velocity (de Kat and Ganapathisubramani 2013), and here we extend its use on 3C volumetric velocity snapshots. Application of the techniques to synthetic data shows that the Taylor’s hypothesis approach performs best using the streamwise mean as the convection velocity and is affected the least by noise, while the Eulerian approach suffers the most. In terms of resolution, the pseudo-Lagrangian approach is the most sensitive. Its accuracy can be improved by increasing the frame time-separation when computing the material derivative, at the expense of volume loss from fluid parcels leaving the FOV. Comparison of the techniques on turbulent boundary layer data with DNS supports these observations and shows that the Taylor’s hypothesis approach is the only way we can get pressure when time information is not present.@en