Many government interventions seek to increase the efficiency of industrial processes and to stimulate innovation. In this article we present and analyse four case studies of innovations in energy-efficient industrial process technologies: two in the paper and pulp industry and two in the iron and steel industry. We study the various networks around these technologies and investigate how they are affected by government intervention. An important relationship (an inverted U) is found between the momentum of the networks and the effectiveness of government R&D support for energy-efficient process technologies. It is concluded that R&D support can only be effective when it takes account of the characteristics of so-called 'slow technologies'.@en

In the socio-technical transitions literature, local niche projects have been described as sources of knowledge, experience, actor networks, and (positive) expectations. Local niches and local designs can however also become stumbling blocks when local designs are non-compatible with an emerging global standard. In this paper we study the emergence of standards for electric vehicle recharging plugs to answer the question whether and how local niches and their outcomes may hamper the process of niche aggregation. Our analysis shows that distinct local recharging plug standards have emerged for both regular and fast charging. Especially the standards for regular charging are clearly designed to comply with local regime rules and that these rules have thus prevented the development of a global standard. With our analysis we show that the local context may indeed be so intrusive that it inscribes itself irreversibly in technical designs and standards and hence lead to local lock-ins that prevent further aggregation. Even more so, we recognize a tension between the need for local niche projects to comply with local rules and the need for the global niche to break free from such local rules in order to define universal designs instead.@en