Systematic experimental investigations concerning the influence of α morphology on the fretting wear behaviors of metastable β titanium alloys are carried out. A Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al titanium alloy was subjected to different heat treatment routes to create dual phase microstructures consisted of β phase plus α phase with three different morphologies. The effect of α morphology on the fretting wear resistance, the resulting failure mechanisms, and stress induced martensite transformation (SIMT) were unraveled. Results show that the α morphology has a significant influence on fretting wear behaviors depending on the fretting run regimes. In the partial slip regime (PSR) and mixed fretting regime (MFR), the microstructure with lath α morphology has a lowest fretting wear volume accompanied by relatively strong SIMT effect. While in gloss slip regime (GSR), the globular α microstructure has a lowest fretting wear volume along with strongest SIMT response, yet a highest fretting wear volume for the acicular α morphology microstructure due to its brittleness nature. The subsurface observations demonstrates that a compacted and thick plastic deformation layer, especially for the mechanical mixture layer, can well protect the material surface against the fretting wear damage.