Horizontal collaboration is a critical issue in logistics networks to improve efficiency and sustainability. However, implementing collaborative systems faces significant challenges such as the lack of trust among potential participants and fear of losing competitiveness. To address this challenge, we propose a simulation model of a logistics network that assesses the impact of horizontal collaboration on individual Logistics Service Providers. Our results show that while collaboration generates benefits for the system as a whole, these gains are not evenly distributed among all players, and some may even face losses in certain situations. Our proposed model helps visualise these disparities and can be used to design compensation schemes that encourage Logistics Service Providers to participate in collaborative systems. Overall, the proposed model provides insights into the benefits and challenges of horizontal collaboration in logistics networks, and can be useful for designing more equitable and sustainable logistics systems.

The transport sector accounts for approximately a quarter of the EU’s total greenhouse gas emissions, with freight transport alone accounting for about one-third of the overall transport-related emissions. Mitigating the sector’s environmental impact is crucial for tackling climate change and achieving sustainable development goals. Modal shift is one of the main solutions to address this challenge; however, many companies have yet to realize its full potential. This paper presents a survey conducted in the Flanders region of Belgium, aiming to identify the challenges and barriers faced by industry players in this key geographical area and to explore the reasons behind the limited implementation of synchromodal transport among them. The survey evaluates the current state of synchromodal transport adoption and offers valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders aiming to enhance sustainability in the logistics sector. The findings emphasize that to overcome the identified challenges, both policy support and the companies’ commitment are required. Policy support includes establishing consistent regulations and promoting greener transport modes through providing incentives and technological advancements. This research contributes to the field by examining barriers to the adoption of synchromodality and exploring its application within the context of Flanders. By focusing on this strategic logistics hub, the study provides insights and recommendations tailored to the specific challenges of the region’s logistics sector. The challenges faced by industry players in Flanders offer a deeper understanding of modal shift dynamics, facilitating informed decision-making for policymakers and industry stakeholders. Implementing these strategies paves the way for more environmentally friendly, efficient, and integrated transport, benefiting both the industry and the planet.